Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie最新文献

{"title":"[Short-term memory of the mouse-eared bat, Myotis myotis, and its biological value].","authors":"A Kolb","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myotis myotis can precisely locate and memorize sounds made by insects moving on the ground. Its competent approach even after an interval indicates an accurate short-term memory, important in catching prey and greatly influencing its distribution and abundance.</p>","PeriodicalId":76861,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie","volume":"38 5","pages":"455-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12378561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[On the effect of some inhibitors of proteinbiosynthesis on activity and learning behavior of goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus L)].","authors":"H Laudien","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Concerning the problems of learning and memory there is a distinction of a short term memory (STM) and a long term memory (LTM). It is supposed that the STM is an electrical phenomenon, whereas the LTM depends on material changes. The assumed materials are RNA, proteins, lipids, amines etc, and the primary carrier of the information is DNA. But there is a discrepancy: learning-specificity is based on environmental changes, but not the structure of DNA. For the investigation of this, we trained goldfish in a shock-free task to take food from coloured cups under the influence of inhibitors of the proteinbiosynthesis. There was no inhibition on memory-processes in our experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":76861,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie","volume":"38 4","pages":"436-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11275842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The orientation of night-migrating passerines without the directional influence of the starry sky and/or the earth magnetic field.","authors":"J Rabol","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During four seasons in 1972-73 a total of 598 orientation experiments -- including 157 displacements -- was carried out. The purpose of the experiments was to investigate the orientation under an overcast sky and/or when the earth magnetic field was screened by a strong artificial magnetic field. These experiments were compared with experiments carried out under the presumed maximum condition, i.e. under a starry sky and without magnetic disturbances. In general, little or no \"reduction\" of the sample mean vector, was observed under the \"deprived\" conditions. However, the concentration of the individual mean vectors and the activity were lowered. Clear compensation for a displacement was found in the absence of the stars and in a disturbed magnetic field. This means that directing cues from other sources than the stars and the earth magnetic field were involved. It is guessed that inertial orientation plays an important role. Reverse orientation -- including reverse compensation -- was found fairly frequently. It is supposed to be correlated with overcast, and perhaps in general stress conditions. In conclusion, simple one-direction orientation models are not thought to be sufficient to \"explain\" the observed orientations.</p>","PeriodicalId":76861,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie","volume":"38 3","pages":"251-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12387456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Basic analysis of the effective system of homing in spider Agelena labyrinthica (Cl.)].","authors":"K Dornfeldt","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The spider Agelena labyrinthica Cl. determined its home direction by integrating the information of each element of the outgoing path to the prey in continuous interaction with the incident light. 2. A vector hypothesis explaining how the direction and the length of the homing track was determined was verified: if the azimuth of the incident light was displaced by 90 degrees as soon as the spider had reached a certain point on the web, the vector of the theoretical course originating from this point was rotated by about 60 degrees. The end point of this rotated vector (\"fictitious retreat point\") was not only the goal for the homing course from this point, but also for the course originating from any other point of the web. 3. Spiders starting at the fictitious retreat point did not keep straight courses. Their movements were either at random or they were directed in slightly preferred directions caused by the phototactic influence of the previously performed outward course. 4. If the light had been displaced before the spider was lifted from the web, the lifting had no effect on the orientation performance. 5. The mean distance between the points of direction changes and the starting points varied linearly with the mean length of the outward course; therefore these distances were used as an indication for the distance orientation. 6. Contrary to all other formerly published hypotheses on the photomenotactic orientation of arthropods MITTELSTAEDTs' hypothesis about the homing of Agelena, which is similar to my vector hypothesis, is compatible with the data compiled by this investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":76861,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie","volume":"38 3","pages":"267-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12387457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Orientation without external orientation clues in reptiles (Hemidactylus frenatus Gekkonidae)].","authors":"P Duelli","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a black-painted cylindric arena Geckos (Hemidactylus frenatus) are able to find their hiding place without the aid of external orientation clues. This proprioceptive knowledge of the position is independent of the azimuth of the actual position of head and body, but it is influenced by a passive turning of the reptile. These findings lead to the assumption that the receptors of the labyrinth participate in the endogeneous (idiothetic) course control.</p>","PeriodicalId":76861,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie","volume":"38 3","pages":"324-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12387267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Supernormality\" in a learning situation.","authors":"J A Hogan,&nbsp;J P Kruijt,&nbsp;J H Frijlink","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Four pigeons were trained to peck at a 37-spot stimulus for food. While this training continued, two of the pigeons received extinction training to a 21-spot stimulus and the other two received extinction training to a plain white stimulus. In a subsequent generalization test of stimuli which varied in number of spots, pigeons extinguished on the 21-spot stimulus responded most to the 52- and 69-spot stimuli. This \"peak shift\" in responding is functionally similar to \"supernormality\" seen in the egg-retrieval responses of gulls. Possible causes of these two phenomena are discussed and compared.</p>","PeriodicalId":76861,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie","volume":"38 2","pages":"212-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12367238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Role of the principal and accessory eyes in the photomenotactic orientation of the funnel spider Agelena labyrinthica (CL.)].","authors":"K Dornfeldt","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The photomenotactic orientation of funnel spiders (Agelena labyrinthica [Cl.]) returning to their retreat was studied by measuring the direction of their course on the horizontal webs. 1. If a lamp was shifted 90 degrees just before the spider caught its prey the mean return course deviated less than 90 degrees from the direction of the retreat. This deviation was not only a function of the azimuth of the light and of the amount it had been moved, but also varied with the course taken when approaching the prey, the duration of the interval without light stimulation while the lamps were changed, the light stimulation experienced while at the retreat, the extent to which vision was experimentally reduced, and the light intensity. 