American Journal of PharmTech Research最新文献

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A Review On Substituted Benzimidazoles: Biologically Active Compounds 取代苯并咪唑类生物活性化合物研究进展
American Journal of PharmTech Research Pub Date : 2019-06-08 DOI: 10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.021
Indira. M. Madawali, N GavirajE., Navanath. V. Kalyane, B. Shivakumar
{"title":"A Review On Substituted Benzimidazoles: Biologically Active Compounds","authors":"Indira. M. Madawali, N GavirajE., Navanath. V. Kalyane, B. Shivakumar","doi":"10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.021","url":null,"abstract":"Please cite this article as: Shivakumar et al., A Review On Substituted Benzimidazoles: Biologically Active Compounds. American Journal of PharmTech Research. 2019. A Review On Substituted Benzimidazoles: Biologically Active Compounds Indira. M. Madawali , Gaviraj E. N, Navanath. V. Kalyane and B. Shivakumar Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, B.L.D.E.A’s SSM College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Vijayapur, Karnataka-586103, India. ABSTRACT Benzimidazole is the heterocyclic compound which contains a phenyl ring fused to an imidazole ring, Benzimidazole analogs are of crucial importance because of their different clinical applications and biological activity. Benzimidazoles are known as an optimistic class of bioactive heterocyclic compounds possessing a wide variety of biological activities. Benzimidazole derivatives play an important role in medical field with so many pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer activity, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiproliferative, antitumor, anti-HIV, anticonvulsant, antiprotozoal, analgesic and anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anticancer, androgen receptor antagonist, vasorelaxant etc. This review is summarized to understand the chemistry of various derivatives of substituted benzimidazoles with their pharmacological activities.","PeriodicalId":7701,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of PharmTech Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75639812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Effectiveness of Calotropis Gigantean Linn Flower Extract as Indicator for Acid-Base Titration and Development of Litmus Paper 石蕊试纸的研制及石蕊试纸提取液作为酸碱滴定指示剂的有效性
American Journal of PharmTech Research Pub Date : 2019-06-08 DOI: 10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.004
S. S. Kadam, Pravin Mhadev Salgar, priyanka Tanaji Sakate, S. Patil
{"title":"Effectiveness of Calotropis Gigantean Linn Flower Extract as Indicator for Acid-Base Titration and Development of Litmus Paper","authors":"S. S. Kadam, Pravin Mhadev Salgar, priyanka Tanaji Sakate, S. Patil","doi":"10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.004","url":null,"abstract":"A study has been done to examine the indicator action of methanolic extract of flower Calotropis gigantean Linn and development of litmus paper. Calotropis gigantean Linn belongs to family Apocynaceae, Methanolic extract of flower Calotropis gigantean Linn was examined and compared with that of previously present synthetic indicators. Flowers were extracted using methanol, a specific volume was added which gave perfect and reliable results for all the four different types of neutralization titrations. Developed litmus paper shows changed colour in Basic medium. The work shows that natural indicator and developed litmus paper was very useful, economical, simple and accurate.","PeriodicalId":7701,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of PharmTech Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89674648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Stay Your Heart Young Using Regenerative Strategy 使用再生策略让心脏保持年轻
American Journal of PharmTech Research Pub Date : 2019-06-08 DOI: 10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.006
M DalviApeksha, G PatelSalim, D HandeSwapnali
{"title":"Stay Your Heart Young Using Regenerative Strategy","authors":"M DalviApeksha, G PatelSalim, D HandeSwapnali","doi":"10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.006","url":null,"abstract":"Dalvi Apeksha M*, Patel Salim G, Hande Swapnali D. Vishal Institute Of Pharmaceutical Education And Research Ale. Pin 4124111,Tal-Junnar Pune. Savitribai Phule Pune University, India. ABSTRACT Adult mammals undergo minimal regeneration having cardiac injury or ongoing burden of heart failure. Recent studies have established the importance of several evolutionary conserved mechanism of heart renovation by cyclic division of differentiated cardiomyocyte, cardiomyocyte proliferation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix and heart regeneration, tissue engineering, transcription profile of cardiomyocytein development