{"title":"What the Body Does to A Drug: Pharmacokinetics","authors":"Gudisa Bereda","doi":"10.31579/2834-8761/006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2834-8761/006","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmacokinetics may be defined as the study of the dynamic movements of foreign chemicals (xenobiotics) during their passage through the body and as such encompass the kinetics of absorption, distribution, biotransformation/metabolism and excretion. Absorption is the process that brings a drug from the administration, e.g., tablet, capsule, into the systemic circulation. Bioavailability is the fraction of the originally administered drug that arrives in systemic circulation and depends on the properties of the substance and the mode of administration. It can be a direct reflection of medication absorption. Distribution describes how a substance is spread throughout the body. This varies based on the biochemical properties of the drug as well as the physiology of the individual taking that medication. In the body, a drug may be protein-bound or free. Only free drug can act at its pharmacologically active sites, e.g., receptors, cross into other fluid compartments, or be eliminated. Metabolism is the processing of the drug by the body into subsequent compounds. Excretion is the process by which the drug is eliminated from the body. The pharmacokinetic term half-life (t1/2) refers to the time taken for half the initial dose of medicine administered to be eliminated from the body. After three to five half-lives the drug is considered undetectable and unable to exert a pharmacodynamic effect.","PeriodicalId":77027,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical endocrinology and metabolism","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84541239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation Of In Vitro And In Vivo Antioxidant Activities of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Anthocleista Djalonensis in Triton Wr-1339 Induced Toxicity","authors":"Adebayo A. OGUNBOYE","doi":"10.31579/2834-8761/003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2834-8761/003","url":null,"abstract":"Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev (Gentianaceae), a wild tropical perennial herb called Cabbage tree is used by local practitioners for the several medicinal purposes. The present study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activities, in vivo antioxidant activities in triton-induced toxified rats and the GC-MS analysis of the methanolic leaf extract. The phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, terpenoids and steroids. Quantitative antioxidant evaluation of ADL gave total tannin, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and total antioxidant capacity as 192.24±6.06 mg/g catechin equivalent, 78.71±3.03 mg/g gallic acid equivalent, 154.67±1.77 mg/g quercetin equivalent, and 112.33±4.50 mg/g ascorbic acid equivalent. ADL demonstrated appreciable in vitro antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging ability compared with reference standards. Toxicity was induced in wistar rats by single intraperitoneal (i.p) injections of Triton X-1339 at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. Twenty four hours after Triton induction different dosages of ADL (200 mg/kg b.w., 400 mg/kg b.w., 600 mg/kg b.w.). Plant extract was administered for 14 consecutive days. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last administration. Heart and liver were collected for biochemical analysis. ADL restored cardiac and hepatic antioxidant status by significantly lower mean levels of GPx, SOD, GSH, CAT and FRAP. ADL also showed significant protection against triton induced lipid peroxidation; malondialdehyde (MDA) as a biomarker of oxidative stress. These findings suggest that the leaf of Anthocleista djalonensis has potent antioxidant activity which may be responsible for some of its reported pharmacological activities and can be used as antioxidant supplement.","PeriodicalId":77027,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical endocrinology and metabolism","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84740782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development and Evaluation of Etodolac Osmotic Capsule","authors":"Sameer Shakur Sheaikh","doi":"10.31579/2834-8761/007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2834-8761/007","url":null,"abstract":"controlled release formulations have been developed based on their significant advantages over conventional immediate release dosage forms, such as the decrease of dosing frequency, the increase of patient compliance, better dosing patterns, the reduction of side effects, or the maintenance of the drug concentration within a desired range, i.e., an overall improved therapeutic benefit. However, oral controlled release formulations are exposed to changing environment during transit through the GI-tract which may affect their performances e.g. physiological factors such as patient age or food-intake. Reported as releasing drug independently of these factors, oral osmotically-driven systems (OODS) have taken an integral place in the pharmaceutical field. The dissolution profile of orally delivered drugs can be controlled through the use of osmotically controlled drug delivery devices. The most commonly used device is the osmotic tablet/Capsule, which is essentially a tablet/Capsule core that is coated with a rate-limiting semipermiable membrane. Using osmotic pressure as driving force, various OCODDS design and compositions have been developed. Numerous products