Developments in ophthalmology最新文献_第9页

Antibiotics. 抗生素。

Developments in ophthalmology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-10-26 DOI: 10.1159/000438961

Seenu M Hariprasad, William F Mieler

{"title":"Antibiotics.","authors":"Seenu M Hariprasad, William F Mieler","doi":"10.1159/000438961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000438961","url":null,"abstract":"The Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS) provided ophthalmologists with evidence-based management strategies to deal with endophthalmitis for the first time. However, since the completion of the EVS, numerous unresolved issues remain. The use of oral antibiotics has important implications for the ophthalmologist, particularly in the prophylaxis and/or management of postoperative, posttraumatic, or bleb-associated bacterial endophthalmitis. One can reasonably conclude that significant intraocular penetration of an antibiotic after oral administration may be a property unique to the newer-generation fluoroquinolones. Prophylactic use of mupirocin nasal ointment resulted in significant reduction of conjunctival flora with or without preoperative topical 5% povidone-iodine preparation. Ocular fungal infections have traditionally been very difficult to treat due to limited therapeutic options both systemically and intravitreally. Because of its broad spectrum of coverage, low MIC90 levels for the organisms of concern, good tolerability, and excellent bioavailability, voriconazole through various routes of administration may be useful to the ophthalmologist in the primary treatment of or as an adjunct to the current management of ocular fungal infections.","PeriodicalId":77107,"journal":{"name":"Developments in ophthalmology","volume":"55 ","pages":"344-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000438961","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34116146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Routes for Drug Delivery to the Eye and Retina: Intravitreal Injections. 药物输送到眼睛和视网膜的途径:玻璃体内注射。

Developments in ophthalmology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-10-26 DOI: 10.1159/000431143

Carsten H Meyer, Tim U Krohne, Peter Charbel Issa, Zengping Liu, Frank G Holz

{"title":"Routes for Drug Delivery to the Eye and Retina: Intravitreal Injections.","authors":"Carsten H Meyer, Tim U Krohne, Peter Charbel Issa, Zengping Liu, Frank G Holz","doi":"10.1159/000431143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000431143","url":null,"abstract":"The advantage of intravitreal injections is an immediate and increased therapeutic effect in the intended retinal tissue. The accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the delivered volume depend on the size of the syringe and the physician's manual experience. The eyelids and eyelashes are usually disinfected using a povidone-iodine solution (10%); a sterile speculum is placed and drops of povidone-iodine (5%) are applied. The use of adequate anesthetic topical lidocaine 2% is required. The injection site should be located 3.5-4 mm posterior to the limbus. The angle of the incision through the sclera may be directed in an oblique fashion of 30°. The diameter of the needle should be smaller than 25 G, and the injected volume should be limited to 0.15 ml without a routine paracentesis. The incidence of lens injury is 0.006% (2/32,318) and 0.013% (5/35,942) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. The rate of suspected endophthalmitis is 0.018% after bevacizumab and 0.027% after ranibizumab injections. Sterile inflammations have been observed after Avastin injections. The concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors decline in a monoexponential fashion. The half-life of unbound bevacizumab is 9.82 days and that of ranibizumab 7.19 days.","PeriodicalId":77107,"journal":{"name":"Developments in ophthalmology","volume":"55 ","pages":"63-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000431143","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34118364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 41

Microspheres and Nanotechnology for Drug Delivery. 微球和纳米技术用于药物输送。

Developments in ophthalmology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-10-26 DOI: 10.1159/000434693

Gauti Jóhannesson, Einar Stefánsson, Thorsteinn Loftsson

引用次数: 30

Fusion Proteins: Aflibercept (VEGF Trap-Eye). 融合蛋白:afliberept (VEGF Trap-Eye)。

Developments in ophthalmology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-10-26 DOI: 10.1159/000439008

Salman Sarwar, Berker Bakbak, Mohammad Ali Sadiq, Yasir J Sepah, Syed Mahmood Shah, Mohamed Ibrahim, Diana V Do, Quan Dong Nguyen