and regeneration, stem cell derived cardiomyocyte, and there transplantation. The c-kit-expressing cardiomyocyte stem cell also provide. The DNA translation is also occurs in regeneration process. In the review is part of special issue related to continuous renovation on cardiomyocyte and there related mechanism involved and gives future concept about novel biotechnology and tissue engineering.","PeriodicalId":7701,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of PharmTech Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83197594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Solid Dispersion Method for Design of Donepezil Orodispersible Tablets: Formulation & Characterization 多奈哌齐口腔分散片的固体分散设计:配方与表征
American Journal of PharmTech Research Pub Date : 2019-06-08 DOI: 10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.015
Naga Sai D, K. V, C. Sb, B. B
{"title":"Solid Dispersion Method for Design of Donepezil Orodispersible Tablets: Formulation & Characterization","authors":"Naga Sai D, K. V, C. Sb, B. B","doi":"10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.015","url":null,"abstract":"Please cite this article as: Bhavani B et al., Solid Dispersion Method for Design of Donepezil Orodispersible Tablets: Formulation & Characterization. American Journal of PharmTech Research 2019. Solid Dispersion Method for Design of Donepezil Orodispersible Tablets: Formulation & Characterization Naga Sai D, Krishna Veni V, Chandra Sekhar SB, Bhavani B* 1.Koringa College of Pharmacy, Tallarevu, East Godavari 2.Drug Testing Laboratory, Karnataka ABSTRACT Donepezil HCl is an anti Alzheimer’s drug of the acetylcholinesterase class. It is widely used in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and to control dementia. Orodispersable Tablets (ODTs) containing Donepezil HCl was prepared using super-disintegrant (croscarmellose sodium) by direct compression method using solid dispersion technique to mask the taste of the drug. Three types of excipient were used to mask the taste namely Mannitol, PEG 6000 and PVP K 30 in three different ratios (i.e. 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) using solvent evaporation method in solid dispersion technique. The optimized formulation shows the minimum disintegration time of 50 sec and release maximum amount of drug in 10 min. Short term stability studies indicated no significant changes in hardness, friability, in vitro disintegration time, drug content and in vitro drug release.","PeriodicalId":7701,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of PharmTech Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78830704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development and Validation of Adenosine by RP-HPLC Method in Bulk drug and Pharmaceutical dosage forms 原料药和药用剂型中腺苷的RP-HPLC法开发与验证
American Journal of PharmTech Research Pub Date : 2019-06-08 DOI: 10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.019
Sachin A Upasani, P. Dudhe, B. Khandare, Manoj Dhoke
{"title":"Development and Validation of Adenosine by RP-HPLC Method in Bulk drug and Pharmaceutical dosage forms","authors":"Sachin A Upasani, P. Dudhe, B. Khandare, Manoj Dhoke","doi":"10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.019","url":null,"abstract":"A simple, economic, selective, precise and accurate High-Performance liquid Chromatographic method used for the estimation of Adenosine in bulk drug. The mobile phase used was of Mixture of Acetonitrile and water in the proportion 5:95 respectively. This Mobile phase was allowed to flow at rate of 0.8ml/min. And this was found to give a sharp peak of Adenosine at a retention time of 3.78 min. Analysis of HPLC for Adenosine was carried out at a wavelength of 256 nm. Linear regression analysis data for the Calibration curve showed a good linear relationship, in concentration range of 50-100ppm and regression coefficient 0.991. The linear regression equation was Y=71258× the developed method was employed with a high degree of precision and accuracy for the analysis of adenosine. The inter and intraday variation was less than 2%. The mean recovery of the drug was 99.39%. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate, and reproducible hence, it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of Adenosine.","PeriodicalId":7701,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of PharmTech Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77618015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Area under curve UV spectrophotometric method for determination of captopril in bulk and chromatographic method development for the identification of captopril by TLC. 曲线下面积紫外分光光度法测定卡托普利的批量含量及薄层色谱法鉴别卡托普利的方法建立。
American Journal of PharmTech Research Pub Date : 2019-06-08 DOI: 10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.009