are launched based on these systems. In present investigation attempts are taken to formulate, optimize and develop an economic osmotically controlled Capsule containing drugs belonging to non steroidal anti-inflammatory category to release the drug in controlled manner. Such formulations are most beneficial for the patients shifted on long term pain management therapy(e.g. in arthritis) in view to reduce the associated side effects of these drugs.","PeriodicalId":77027,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical endocrinology and metabolism","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84542611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Molecular Basis for The Formation of New Vessels - Approaches to The Study","authors":"Bon E.I,","doi":"10.31579/2834-8761/004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2834-8761/004","url":null,"abstract":"The creation of new blood vessels is referred to as angiogenesis. Endothelial cells, which line the inside wall of blood arteries, migrate, proliferate, and differentiate during this process. Chemical cues in the body influence the process of angiogenesis. This study intends to highlight the expression of various angiogenic indicators throughout various diseases, the involvement of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors during angiogenesis, and the use of angiogenic inhibitors during antiangiogenic therapy, particularly in cancer.","PeriodicalId":77027,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical endocrinology and metabolism","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90474757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Family counseling with a child with learning disabilities or disability","authors":"A. Theofilidis","doi":"10.31579/2834-8761/002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2834-8761/002","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we present the term counseling that should be used by parents who acquire a child with a disability or learning disabilities as well as the role of counselor and parent during the counseling process. Aim: The main purpose of the article is to approach the concept of family counseling with a child with learning disabilities or disability. The relevant counseling that should be followed is presented, the role of the counselor is also discussed, as well as the role of the parents in the process. Method: a review of the literature related to family counseling was made and the most representative articles on the concept were selected. Conclusions: Counseling for families with children with special needs, whether it is some kind of disability or a special learning disability, can offer a better quality of life, peace of mind and clarity in order to help the child properly and effectively.","PeriodicalId":77027,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical endocrinology and metabolism","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89256151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanisms of Movement of Mitochondria in the Cell","authors":"Bon E.I,","doi":"10.31579/2834-8761/005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2834-8761/005","url":null,"abstract":"The balance between fusion and division determines most of the functions of mitochondria, controls their bioenergetic function, mitochondrial turnover, and also protects mitochondrial DNA. The division promotes equal segregation of mitochondria into daughter cells during cell division itself and enhances the distribution of mitochondria along the cytoskeletal pathways. In addition, division can help isolate damaged mitochondrial segments and thus promote autophagy. Fusion provides protein complementation, and equal distribution of metabolites. The movement of mitochondria in the dendrites, axons and perikaryons of neurons is an important aspect of the vital activity of nerve cells. Disorders of mitochondrial fusion, division, and mobility can lead to defects in the functioning of the nervous system, which makes it important to study these processes for improving methods of prevention, diagnosis, and correction of neurological diseases.","PeriodicalId":77027,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical endocrinology and metabolism","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78639362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Automatic multi-object organ detection and segmentation in abdominal CT data","authors":"Oliver Mietzner, André Mastmeyer","doi":"10.1101/2020.03.17.20036053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.17.20036053","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to generate 3D patient models in a fast and reliable way, is of great importance, e.g. for the simulation of liver punctures in virtual reality simulations. The aim is to automatically detect and segment abdominal structures in CT scans. In particular in the selected organ group, the pancreas poses a challenge. We use a combination of random regression forests and 2D U-Nets to detect bounding boxes and generate segmentation masks for five abdominal organs (liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas). Training and testing is carried out on 50 CT scans from various public sources. The results show Dice coefficients of up to 0.71. The proposed method can theoretically be used for any anatomical structure, as long as sufficient training data is available.","PeriodicalId":77027,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical endocrinology and metabolism","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90539394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Scharnagl, W. März, Markus