{"title":"Tumors as clonal proliferation.","authors":"P C Nowell","doi":"10.1007/BF02899348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02899348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytogenetic studies indicate that most tumors are clonal (i.e. unicellular in origin) and have karyotypic alterations. These are not consistent, but non-random abnormalities are being increasingly identified by banding techniques, pointing to the sites on human chromosomes where genes important in neoplastic development are located. It is postulated that tumor progression occurs as a result of genetic lability within the neoplastic clone, leading to emergence of increasingly mutant subpopulations (often recognizable cytogenetically) with more malignant properties. In the context of this hypothesis, acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, and preleukemia can be viewed as differing only in the rate at which an abnormal hemic clone is expanding, with progression to a more aggressive phase (e.g. the \"blast crisis\" of chronic granulocytic leukemia) reflecting emergence of a new predominant subpopulation as the result of an additional genetic change. These concepts, and the cytogenetic data from which they have been derived, may help our understanding of basic tumor biology, and have some practical applications in the diagnosis of human neoplasms.</p>","PeriodicalId":76800,"journal":{"name":"Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology","volume":"29 1-2","pages":"145-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF02899348","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11322597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preleukemic syndromes.","authors":"R V Pierre","doi":"10.1007/BF02899333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02899333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) is preceded by a hematologic illness representing the \"preclinical\" stages of the disease in many patients. This \"preclinical stage\" or preleukemic stage is difficult to recognize by conventional hematologic morphologic techniques. A prospective study was carried out to determine whether cytogenetic studies would be helpful in the recognition of preleukemic states and whether the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities would have prognostic significance. A study of 284 patients with suspected preleukemia has yielded 62 patients with progression to overt ANLL. Cytogenetic abnormalities were found in 30% of suspected preleukemic patients, whereas 53% of the patients progressing to acute leukemia had cytogenetic abnormalities. These studies show that the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities aid in the recognition of preleukemia but are not specific for early leukemia. Patients with cytogenetic abnormalities are more likely to develop overt ANLL. Banded chromosome studies demonstrated cytogenetic abnormalities in the preleukemic phase in 13 of 26 patients. A variety of clonal chromosomal abnormalities were observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":76800,"journal":{"name":"Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology","volume":"29 1-2","pages":"29-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF02899333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11323391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hairy cell leukemia: an analysis of the chromosomes of 26 patients.","authors":"H M Golomb, V Lindgren, J D Rowley","doi":"10.1007/BF02899344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02899344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We studied the chromosomes from 26 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) to ascertain the frequency and types of consistent chromosomal abnormalities. Samples from 21 patients were obtained from peripheral blood cultures grown 24 and 48 h without phytohemagglutinin, or from bone marrow samples. Two male patients had similar, consistent abnormalities; one patient's karyotype was 46, X, +12; that of the second was 46, X, +C marker. In the latter case, the distal long arm of the C marker most closely resembled chromosome No. 12 from band q14 to q terminal, but the short arm and proximal long arm were of undetermined origin. Both karyotypes lacked the Y chromosome. Nine of the 21 patients had abnormalities in single cells. One patient had, in one sample, a single abnormal cell with an extra No. 3 and an extra No. 12 (48, XY, +3, +12), and in a later sample, a second cell of poor morphology which also could have been trisomic for No. 12. Another patient had one cell with an unusually bright short arm, as well as two cells, with different abnormalities, both involving the short arm of chromosome No. 1. The two patients with consistent chromosome abnormalities had rapidly progressive disease in spite of splenectomy, and their clinical course from the time of diagnosis was relatively short (5 and 7 months, respectively).</p>","PeriodicalId":76800,"journal":{"name":"Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology","volume":"29 1-2","pages":"113-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF02899344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11322593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chromosome studies in polycythemia vera.","authors":"D H Wurster-Hill, O R McIntyre","doi":"10.1007/BF02899334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02899334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polycythemia vera (PV) represents an apparent monoclonal stem cell proliferation with a frequent transition to full neoplastic behavior. Up to 26% of untreated PV patients can be expected to have some chromosome abnormalities in the marrow at the time of diagnosis, and 10--15% have an abnormal cell line or clone. Both structural and numerical aberrations occur. Aneuploidy is the most common type of chromosome abnormality, however, with hyperdiploid clones occurring more frequently than hypodiploid clones. Chromosomes 1, 8, 9 and 20 are involved in a non-random pattern, and aberrations of all the F group, or at least the No. 20 chromosome seem to be associated to some extent with diseases involving erythroid hyperplasia. Leukemia develops in a certain percentage of patients regardless of the type of treatment they have received, but the relationship, if any, between the chromosome abnormalities and the development of leukemia is still uncertain. The abnormal clones that occur in PV appear to be quite stable and there is no indication at this time that they correlate with a prognosis of leukemic transformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":76800,"journal":{"name":"Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology","volume":"29 1-2","pages":"39-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF02899334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11323393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Some comments regarding chromosome pulverization (premature chromosome condensation or PCC, prophasing).","authors":"A A Sandberg","doi":"10.1007/BF02899331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02899331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Premature chromosome pulverization (PCC) or prophasing is a much misunderstood cytological entity. It must be separated from chromosome damage caused by a number of chemical, physical and biological agents. Prophasing is observed in fused cells in which one of the constituent cells must be in metaphase and another in interphase. The morphology of the \"pulverized\" interphase nucleus will depend on the phase of the cell cycle in which the interphase cell was in when exposed to a substance present in the cytoplasm of the metaphase cell leading to \"prophasing\". Prophasing is a normal cellular phenomenon occurring prematurely or under abnormal conditions (fusion of cells) and its demonstration in human cells or tumors may be indicative of the presence of a virus (or its products) which leads to cell fusion, but does not play a role in prophasing.</p>","PeriodicalId":76800,"journal":{"name":"Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology","volume":"29 1-2","pages":"15-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF02899331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11322598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C D Bloomfield, L L Lindquist, R D Brunning, J J Yunis, P F Coccia
