Studies in human ecology最新文献

{"title":"Family characteristics and offspring growth in various countries. I. Frequency of various family types in Bulgaria, Japan, Korea, Mexico and Poland.","authors":"N Wolański,&nbsp;S Chung,&nbsp;T Czarzasta,&nbsp;F Dickinson,&nbsp;S Harada,&nbsp;V Liocheva,&nbsp;H Seiwa,&nbsp;K Tomonari,&nbsp;S Tsushima","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>9936 families were analyzed from Bulgaria, Japan, Korea, Mexico, and Poland. A factor analysis revealed four factors: culture (F1), income (F2), genetics (F3), and family and apartment size (F4). Family types we coded as 1 if below the median and 2 if above the median. The most frequent types were represented by 1122, 2221, and 2211 (frequency 8.7-8.0%), and the least frequent by 1221 and 2111 (frequency 4.2-4.3%). Some similarity with respect to family types were found between populations: from Polish regions with heavy industry and seaside regions; from Polish towns under industrialization and from Mexico; from the Polish medium-size town of Lublin and Bulgarian towns; from Polish villages; from Polish mountain areas and north-eastern towns; from Korea; from Japan; from Polish cities.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"11 ","pages":"5-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18637605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring program of biological status of human populations related to environmental changes.","authors":"N Wolański","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The paper aims at a synthesis of research carried out hitherto which might serve to evaluate the diagnostic value of human biological traits related to natural, economic and socio-cultural properties of the environment. The development of a monitoring program is the object of research of the Department of Human Ecology, the Polish Academy of Sciences, in the years 1986-1990 in Poland, and also of recommendations of the IUAES Human Ecology Commission for the last decade of the 20th century in various countries over the world. Generally, the stages of ontogenesis that are appropriate for monitoring are those which involve an intense proliferation of cells and a rapid growth. The appropriate subjects are the more ecosensitive individuals, that is the heterozygous ones as well as men. The more ecosensitive traits are those developed after birth in over 50 per cent of their adult value. Traits of the highest diagnostic (discriminant) value with respect to environmental conditions were selected. The results are based on the analysis of: 35 somatic traits in 1034 newborns from Białystok and Zambrów in relation to the traits of their families and parents; 21 somatic traits in 2461 of 11 year-old children from Lublin; 40 somatic, physiological and psychomotor traits in 1186 children, 6-19 years old from Poland; 26 morphological and physiological traits in 4771 subjects of 5-90 years of age in Poland; 9 somatic and 17 motor traits in 127,489 children, 7-19 years old, in relation to economic and demographic conditions in 98 regions of Poland; and 27 somatic, physiological and psychomotor traits in children and their parents from the ages of 3-80 years, from 3995 families from Poland. The age particularly important to the study includes: foetal growth effects recorded as newborn status, child development from about half a year (since weaning) to about 3 years of age, development at the early period of puberty, the period at adolescence, age at the peak value (maximal size, best results) of the main morphological and functional traits (usually between the age of 12 and 30), and finally, the rate of involution of these main traits in older age. For the \"minimum program\" (for public health and environmental conservation services) among somatic traits, 3 were selected for a minimum program: stature, Kaup index, and cephalic index. Among physiological traits, 2 were selected: forced respiratory volume per second and hemoglobin concentration. Among motor traits, 3 were selected for the minimum program: distant movement accuracy, grip strength, and standing long jump.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"11 ","pages":"113-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18637651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Family characteristics and offspring growth in various countries. II. Stature of offsprings in various families in Japan and Korea.","authors":"N Wolański,&nbsp;T Czarzasta,&nbsp;S Chung,&nbsp;K Tomonari,&nbsp;S Tsushima,&nbsp;H Seiwa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The stature of 1219 offspring was examined in 578 families in Japan, and of 672 offspring in 265 families in Republic of Korea. Several traits of parents were investigated, on which using factor analysis four latent factors were extracted. In Japan they consisted of parent's age at child birth (F1), culture level and income (F2), family and apartment size (F3), and genetic factor (F4). The same factors were identified in Korea, but the first two in reverse order. The value of each factor was coded as one when below the median and as 2 when above the median. Using this code, 16 family types were distinguished ranging from 1111 to 2222. The stature of offspring was recalculated in age-independent T-scores. In Japan, family types \"maximizing\" the stature of offspring were 1122 for boys and 1222 for girls, whereas in Korea 1222 for both sexes, opposite were \"minimizing\". In the rich populations