Böhm, T. Luger, Federico Fracassi, Alessia Diana, Thomas J. Frieling, S. Mac, D. Donoghue, Susanne Kohl, Gema Ariceta, Daniel Batlle, E. Syed, Jacob I. Sznajder, Christos C. Zouboulis, Markus Pfister, Deepak Kamat, Alexander K. C. Leung, Thomas Schwarz, Jorge Frank, S. Schinner, S. Bornstein, M. Schiller, D. Nashan, C. Sunderkötter, Mark Berneburg, Nigel G. Laing, Alan H. Beggs, H. Goebel, D. T. Loots, Amrik Sahota, Jay A. Tischfield, H. Simmonds, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Arndt Hartmann, Michael S. Hershfield, G. Berghe, Jaak Jaeken, M. Suneja, Christie P. Thomas, H. Willenberg, James M. Powers, Herbert L. Bonkovsky, Manish Thapar, Sishir Mathur, Lee A. Denson, A. B. P. Kuilenburg, A. H. Gennip, W. Hul, F. Vanhoenacker, K. Frasch, Markus Jäger, N. Mohebbi, Carsten A. Wagner, Malin Lindstedt, C. Borrebaeck, M. Bezděková, S. Brychtová, Zdenek Kolář, T. Brychta, R. Kucerova, M. Bienová, Tobias W. Fischer, R. Paus, B. Haack, S. Kins, Konrad Beyreuther, Ş. Ertürk, S. Kutlay, M. Emberge
{"title":"Androgen insensitivity syndrome.","authors":"H. Scharnagl, W. März, Markus Böhm, T. Luger, Federico Fracassi, Alessia Diana, Thomas J. Frieling, S. Mac, D. Donoghue, Susanne Kohl, Gema Ariceta, Daniel Batlle, E. Syed, Jacob I. Sznajder, Christos C. Zouboulis, Markus Pfister, Deepak Kamat, Alexander K. C. Leung, Thomas Schwarz, Jorge Frank, S. Schinner, S. Bornstein, M. Schiller, D. Nashan, C. Sunderkötter, Mark Berneburg, Nigel G. Laing, Alan H. Beggs, H. Goebel, D. T. Loots, Amrik Sahota, Jay A. Tischfield, H. Simmonds, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Arndt Hartmann, Michael S. Hershfield, G. Berghe, Jaak Jaeken, M. Suneja, Christie P. Thomas, H. Willenberg, James M. Powers, Herbert L. Bonkovsky, Manish Thapar, Sishir Mathur, Lee A. Denson, A. B. P. Kuilenburg, A. H. Gennip, W. Hul, F. Vanhoenacker, K. Frasch, Markus Jäger, N. Mohebbi, Carsten A. Wagner, Malin Lindstedt, C. Borrebaeck, M. Bezděková, S. Brychtová, Zdenek Kolář, T. Brychta, R. Kucerova, M. Bienová, Tobias W. Fischer, R. Paus, B. Haack, S. Kins, Konrad Beyreuther, Ş. Ertürk, S. Kutlay, M. Emberge","doi":"10.1007/978-1-60327-161-5_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-161-5_10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77027,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical endocrinology and metabolism","volume":"36 1","pages":"379-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89957709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Treatment--metformin.","authors":"C. Bailey, M. Nattrass","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7091-1331-8_8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1331-8_8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77027,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical endocrinology and metabolism","volume":"32 1","pages":"455-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79942776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PhD Patricia L. Whitten (Associate Professor), MD, PhD Frederick Naftolin (Chair and Professor)
{"title":"8Reproductive actions of phytoestrogens","authors":"PhD Patricia L. Whitten (Associate Professor), MD, PhD Frederick Naftolin (Chair and Professor)","doi":"10.1016/S0950-351X(98)80010-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0950-351X(98)80010-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This chapter reviews the reproductive actions of phytoestrogens, comparing mechanisms of action, dose-response relationships, and human exposures. Although a wide range of biochemical actions have been reported for phytoestrogens, in vitro tests suggest that phytoestrogens may be more likely to act through receptor-mediated mechanisms than through enzyme inhibition.</p><p>Epithelial cell proliferation in the reproductive tract and anestrus are well-documented actions of isoflavonoids in experimental studies of animals. However, thus far, soy-based diets have generally failed to produce epithelial proliferation in ovariectomized rats and monkeys or menopausal women, and clinical studies have produced mixed evidence for effects of soy isoflavones on the human menstrual cycle or post-menopausal gonadotropin secretion. There has been considerable interest in the use of phytoestrogens as oestrogen replacement therapy in menopausal women. Reported results of initial clinical trials have been mixed, and it is unclear whether isoflavones in presently advised doses can substantially reduce menopausal symptoms. Some recent trials with oral isoflavone supplements report reductions in hot flushes, vaginal dryness, and breast pain. There is also limited clinical evidence for protective actions of isoflavones in mammary cancer.</p><p>Like other oestrogenic substances, the isoflavonoids are effective differentiating agentsin rodent models of development. The consequences of these actions for humans is of interest due to the high concentrations of isoflavonoids in some infant formulae. Thus, it is likely that some humans may experience greater exposure to phytoestrogens in infancy than in any other lifestage. At the time of writing, no ill effects of such exposure have been reported.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77027,"journal":{"name":"Bailliere's clinical endocrinology and metabolism","volume":"12 4","pages":"Pages 667-690"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0950-351X(98)80010-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21252176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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