Bailliere's clinical neurology最新文献

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Ethics. 道德。
Bailliere's clinical neurology Pub Date : 1996-10-01
G B Young
{"title":"Ethics.","authors":"G B Young","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The four principles of ethical behaviour are autonomy of the patient, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. The physician must strive to do what is best for the patient while respecting that person's wishes. This allows for decision-making, including withdrawal of care, using the patient's advance directives. Brain death is equivalent to death and should not pose decision-making problems. Making decisions for the patient who was never competent requires close co-operation among physicians, other care-givers and substitute decision-makers, while respecting ethical principles and the risk-to-benefit ratio. In most countries euthanasia, while controversial, is illegal. Safeguards and ethical principles for the enrollment of patients in clinical trials, the importance of informed consent and conduct as an expert witness all involve the above ethical principles and responsibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":77030,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical neurology","volume":"5 3","pages":"673-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20066200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Central nervous system trauma. 中枢神经系统损伤。
Bailliere's clinical neurology Pub Date : 1996-10-01
P F Statham, P J Andrews
{"title":"Central nervous system trauma.","authors":"P F Statham,&nbsp;P J Andrews","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Preventing and treating cerebral ischaemia is the main goal of management of head injured patients. Initial care focuses on achieving oxygenation, airway control and treatment of arterial hypotension. Repeated neurological assessment to exclude intracranial haematoma is mandatory.</p>","PeriodicalId":77030,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical neurology","volume":"5 3","pages":"497-514"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20065625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Metabolic encephalopathies. 代谢脑病。
Bailliere's clinical neurology Pub Date : 1996-10-01
R Chen, G B Young
{"title":"Metabolic encephalopathies.","authors":"R Chen,&nbsp;G B Young","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic encephalopathies are common among patients in the critical care unit. Septic, hypoxic-ischaemic, hepatic and uraemic encephalopathies are most frequently seen. They produce global neurological dysfunctions ranging from lethargy or mild confusion to coma. Metabolic encephalopathies must be distinguished from other conditions such as structural brain lesions, infections of the central nervous system or drug reactions. Neurological manifestations are often present in the early stages of systemic illness and may be the first symptom. The severity of encephalopathy generally correlates with that of the systemic illness. Appropriate investigations often include drug and metabolic screens, cultures of blood and cerebrospinal fluids and neuro-imaging studies. Electroencephalogram is useful to grade the severity of encephalopathy. With some exceptions such as hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, most metabolic encephalopathies are reversible unless secondary complications such as brain herniation occurred. Treatment is generally that of the underlying systemic illness and supportive measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":77030,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical neurology","volume":"5 3","pages":"577-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20065629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The neurological consultation and neurological syndromes in the intensive care unit. 重症监护病房的神经会诊和神经综合征。
Bailliere's clinical neurology Pub Date : 1996-10-01
C F Bolton, G B Young
{"title":"The neurological consultation and neurological syndromes in the intensive care unit.","authors":"C F Bolton,&nbsp;G B Young","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77030,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical neurology","volume":"5 3","pages":"447-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20065623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The respiratory system. 呼吸系统。
Bailliere's clinical neurology Pub Date : 1996-10-01
U Zifko, R Chen
{"title":"The respiratory system.","authors":"U Zifko,&nbsp;R Chen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurological disorders frequently contribute to respiratory failure in critically ill patients. They may be the primary reason for the initiation of mechanical ventilation, or may develop later as a secondary complication. Disorders of the central nervous system leading to respiratory failure include metabolic encephalopathies, acute stroke, lesions of the motor cortex and brain-stem respiratory centres, and their descending pathways. Guillan-Barré syndrome, critical illness polyneuropathy and acute quadriplegic myopathy are the more common neuromuscular causes of respiratory failure. Clinical observations and pulmonary function tests are important in monitoring respiratory function. Respiratory electrophysiological studies are useful in the investigation and monitoring of respiratory failure. Transcortical and cervical magnetic stimulation can assess the central respiratory drive, and may be useful in determining the prognosis in ventilated patients, with cervical cord dysfunction. It is also helpful in the assessment of failure to wean, which is often caused by a combination of central and peripheral nervous system disorders. Phrenic nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography of the diaphragm and chest wall muscles are useful to characterize neuropathies and myopathies affecting the diaphragm. Repetitive phrenic nerve stimulation can assess neuromuscular transmission defects. It is important to identify patients at risk of respiratory failure. They should be carefully monitored and mechanical ventilation should be initiated before the development of severe hypoxaemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":77030,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical neurology","volume":"5 3","pages":"477-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20065624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Neuromuscular disorders in critical illness. 危重疾病中的神经肌肉紊乱。