{"title":"Fusion Proteins: Aflibercept (VEGF Trap-Eye).","authors":"Salman Sarwar, Berker Bakbak, Mohammad Ali Sadiq, Yasir J Sepah, Syed Mahmood Shah, Mohamed Ibrahim, Diana V Do, Quan Dong Nguyen","doi":"10.1159/000439008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000439008","url":null,"abstract":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors currently used to treat eye diseases have included monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, and an aptamer. A different method of achieving VEGF blockade in retinal diseases includes the concept of a cytokine trap. Cytokine traps are being evaluated for the treatment of various diseases that are driven by excessive cytokine levels. Traps, such as VEGF Trap, consist of two extracellular cytokine receptor domains fused together to form a human IgG. Aflibercept (VEGF Trap-Eye) is a soluble fusion protein which combines ligand-binding elements taken from the extracellular components of VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1 and VEGFR-2 fused to the Fc portion of IgG. This protein contains all human amino-acid sequences, which minimizes the potential for immunogenicity in human patients. The chapter will summarize the chemical properties of aflibercept and the various studies that have demonstrated a role of aflibercept in the management of retinal vascular diseases such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, and retinal vein occlusion.","PeriodicalId":77107,"journal":{"name":"Developments in ophthalmology","volume":"55 ","pages":"282-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000439008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34116116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Routes for Drug Delivery: Sustained-Release Devices. 药物递送途径:缓释装置。

Developments in ophthalmology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-10-26 DOI: 10.1159/000434692

Samuel Yun, John J Huang

引用次数: 11

Corticosteroids: Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone and Fluocinolone. 皮质类固醇:曲安奈德、地塞米松和氟西诺酮。

Developments in ophthalmology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-10-26 DOI: 10.1159/000431198

Javier Cáceres-del-Carpio, Rodrigo Donato Costa, Asghar Haider, Raja Narayanan, Baruch D Kuppermann

引用次数: 23

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies and Fragments: Bevacizumab. 治疗性单克隆抗体和片段:贝伐单抗。

Developments in ophthalmology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-10-26 DOI: 10.1159/000431199

Ainat Klein, Anat Loewenstein

{"title":"Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies and Fragments: Bevacizumab.","authors":"Ainat Klein, Anat Loewenstein","doi":"10.1159/000431199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000431199","url":null,"abstract":"Bevacizumab (Avastin) is a recombinant humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin antibody that has two antigen-binding domains and blocks all active forms of vascular endothelial growth factor-A. It was originally designed and is still in use as antitumor agent (for colorectal and non-small cell lung cancers). Besides inhibiting vessel growth and neovascularization, the drug promotes the regression of existing microvessels and induces 'normalization' of surviving mature vasculature, stabilizes vessels and prevents leakage. Its molecular weight is 149 kDa and its estimated terminal half-life is approximately 20 days for both men and women. The effectiveness and safety of bevacizumab was proven in retrospective and prospective controlled clinical trials for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion and retinopathy of prematurity, especially for zone I. Uncontrolled trials have shown its effectiveness in various other conditions as myopic and uveitic choroidal neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma. There are no absolute contraindications to intravitreal injection though it is recommended to withhold treatment in patients who have recently suffered from a cardiovascular or cerebrovascular event and during pregnancy. Ocular complications from intravitreal use are usually mild and transient (corneal abrasion, chemosis, subconjunctival hemorrhage and vitreous hemorrhage). Bacterial endophthalmitis is rare (about 0.1%). New or progressive subretinal hemorrhages, tears of the retinal pigment epithelium and an increased incidence of geographic atrophy have also been reported.","PeriodicalId":77107,"journal":{"name":"Developments in ophthalmology","volume":"55 ","pages":"232-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000431199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34118889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

Retinal Anatomy and Pathology. 视网膜解剖与病理。

Developments in ophthalmology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-10-26 DOI: 10.1159/000431128

Mrinali Patel Gupta, Alexandra A Herzlich, Theodor Sauer, Chi-Chao Chan

引用次数: 39

Emixustat and Lampalizumab: Potential Therapeutic Options for Geographic Atrophy. 依米司他和Lampalizumab:地理萎缩的潜在治疗选择。

Developments in ophthalmology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-10-26 DOI: 10.1159/000438954

Loren S Jack, Mohammad Ali Sadiq, Diana V Do, Quan Dong Nguyen

引用次数: 21

Complex Cases in Pediatric Cataract. 儿童白内障的复杂病例。

Developments in ophthalmology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000442505

Preeti Patil-Chhablani, R. Kekunnaya, K. Nischal

引用次数: 9