B. S., P. G, Chordiya Bhakti D, Dalvi Apeksha M, A. N.
{"title":"Area under curve UV spectrophotometric method for determination of captopril in bulk and chromatographic method development for the identification of captopril by TLC.","authors":"B. S., P. G, Chordiya Bhakti D, Dalvi Apeksha M, A. N.","doi":"10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.009","url":null,"abstract":"Please cite this article as: Borhade AS et al., Area under curve UV spectrophotometric method for determination of captopril in bulk and chromatographic method development for the identification of captopril by TLC.. American Journal of PharmTech Research 2019. Area under curve UV spectrophotometric method for determination of captopril in bulk and chromatographic method development for the identification of captopril by TLC.","PeriodicalId":7701,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of PharmTech Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79198843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluation of antidepressant Activity of methanolic Extract of Musa x paradisiaca Linn using animal models 天麻醇提物抗抑郁作用的动物模型评价
American Journal of PharmTech Research Pub Date : 2019-06-08 DOI: 10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.026
GB. Alaka Kar, S. K. Rout, Debashisa Mishra
{"title":"Evaluation of antidepressant Activity of methanolic Extract of Musa x paradisiaca Linn using animal models","authors":"GB. Alaka Kar, S. K. Rout, Debashisa Mishra","doi":"10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.026","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the antidepressant Activity of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Musa x paradisiaca Linn This study was undertaken to evaluate the possible antidepressant effect of Musa x paradisiaca Linn leaf extract (MPLE) on different extracts like chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts using Tail Suspension Test (TST) & Forced Swim Test (FST). 48 albino rats of either sex weighing between 180-220gm were randomly selected and divided into 8 equal groups. Group-I (control) received normal saline (1ml/100gm), GroupIV , V, VI, VII, VIII and IX received CEMPL (Chloroform Extract Musa x paradisiaca Linn) , MEMPL (Methanol Extract Musa x paradisiaca Linn) and AEMPL (Aqueous Extract Musa x paradisiaca Linn) in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg orally (P.O.) respectively. Group II & III (positive control) received Fluoxetine & Imipramine at doses of 20mg/kg & 15mg/kg P. O. respectively. Drug treatment was given for seven & fourteen successive day. 60 minutes after last dose of drug or standard the immobility period was recorded. The test compounds like crude methanolic extract at 200, 400 and 500 mg/ kg produced significant antidepressant like effect. The efficacy of EALE at 200mg/kg was found to be comparable to that of Fluoxetine & Imipramine at doses of 20mg/kg & 15mg/kg.. The results revealed that the crude methanolic extract produces remarkable antidepressant activity by possessing the active compounds such as flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids and saponins.","PeriodicalId":7701,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of PharmTech Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74291501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development of A Hospital Formulary In A Tertiary Care Hospital 三级医院处方集的开发
American Journal of PharmTech Research Pub Date : 2019-06-08 DOI: 10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.020
S. Konduru, N. Pratyusha, K. Yogitha
{"title":"Development of A Hospital Formulary In A Tertiary Care Hospital","authors":"S. Konduru, N. Pratyusha, K. Yogitha","doi":"10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.020","url":null,"abstract":"One of the important fundamental human rights is access to health care. Various governments have shown international agreements about this right. Disease management and prevention is mainly through drugs. Complete information about the drugs is given in World Health Organization (WHO) formularies. Aim of the study was to develop a hospital formulary in a tertiary care hospital. Drug list comprising of 450 drugs was collected from hospital pharmacy. After scrutinizing the list for unutilized and banned drugs, a total of 423 drugs were selected to prepare monographs for hospital formulary. The hospital formulary book was distributed to the doctors, nursing staff and pharmacy to avoid medication administrative errors and also to provide ease of reference. The formulary was also designed in a way to help the patients receive drugs economically by including the high quality drugs of affordable brands. Results showed that fixed dose combinations accounts for highest percentage of drugs in Varma hospital formulary i.e., 22.22% (n=94) whereas it is only 8.19% (n=28) in National formulary of India whereas blood products accounts least i.e., 1.89% (n=8) in Varma hospital formulary and 1.46% (n=5) in National formulary of India. Development of hospital formulary system helps in reducing the number of brands for the same drug, selecting the drugs at affordable cost with superior quality. On a whole, the formulary helps in providing quality treatment to the patient in a standardized way.","PeriodicalId":7701,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of PharmTech Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91484410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development and Validation of UV Spectroscopic Method For Estimation Of Lansoprazole In Capsule Dosage Form 紫外光谱法测定兰索拉唑胶囊剂型的建立与验证
