Medicine and warPub Date : 1995-04-01DOI: 10.1080/07488009508409205
F Judd
{"title":"Conflict, famine and the arms trade.","authors":"F Judd","doi":"10.1080/07488009508409205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07488009508409205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Armed conflict has had horrendous humanitarian effects, causing 22 million deaths, over 80 per cent of them civilian, since 1945 and resulting today in 19 million refugees and 24 million displaced persons. War results in economic collapse, and high levels of military spending decrease regional stability. Benefits to the producers are limited or negative and developed countries should diversify away from arms production. There is a need for greater awareness in the developed countries, an end to the secrecy besetting the arms trade, and restructuring of the industry. A Code of Conduct governing arms exports is proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":77260,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and war","volume":"11 2","pages":"99-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07488009508409205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18755082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicine and warPub Date : 1995-04-01DOI: 10.1080/07488009508409206
P Kandela
{"title":"Human rights and health: a perspective from the developing world.","authors":"P Kandela","doi":"10.1080/07488009508409206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07488009508409206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper considers the links between human rights abuses and problems faced by health workers who are required by oppressive regimes to participate in abuses but are also aware of the social and economic background to repression. The role of Western governments and human rights agencies in emphasizing the abuse of a few individuals rather than the wider suffering from oppression is criticized.</p>","PeriodicalId":77260,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and war","volume":"11 2","pages":"105-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07488009508409206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18754524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicine and warPub Date : 1995-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07488009508409196
M C Chung
{"title":"Reviewing Frankl's Will to meaning and its implications for psychotherapy dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder.","authors":"M C Chung","doi":"10.1080/07488009508409196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07488009508409196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent research has shown that people who have gone through war experiences in one way or the other tend to manifest reactions classified as post-traumatic stress disorder. Viktor Frankl, the founder of logotherapy, manifested PTSD reactions when he was in a concentration camp. This paper attempts to sketch how he lived through his traumatic experiences by relying on the principle of Will to Meaning as his survival mechanism. Two implications will be outlined derived from this principle for psychotherapies dealing with disaster survivors.</p>","PeriodicalId":77260,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and war","volume":"11 1","pages":"45-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07488009508409196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18735426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicine and warPub Date : 1995-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07488009508409195
F Azizi, A Keshavarz, F Roshanzamir, M Nafarabadi
{"title":"Reproductive function in men following exposure to chemical warfare with sulphur mustard.","authors":"F Azizi, A Keshavarz, F Roshanzamir, M Nafarabadi","doi":"10.1080/07488009508409195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07488009508409195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the acute and chronic effects in young men of exposure to chemical warfare containing mustards, the time course of changes in serum concentrations of total and free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DS), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin was evaluated in 16 men in the first three months and testicular function in 42 men one to three years after injury. Serum total and free testosterone and DS were markedly decreased in the first five weeks after exposure. The lowest values were: total testosterone 237 +/- 165, free testosterone 22.5 +/- 9.7, DS 39 +/- 25; as compared to controls: total testosterone 773 +/- 245 ng/dl, free testosterone 35.5 +/- 11.2 pg/ml and DS 207 +/- 37 micrograms/dl. FSH, LH, prolactin and 17 alpha-OH progesterone were normal in the first week. The response to GnRH was subnormal in four of five subjects. LH increased by the third and FSH and prolactin by the fifth week. All hormone levels had returned to normal by twelfth week after exposure. In 28 of 42 men seen one to three years following injury, sperm count was below 30 million cells/ml, and FSH was increased as compared to men with sperm above 60 million cells/ml. Testicular biopsy showed complete or relative arrest of spermatogenesis. This study demonstrates that the exposure to sulphur mustard results in very low androgen levels and hypo-responsiveness to GnRH in the first five weeks and normalization by the twelfth week after injury. However, side effects of mustard on sperm cells persist and may cause defective spermatogenesis years after exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":77260,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and war","volume":"11 1","pages":"34-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07488009508409195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18732768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicine and warPub Date : 1994-07-01DOI: 10.1080/07488009408409164
I Doucet
{"title":"Desert Storm syndrome: sick soldiers and dead children?","authors":"I Doucet","doi":"10.1080/07488009408409164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07488009408409164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ill-health has been reported by many soldiers and others deployed in the Persian Gulf during the Gulf War of 1991. Iraqi children have also been reported as suffering from an undiagnosed wasting disease. Little conclusive information has come to light; this paper reviews what is known at present, largely from anecdotal reports. Symptoms reported differ from post-traumatic stress syndrome as reported after previous conflicts; some are suggestive of a direct effect on the immune system. Various possible causes are examined, including post-traumatic stress disorder, infection, prophylactic medication, exposure to chemical and biological warfare agents, exposures resulting from oil spills and fires, and exposure to depleted uranium ammunition. The latter was used extensively for the first time in the Gulf War, and is manufactured and test-fired in Britain. The passive role of the British government in following up such reports is noted, in contrast with the more active official responses in the United States. It is suggested that Desert Storm Syndrome is one example of multiple assault upon the body's immune system.</p>","PeriodicalId":77260,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and war","volume":"10 3","pages":"183-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07488009408409164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18930105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicine and warPub Date : 1994-07-01DOI: 10.1080/07488009408409167