representing the civilization of the Far East, the factors promoting tall stature of offspring included the low culture-income factor and large family, thus the factors promoting short stature in poor Polish populations belonging to the Western civilization. It is not clear whether this could have been related to the economic status or to different civilization systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"11 ","pages":"13-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18637652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Territorial evolution in an Italian rural village through historical documentation.","authors":"V Dal Piaz,&nbsp;G Caravello,&nbsp;P Valgimigli,&nbsp;F Cosmai","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"11 ","pages":"193-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18637657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Family characteristics and offspring growth in various countries. III. Regression of offspring's stature in relation to parent's and family's factors in Japan and Korea.","authors":"N Wolański,&nbsp;S Chung,&nbsp;S Tsushima,&nbsp;K Tomonari,&nbsp;T Czarzasta","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1219 offspring 2-48 years old were examined in 578 Japanese and in 672 Korean families. To obtain age-independent values, we used 100-point T-scores. A multiple regression analysis, shows that the (tall) stature of Japanese offspring dependent on the genetic factor (tall stature of parents) in about 13%, on (large) family and apartment size in 0.4-1.5%, for sons also on (good) education and income of parents in 0.72%, and for daughters on (young) age of parents at child birth. In Korea, the (tall) stature of offspring was significantly related to the genetic factor (tall parents), which explained 1.8% of the variance for sons and 13% for daughters, and also to the (large) family apartment size, which explained 2.6% of the variance for sons and 0.84% for daughters. These results show in a different light the results obtained from the analysis of family types, and they provide evidence for the importance of the analysis of sets of traits in the form of family types, going beyond the importance of other multivariate techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"11 ","pages":"23-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18637658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal rhythm of menarche as a sensitive index of living conditions.","authors":"N Wolański,&nbsp;F Dickinson,&nbsp;A Siniarska","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The paper is focused on the seasonal pattern of birth and occurrence of menarche in different populations. The material collected in 1988/89 consists of 522 girls and their 249 mothers from schools of Merida, and of 135 girls and their 66 mothers from Progreso (Yucatan, Mexico). Occurrence of a biorhythm due to which girls matured in the month of their birth more frequently than by chance, was found. A shift of the maturation to an earlier or later month is caused by stress acceleration up or delaying maturation. Seasonal differences in menarche occur in different climates, but they depend on seasonal differences in the life style, occupation, and the like, rather than on climate itself. Typically menarche occurs in the extreme periods in terms of climate, diet, hard work, stress, etc., that is, in summer and/or in winter. The age of mother's maturation is correlated with that of daughter's. Month of daughter's maturation is correlated with that of mother's. Correlation exists between the month of woman's birth and the month of her maturation. No correlation exists between the month of daughter's birth and that of mother's, and between the month of daughter's maturation and the month of mother's birth.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"11 ","pages":"171-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18637656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential independent factors of variability of biological status and reproductive history of Yucatecan women.","authors":"F Dickinson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, we report the results of the application of principal component analysis (PCA) in a study of the human ecology of rural-to-urban migrantion in Yucatan, Mexico. Socioeconomic, reproductive and anthropometric data from 216 women 32 years of age or older, were obtained in 1989-1990. Seventeen socioeconomic, demographic and environmental properties of the families of such women, plus migrant status, were employed in a PCA, which yielded five independent factors, explaining 57.1% of the total variance of such properties. These factors were employed to made a multiple regression analysis on 19 anthropometric and 21 reproductive traits, age adjusted. According to the multiple regression of women's biological status to independent factors, we found that in better living conditions (Factor 3), women are heavier, taller, with more body surface and subcutaneous fat in the trunk and in the upper extremity, than in worse living conditions. Better educational level of wife and husband (Factor 2) is associated with lower number of pregnancies and alive born children, as well as less reproductive losses. Women living in families with higher income (Factor 4), have a younger age at the first pregnancy, older age at the last pregnancy, greater number of pregnancies, alive born children and alive offspring at