American Journal of PharmTech Research Pub Date : 2019-06-08 DOI: 10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.023
Harshal S. Pawar, Madhuri A. Bhole, S. Patil, Kalpesh V. Sonar
{"title":"Development and Validation of UV Spectroscopic Method For Estimation Of Lansoprazole In Capsule Dosage Form","authors":"Harshal S. Pawar, Madhuri A. Bhole, S. Patil, Kalpesh V. Sonar","doi":"10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.023","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT To develop and validate simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method for estimation of Lansoprazole in Capsule dosage form. The drug is soluble in analytical grade Methanol. The drug was identified in terms of solubility studies and on the basis of melting point done on melting point apparatus of Equiptronics. It showed absorption maxima were determined in analytical grade Methanol. The drug obeyed the Beer’s law and showed good correlation of concentration with absorption which reflect in linearity. The UV spectroscopic method was developed for estimation of Lansoprazole in Capsule dosage form and also validated as per ICH guidelines. The drug is freely soluble in Dimethylformamide, soluble in analytical grade Methanol, sparingly soluble in Ethanol, slightly soluble in Ethyl Acetate, Dichloromethane and Acetonitrile. So, the analytical grade Methanol is used as a diluent in method. The melting point of Lansoprazole was found to be 179-180 ̊C (uncorrected). It showed absorption maxima 285 nm in analytical grade Methanol. On the basis of absorption spectrum the working concentration was set on 10μg/ml (PPM). The linearity was observed between 6-14 μg/ml (PPM). The results of analysis were validated by recovery studies. The recovery was found to be 98.75, 99.00 and 100.80 % for three levels respectively. The % RSD for precision was found to be 0.9039 %.A simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method has been developed for estimation of Lansoprazole in Capsule dosage form. The method could be considered for the determination of Lansoprazole in quality control laboratories.","PeriodicalId":7701,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of PharmTech Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84689214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development and Validation of Rilpivirine in Pharmaceutical Formulation by RP-HPLC 用反相高效液相色谱法开发和验证利匹韦林在制剂中的应用
American Journal of PharmTech Research Pub Date : 2019-06-08 DOI: 10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.029
B. Kumar, B. Rajkamal, Bhetanabotla Chandramowli
{"title":"Development and Validation of Rilpivirine in Pharmaceutical Formulation by RP-HPLC","authors":"B. Kumar, B. Rajkamal, Bhetanabotla Chandramowli","doi":"10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i3.029","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study a simple isocratic reverse phase HPLC method was developed for the estimation of rilpivirine in pharmaceutical formulation. The separation was carried out using a column of Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18, 250x4.6mmi.d with 5micron particle size. The mobile phase comprises of 0.03M di potassium hydrogen orthophosphate with pH adjusted to 2.5 using dilute ortho-phosphoric acid (mobile phase solvent-A) and acetonitrile (mobile phase solvent-B) in the ratio of 15: 85 (v/v).The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the effluents were monitored at 284 nm. The retention time was 7.19 min. The detector response was linear in the concentration range of 100300μg/ml. The respective linear regression equation being Y= 28817.742X-14741.2. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for rilpivirine were found to be 0.05μg/ml and 0.15 μg/ml respectively. The assay was found to be 99.85%.The method was validated by determining its accuracy, precision and system suitability. The results of the study showed that the proposed RP-HPLC method is simple, rapid, precise and accurate, which is useful for the routine determination of rilpivirine in its pharmaceutical dosage form.","PeriodicalId":7701,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of PharmTech Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85005224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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