A Moore
{"title":"Asylum and the protection of human rights.","authors":"A Moore","doi":"10.1080/07488009408409167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07488009408409167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are now some 18.5 million refugees in the world, many more displaced persons within their own country, and the number in both groups is steadily increasing. Some of the problems of seeking asylum and providing the resources for the individual needs of displaced persons are considered. Small non-governmental agencies such as the Ockenden Venture have a degree of flexibility which is particularly helpful. The increasing reluctance of all countries to offer asylum makes work in the displaced persons' home countries increasingly important and the need for preventive protection more urgent.</p>","PeriodicalId":77260,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and war","volume":"10 3","pages":"212-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07488009408409167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18934242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicine and warPub Date : 1994-07-01DOI: 10.1080/07488009408409163
J Galtung
{"title":"Are there therapies for bad cosmologies?","authors":"J Galtung","doi":"10.1080/07488009408409163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07488009408409163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper explores geopolitics in terms of 'deep culture'--the assumptions and beliefs in the subconscious of individuals and in the collective subconscious, which are expressed in the ways nations and groups of nations relate to each other. One deep structure is the 'chosenness-myth-trauma' syndrome. Three structural reactions to mental disorder--sociotherapy, somatherapy and psychotherapy--are then applied to international relations. The possibility of collective therapy for a nation or group of nations is described.</p>","PeriodicalId":77260,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and war","volume":"10 3","pages":"170-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07488009408409163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18930104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicine and warPub Date : 1994-07-01DOI: 10.1080/07488009408409166
M Sharp
{"title":"The Jaipur limb and foot.","authors":"M Sharp","doi":"10.1080/07488009408409166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07488009408409166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the 12 years which have elapsed since the United Nations declared 1981 to be the Year of the Disabled, the number of amputees world-wide has risen alarmingly, continuing the pattern of the past 40 years, which have seen innumerable conflicts, large and small, with ever-increasing and indiscriminate use of 'improved' antipersonnel mines which have been sown in enormous numbers in rural areas. Even after fighting has ceased--as in Vietnam, which currently has some 200,000 amputees--fresh injuries are caused daily, often to children, by the long-delayed detonation of these weapons. Much of the research and development in prosthetics since World War II has concentrated on producing artificial limbs suitable for an affluent and industrialized society. These, being made from the most modern materials and incorporating the latest technology, are of necessity expensive even for affluent Americans or Europeans and quite out of reach for the 80 per cent of the world's amputees who live in the developing world and for the vast majority of whom these splendid prostheses may be entirely inappropriate. This article describes a foot and leg specifically designed to fit in with the customs and practices of just such people.</p>","PeriodicalId":77260,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and war","volume":"10 3","pages":"207-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07488009408409166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18934241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicine and warPub Date : 1994-07-01DOI: 10.1080/07488009408409165
K Suter
{"title":"British atomic tests in Australia.","authors":"K Suter","doi":"10.1080/07488009408409165","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07488009408409165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The United Kingdom and Australia have reached agreement on the British payment for cleaning up the Maralinga (South Australia) site at which the UK tested some of its atomic weapons in the 1960s. The tests were conducted amid great secrecy and only in recent years has the truth about the health hazards fully emerged. The peace movement opposed the tests and its stand has been vindicated. Also vindicated have been the claims by Aborigines that more damage was done by the tests than was earlier admitted.</p>","PeriodicalId":77260,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and war","volume":"10 3","pages":"195-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18930106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicine and warPub Date : 1994-04-01DOI: 10.1080/07488009408409149
S E Freeman, H M Ormiston-Smith
{"title":"The biological hazards of plutonium.","authors":"S E Freeman, H M Ormiston-Smith","doi":"10.1080/07488009408409149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07488009408409149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The health hazards associated with exposure to low levels of plutonium are reviewed since, though the world may escape a nuclear war, there may be virtually permanent contamination of the biosphere by plutonium from a number of sources. It would seem that it is possible to offer workers in the nuclear industry an acceptable level of protection but that low levels of pollution around such sites may build up until there is a hazard for people in the vicinity. The cases of childhood leukaemia found in the vicinity of the Sellafield facility may or may not be related to contamination in the area; however, plutonium is a potent carcinogen, and the foetus seems to be particularly vulnerable to it. The disposal of nuclear waste must be monitored more closely, and it is suggested that the International Atomic Energy Agency should take on this added responsibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":77260,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and war","volume":"10 2","pages":"106-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07488009408409149","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19040940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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