{"title":"The Philadelphia chromosome in acute leukemia.","authors":"C D Bloomfield, L L Lindquist, R D Brunning, J J Yunis, P F Coccia","doi":"10.1007/BF02899340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02899340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cytogenetics, cytology and cytochemistry, clinical findings, therapeutic response and survival of patients presenting with acute leukemia and the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) are briefly reviewed based upon a survey of the world literature and 16 cases seen at the University of Minnesota during the last 10 years. Details regarding the 16 cases from the University of Minnesota series are presented and two appendices listing the majority of reports of Ph1 + acute leukemia are included. Comparison of adults with Ph1+ and Ph1- acute leukemia demonstrate important clinical, therapeutic and prognostic differences. In general, patients with Ph1+ acute leukemia respond less well to treatment and survive significantly shorter periods of time. Since the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome in acute leukemia has therapeutic and prognostic significance, marrow chromosome studies should be performed in adults presenting with acute leukemia, especially acute lymphocytic leukemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":76800,"journal":{"name":"Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology","volume":"29 1-2","pages":"81-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF02899340","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11323398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chromosome studies in myelomatosis.","authors":"D H Wurster-Hill, O R McIntyre, G G Cornwell","doi":"10.1007/BF02899341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02899341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytogenetic studies of patients with multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia have shown that chromosome abnormalities occur in the bone marrow and/or the PHA-stimulated blood of at least half the patients. The abnormalities include numerical and structural aberrations and are highly variable. Hypodiploid modes occur fairly frequently. Addition of material to the long arm of the No. 14 chromosome (14q+ marker) occurs in about 17% of the small series of patients that have been studied with banding so far.</p>","PeriodicalId":76800,"journal":{"name":"Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology","volume":"29 1-2","pages":"93-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF02899341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11323399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cytogenetics in malignant lymphoma.","authors":"R V Pierre","doi":"10.1007/BF02899343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02899343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There appear to be four primary areas of interest in the application of cytogenetic techniques to the study of malignant lymphomas: (1) the role of cytogenetics in the diagnosis of lymphoma in problem cases, (2) as an aid to the classification of malignant lymphomas, (3) whether specific chromosomal patterns will have prognostic significance for response to therapy or survival, and (4) the role of cytogenetics in staging of malignant lymphomas. A case of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia is reported in which cytogenetic studies demonstrated an aneuploid clone suggesting that cytogenetic abnormalities of lymphoma may precede the diagnostic histopathologic picture. The occurrence of 14q+ marker chromosomes in plasmacytic myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, malignant lymphomas, Burkitt's lymphoma, and ataxia-telangiectasia suggest that a common etiologic or pathogenetic mechanism may be present in some of these disorders. A preliminary pilot study of spleens removed at staging laparotomy for Hdgkin's disease suggests that cytogenetic studies may be able to detect Hodgkin's disease that is not apparent histologically. Further studies are required to provide answers to these areas of interest in cytogenetics in malignant lymphoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":76800,"journal":{"name":"Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology","volume":"29 1-2","pages":"107-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF02899343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11322592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cytogenetics of acute and chronic myelofibrosis.","authors":"P C Nowell, J B Finan","doi":"10.1007/BF02899335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02899335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In myelofibrosis, acute or chronic, as well as in other myeloproliferative disorders which carry an increased risk of developing leukemia, a clone of hemic cells with a chromosome abnormality is a relatively common occurrence. To date, however, the presence or absence of a cytogenetic alteration has not been of prognostic value with respect to subsequent clinical course. No particular karyotypic change is specific for myelofibrosis, but many of the same non-random abnormalities occur as in other leukemic and preleukemic states. Both cytogenetic and isoenzyme data indicate that the fibrous tissue in the marrow is not part of the myeloproliferative clone.</p>","PeriodicalId":76800,"journal":{"name":"Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology","volume":"29 1-2","pages":"45-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF02899335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11323394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chromosome abnormalities in the acute phase of CML.","authors":"J D Rowley","doi":"10.1007/BF02899337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02899337","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76800,"journal":{"name":"Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology","volume":"29 1-2","pages":"57-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF02899337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11323395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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