Social science & medicine. Medical economics最新文献_第6页

Effect of mortality reductions on economic growth in the United States, 1940–1975 死亡率降低对美国经济增长的影响，1940-1975

Social science & medicine. Medical economics Pub Date : 1980-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0160-7995(80)90011-8

Hui S. Chang, Yu Hsing

{"title":"Effect of mortality reductions on economic growth in the United States, 1940–1975","authors":"Hui S. Chang, Yu Hsing","doi":"10.1016/0160-7995(80)90011-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-7995(80)90011-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A decline in mortality enlarges population, employment and hence total production of the economy. It also raises capital accumulation indirectly because greater population, employment and production bring about greater demand for capital goods and larger volume of savings. The additional capital stock accumulated further promotes future growth. In previous studies, the effect of mortality reductions on population and labor force has only been partially estimated and the effect through capital accumulation goes totally unrecognized.</p><p>This study applies a population-projection model and an aggregate econometric model to investigate more completely the effect of mortality reductions since 1940 on economic variables in the U.S. in 1975. The population-projection model is used to estimate what the population in 1975 would have been if the death rates in 1940 had not been reduced thereafter. The difference between the actual population and the estimated population represents the effect of the decline in mortality on population. To estimate the growth effect of the resultant increase in population, an aggregate econometric model is used to simulate the economy. It is found that mortality reductions since 1940 raised the population in 1975 by 8.3% (17.7 million persons) and the employment by 6.23% (5.40 million). About 8.3% ($100.27 billion at 1972 prices) of GNP in 1975 was attributable to the declines in the death rates. Of the $100.27 billion increase in GNP in 1975, 62.2% was due to the increase in employment and the other 37.8% was thanks to the rise in capital stock. Per capita GNP in 1975, however, would have been about the same even without the decline in the death rates. This study demonstrates the importance of adopting a general-equilibrium approach and using per capita output as a criterion for the evaluation of the economic contribution of mortality reductions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":76948,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Medical economics","volume":"14 4","pages":"Pages 237-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-7995(80)90011-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18477246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Organisational structure and the care of the mentally retarded 组织结构与对智障人士的照顾

Social science & medicine. Medical economics Pub Date : 1980-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0160-7995(80)90023-4

J.H. Robb

引用次数: 0

Clinical decision-making. 临床决策。

Social science & medicine. Medical economics Pub Date : 1980-12-01

K McPherson

引用次数: 0

Health and the human condition: Perspectives on medical anthropology 健康与人类状况:医学人类学的观点

Social science & medicine. Medical economics Pub Date : 1980-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0160-7995(80)90018-0

Lucy M. Cohen

引用次数: 0

Publications received 出版物收到

Social science & medicine. Medical economics Pub Date : 1980-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0160-7995(80)90025-8

引用次数: 0

Case mix in HMOs and fee-for-service systems: The ratio of routine visits to total visits in adult primary care hmo和收费服务系统中的病例组合:成人初级保健的常规就诊与总就诊的比例

Social science & medicine. Medical economics Pub Date : 1980-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0160-7995(80)90014-3

Jane Cassels Record , Robert H. Blomquist , Marilyn A. McCabe , Michael McCally , Benjamin D. Berger

引用次数: 7

Letter to the editor-in-chief 给总编辑的信

Social science & medicine. Medical economics Pub Date : 1980-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0160-7995(80)90016-7

引用次数: 0

Differentiating occupational illness and injury: The private costs and economic incentives 区分职业病和工伤:个人成本和经济激励

Social science & medicine. Medical economics Pub Date : 1980-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0160-7995(80)90013-1

Stephen H. Strand, William G. Johnson

{"title":"Differentiating occupational illness and injury: The private costs and economic incentives","authors":"Stephen H. Strand, William G. Johnson","doi":"10.1016/0160-7995(80)90013-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-7995(80)90013-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The private incentives to supply occupational safety and health activities result from the expected costs of workplace injury and illness. Expected costs in turn depend on both the probability of occurrence and the magnitude of illness and injury costs when they occur. The probability of illness and injury are difficult to specify, but for different reasons. Occupational illness results from prolonged exposure to a hazard or hazards over time, while the causes of injury-producing accidents at a point in time are not well understood. Similarly, difficulty exists in making <em>a priori</em> estimates of illness and injury costs to workers, since both impairment and disability are related to personal characteristics and preferences. In addition, non-human capital costs, such as damage to plant and equipment, are often associated with the occurrence of accidents.</p><p>While this paper analyzes expected illness and injury costs in detail, emphasis is also given to differences in cost distribution since the private incentive to undertake prevention activity is related to the costs borne by each economic agent. Damage costs to non-human capital, for example, are often borne completely by the firm, while worker injury and illness costs are distributed among the worker, the firm, and society. Depending on the production process, therefore, incentives for the firm to undertake injury prevention activities may exist even in the absence of risk-related wage differentials. Since the strength of private incentives are a central concern in the efficient allocation of resources by occupational safety and health agencies, the policy implications of the analysis for workplace regulation are presented in the conclusion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":76948,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Medical economics","volume":"14 4","pages":"Pages 259-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-7995(80)90013-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18477248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Seventh international conference on social science & medicine 第七届国际社会科学与医学会议

Social science & medicine. Medical economics Pub Date : 1980-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0160-7995(80)90010-6

引用次数: 0

Brain, environment, and social psychology 大脑，环境和社会心理学

Social science & medicine. Medical economics Pub Date : 1980-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0160-7995(80)90022-2

Michael T. McGuire

引用次数: 0