Bailliere's clinical neurology Pub Date : 1996-10-01
D W Zochodne, C F Bolton
{"title":"Neuromuscular disorders in critical illness.","authors":"D W Zochodne,&nbsp;C F Bolton","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuromuscular disorders are important causes of prolonged morbidity in intensive care unit. Specific disorders facing the neurologist in the intensive care unit may have been present before admission to the unit or develop as a secondary complication of their stay. A bedside neurological examination, followed by electrophysiological testing, including testing of the respiratory system, is crucial in providing the neuromuscular diagnosis. Among the neuromuscular disorders that confront the clinician in the unit are motor neuron disease, acute polyneuropathies including acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barré syndrome) and critical illness polyneuropathy, neuromuscular transmission disorders including myasthenia gravis, and specific myopathies. This chapter reviews the differential diagnosis and the unique features of neuromuscular conditions that may complicate critical illness and admission to the intensive care unit.</p>","PeriodicalId":77030,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical neurology","volume":"5 3","pages":"645-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20066199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The respiratory system. 呼吸系统。
Bailliere's clinical neurology Pub Date : 1996-10-01 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-92-2-284_3
U. Zifko, R. Chen
{"title":"The respiratory system.","authors":"U. Zifko, R. Chen","doi":"10.7326/0003-4819-92-2-284_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-92-2-284_3","url":null,"abstract":"Neurological disorders frequently contribute to respiratory failure in critically ill patients. They may be the primary reason for the initiation of mechanical ventilation, or may develop later as a secondary complication. Disorders of the central nervous system leading to respiratory failure include metabolic encephalopathies, acute stroke, lesions of the motor cortex and brain-stem respiratory centres, and their descending pathways. Guillan-Barré syndrome, critical illness polyneuropathy and acute quadriplegic myopathy are the more common neuromuscular causes of respiratory failure. Clinical observations and pulmonary function tests are important in monitoring respiratory function. Respiratory electrophysiological studies are useful in the investigation and monitoring of respiratory failure. Transcortical and cervical magnetic stimulation can assess the central respiratory drive, and may be useful in determining the prognosis in ventilated patients, with cervical cord dysfunction. It is also helpful in the assessment of failure to wean, which is often caused by a combination of central and peripheral nervous system disorders. Phrenic nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography of the diaphragm and chest wall muscles are useful to characterize neuropathies and myopathies affecting the diaphragm. Repetitive phrenic nerve stimulation can assess neuromuscular transmission defects. It is important to identify patients at risk of respiratory failure. They should be carefully monitored and mechanical ventilation should be initiated before the development of severe hypoxaemia.","PeriodicalId":77030,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical neurology","volume":"19 1","pages":"477-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73795410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Epidemiology of primary malignant brain tumours. 原发性恶性脑肿瘤的流行病学。
Bailliere's clinical neurology Pub Date : 1996-06-01
M L Bondy, M R Wrensch
{"title":"Epidemiology of primary malignant brain tumours.","authors":"M L Bondy,&nbsp;M R Wrensch","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77030,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical neurology","volume":"5 2","pages":"251-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19753208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cerebral gliomas. Pathology and biological 'markers'. 脑胶质瘤。病理学和生物学的“标记”。
Bailliere's clinical neurology Pub Date : 1996-06-01
V P Collins
{"title":"Cerebral gliomas. Pathology and biological 'markers'.","authors":"V P Collins","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77030,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical neurology","volume":"5 2","pages":"271-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19753209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Radiation therapy in the management of malignant gliomas. 恶性胶质瘤的放射治疗。
Bailliere's clinical neurology Pub Date : 1996-06-01
M Brada, G Ross
{"title":"Radiation therapy in the management of malignant gliomas.","authors":"M Brada,&nbsp;G Ross","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77030,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical neurology","volume":"5 2","pages":"319-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19753212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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