2. Elimination of the principal or of the accessory eyes had little or no significant effect on the photomenotactic orientation. Spiders able to use only the median eye or one principal eye could no longer use the lamp to orient by. 3. Animals with full vision showed an increased (decreased) deviation from the direction of the retreat if the light intensity was abruptly increased (decreased), as did animals without principal eyes or without accessory eyes. The mean return directions were, however, not dependent upon light intensity changes before reaching the prey or after an interruption of web contact. The threshold for photomenotactic orientation using the accessory eyes is 0.366-10(-4) sb; the corresponding value for the principal eyes is 100 times larger. 4. If the lamp was not visible on the outward run the spiders were unable to perform correct return runs by light orientation without optical information from previous runs. If they could see a lamp while at the retreat their return course was shifted in the direction away from the light. Animals without principal eyes did not show this effect. 5. Spiders that had not performed an outward run did not keep to a straight course. Animals with full vision spontaneously showed negative phototactic orientation, those without principal eyes were usually positively phototactic. 6. Animals, whose web contact had been interrupted or animals without principal eyes showed a similar deviation from the correct return direction as did unmanipulated animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":76861,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie","volume":"38 2","pages":"113-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12366449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Ethology and phylogeny of the family Belontiidae (Anabantoidei, pisces)].","authors":"J Vierke","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The behavioural patterns of the following species of the family Belontiidae were qualitatively examined and compared with each other: Colisa lalia, C. fasciata, C. chuna, Trichogaster trichopterus, T. leeri, T. microlepis, Macropodu, opercularis, Pseudosphromenus (Macropodus) cupanus cupanus, Betta splendens, Trichopsis pumilus, T. vittatus vittatus, T. vittatus schalleri, Belontia signata and the hybrids Colisa fasciata X lalia. 2. Among other points the paper puts some emphasis on the description of the reproductive behaviour of the various species (nest building, mating, parental behaviour). In addition aspects of feeding and fighting behaviour are described. 3. The subfamilies established by Liem (1963) on the basis of osteological characteristics can also be substantiated ethologically. 4. Liem's conception of the phylogeny of Belontiidae is criticized. His system conceiving phylogeny as a process of branching off successively is contrasted with a phylogenetic fan. The subfamilies Belontiinae, Trichogasterinae and Macropodinae differentiated almost at the same time. 5. The genus of Macropodus has a very isolated position within the sub-family of Macropodinae. The remaining genera are on a higher level of development regarding their reproductive behaviour. As a result of the paper Pseudosphromenus (Macropodus) cupanus has to be eliminated from the genus of Macropodus.</p>","PeriodicalId":76861,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie","volume":"38 2","pages":"163-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12414696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Solving of simple problems by a fish (free water experiments with Balistes fuscus)].","authors":"H W Fricke","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The problem-solving behaviour of Balistes fuscus was investigated in the Red Sea by under-water observation of three tame animals. The foraging behaviour of Balistes is adapted to moving objects aside with the mouth to get at hidden prey. In test problem situations with familiar objects, obstacles were deliberately and expediently removed in order to reach the prey (sea urchins). In test situations with unfamiliar objects (flat lid, glass cylinder: Fig. 2) it was also evident that the animals have a grasp of spatial connections and can solve arranged problems forthwith. If a once-solved problem is again presented the successful action sequence unwinds very quickly in the new situation. Modified tests for delayed action show that Balistes can retain short-term information for up to about 3 mins. The analysis of behavioural sequences makes it probable that, according to the criteria of Yerkes and Hassenstein, we are dealing with problem-solving behaviour guided by regrouping of engrams. The behaviour is interpreted as ecologically occasioned adaptation to an intensely structured habitat. The solving of problems by the moving of environmental objects seems to have evolved, in vertebrates, in interaction with their habitat, and independently of their systematic position.</p>","PeriodicalId":76861,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie","volume":"38 1","pages":"18-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12357350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The circannual rhythm of reproductive activity in the starling (Sturnus vulgaris) under the influence of homosexual and heterosexual mates of the same species].","authors":"V E Gwinner","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. 30 European starlings, kept for 20 months under a constant 12-hour photoperiod and at constant temperature, were investigated at regular monthly intervals with regard to the state of gonadal development, bill coloration and moult. 8 male male lived in individual cages (group 1), 10 male male were housed together in a group cage (group 2), and 6 male male lived together with 6 female female in another group cage (group 3). All birds had acoustical contact with each other. In addition, the birds of groups 2 and 3 could see one another. 2. In all male male the testes regressed following the beginning of the experiment in April. Subsequently they carried out a complete postnuptial moult. In the following spring, all male male went through a full cycle of testicular size which was followed by a second postnuptial moult. The bills of all birds turned yellow as the testes grew and blackened as the testes regressed (fig. 1).--Most of the female female showed similar circannual rhythms of gonadal growth and regression, bill coloration and moult (fig. 2). 3. In 6 male male of groups 1 and 2, a small increase of testicular size was observed subsequent to the termination of the first postnuptial moult. This transient testicular activity most probably corresponds to the autumnal sexual activity known from freeliving starlings. Hence, these results suggest that both spring and autumnal sexual activity of the starling are endogenously preprogrammed. 4. The testes of most male male of group 3 developed to full size immediately after the termination of the first postnuptial moult; subsequently they remained active for at least 7 months. This observation suggests that stimuli emitted by the female female augment the endogenously preprogrammed readiness for autumnal sexual activity and prevent the subsequent testicular regression. It is concluded that exogenous factors from the social environment are capable of modifying the endogenous annual pattern of testicular function in the starling.</p>","PeriodicalId":76861,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie","volume":"38 1","pages":"34-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12357351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}