the interview, and they experience less reproductive losses in relation to the number of pregnancies. This fact suggests that for the families in this sample, big families are a strategy to cope with poverty and uncertainty in employment and income. Our results are discussed against the reports in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"11 ","pages":"31-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18637604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assortative mating in somatic traits and its consequences.","authors":"N Wolański","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The problem of assortative mating embraces non-random mating of spouses. However, it is often discussed together with its consequences, which results from the fact that when we study similarities between spouses at various stages of their acquaintance and/or living together we must take into consideration not only the criteria of mating but also the consequences like, for instance, \"resembling\" (synchronous changes in husband and wife) and perhaps compensation of one's traits. This problem has not been sufficiently examined so far and further studies are necessary (Wolaánski 1970c, Nikityuk and Filipov 1975, Kasprzak and Wolański 1977, Thiessen and Gregg 1980, James 1989). The problem of assortative mating involves both the reasons principally genetic-evolutionary problems (Pearson 1896, Wolański and Siniarska 1983, 1984)--and the consequences as well, like, for instance homosis, that is transmitting to the offspring similar genes from defined loci, and heterosis, that is transmitting the different genes. Thus problem constitutes genetic foundations of auxology. Also an ecological problem is added, namely a synchronous resemble changes of spouses connected with similar living conditions and life style. Assortative mating seems to be a simple problem but in fact it is a scientific problem in which genetic, ecological and auxological approaches are combined. Below we will discuss assortative mating from these angles with reference to some anthropological traits. As a matter of fact, assortative mating is concerned with such a fundamental problem in the biomedical and social sciences as development the traits of the offspring (organism level) and of the whole future generations (population level). This is a problem of great importance by no means theoretical only. In our studies the main emphasis has been on spouses similarities in the morphological, physiological and psychomotor traits and also on some changes in the successive generations (which was connected with the lasting of marriage before the moment of investigations). The variations of traits of the populations were also taken into consideration as well as the effects of assortative mating of spouses on the development of their children. The above mentioned problems will constitute the contents of the present chapter. Studies on assortative mating have had a long tradition in Poland and most probably are one of the earliest in the world, apart from those conducted by Pearson (1896) in Great Britain and the Anonymous ones from 1903. This pertains mostly to B. Rosiński's (1923, 1925, 1926, 1929) investigations conducted in Poland in 1918 and on Polish immigrants to Brazil in 1931 and USA in 1929-30 (Stołyhwo 1931, Rosiński 1934).</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"11 ","pages":"73-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18637607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remarks on the mechanism of demographic behaviour.","authors":"M Rószkiewicz","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The main idea, on which discussion presented in this work is concentred cosists in the conviction, that the observed demographic regularities are the result of individual struggle with the daily difficulties of the units constituting populations, and the belief, that the essence of human existence is rooted in the permanent process of adaptations. On the base of above, it has been assumed that demographic transformations are result of two forces. First of them is formed by biological determinants, forcing human sociates to function in the environment in a way which would maximize both--ability to survive and multioly, and the result of these strifes in expressed by the guarantees of population existence. Resistance of environment is another force influencing demographic transformations.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"11 ","pages":"157-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18637655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The concept of hierarchy in general systems theory.","authors":"W Gasparski","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The paper reviews main ideas related to the concept of hierarchy as they are discussed in contemporary general systems theory. After presenting a dictionary definition of the concept, the author examines the intuitive idea of hierarchy quoting Mario Bunge's notion of level structure. Then relationship between two other concepts: a system and a hierarchy is characterised on the bases of Bowler's, Bunge's again, Klir's, and the author's studies. Finally, the paper is concluded that hierarchy is not an otological concept but epistemological one.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"11 ","pages":"141-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18637653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}