Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine. Supplement最新文献

{"title":"On neck muscle activity and load reduction in sitting postures. An electromyographic and biomechanical study with applications in ergonomics and rehabilitation.","authors":"K Schüldt","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study of the biomechanics and muscular function of the cervical spine, skilled women workers simulated standardized electromechanical assembly work in eight sitting postures. Normalized electromyography was used to quantify activity in neck-and-shoulder muscles. With the whole spine flexed, muscle activity in the cervical erector spinae, trapezius and thoracic erector spinae muscles was higher than when the whole spine was straight and vertical. The posture with the trunk slightly inclined backward and neck vertical gave the lowest activity levels. Flexed neck compared to vertical neck gave higher activity in the cervical erector spinae. Work with abducted arm gave high neck muscle activity. Work postures can thus be optimized to diminish neck muscle load. Two ergonomic acids were studied during the work cycle. Elbow support reduced the activity in the trapezius and thoracic erector spinae/rhomboids muscles in the posture with the whole spine flexed and in the posture with the whole spine vertical. Arm suspension gave mainly similar reduction in these postures, and also a reduction in the cervical erector spinae. In the position with the trunk slightly inclined backward, arm suspension gave a reduction in the trapezius. These findings indicate that arm support or arm suspension can be used to reduce neck muscle load. Three methodological studies related to neck muscle load and normalization were included. 1) Examination of the effect of different isometric maximum test contractions on neck muscles showed that all contractions activated all muscles studied, including those on the contralateral side, to some extent and at various levels. The highest frequency of attained maximum levels was: for neck extension, in cervical erector spinae; for cervical spinae lateral flexion, in splenius and levator scapulae; for arm abduction, in trapezius, and, for shoulder elevation and scapular retraction/elevation, in thoracic erector spinae/rhomboids. Proximal resistance gave higher activity than distal. 2) The relationship between EMG activity and muscular moment was studied in women during submaximal and maximum isometric neck extension. The relationship found was non-linear, with greater increase in activity at high moments in the posterior neck muscles studied. The slightly flexed cervical spine position induced a higher level of activity in erector spinae cervicalis than did the neutral position for a given relative muscular moment. 3) Muscular activity was related to cervical spine position during maximum isometric neck extension. Peak activity in the cervical erector spinae was found in the slightly flexed lower-cervical spine position.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":76524,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine. Supplement","volume":"19 ","pages":"1-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14295616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface examination of electrodes of removed implants.","authors":"J Rozman,&nbsp;B Pihlar,&nbsp;P Strojnik","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The influence of the corrosive environment in human tissue on implantable platinum electrodes during long term electrical stimulation with monophasic voltage stimulation pulses was studied. Various anomalies caused by electrochemical reactions and/or mechanical deformations produced on the surface of the electrodes owing to electrical stimulation were identified and investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy. Since the corrosion reactions of the electrodes depend mostly on the composition of the electrode-electrolyte system, the potentials of anode and cathode during pulsing were measured in 0.9% NaCl solution and in vivo.</p>","PeriodicalId":76524,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine. Supplement","volume":"17 ","pages":"99-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14388201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of animal models in study of recovery functions after brain lesions.","authors":"L Rakić,&nbsp;N N Lyubimov","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We studied the effects of selective exclusions of the classical and commissural pathways in the visual and somatosensory systems in cats on 1) Conditioning (instrumental conditioned reflexes), 2) Electrophysiological responses in specific, related and distinct brain structures and 3) Gross neurological and behavioral changes. Transections within main projection inputs to thalamic relay nuclei (lateral geniculate body for the visual and VPL-VPM complex for the somatosensory system) on one side of the brain, as well as of the commissures of the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon, reduce but do not abolish visual and somatosensory evoked responses on both hemispheres. Follow-up studies of the gross neurological (dysmetria, ataxia, myogenic atony, anisocoria) and behavioral (motor habituation) changes, after these transections, showed that the deficits were unstable and disappeared mostly within two months, except the anisocoria which lasted longer. The dynamics of the formation of conditioned defense reflexes with the different exclusion of commissural and classical pathways in the visual and somatosensory systems showed the participation of mutual possibilities for learning in animals with the reduced brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":76524,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine. Supplement","volume":"17 ","pages":"15-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14293880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The concept of inner cerebral trauma.","authors":"N Grcević","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pattern of \"inner cerebral trauma\" is a morphological and functional-pathological correlate of biomechanical conditions at the event of severe closed craniocerebral injury of acceleration-type, if the traumatizing forces act in the direction of the longest diameter of the skull. The lesions are characteristically localized in the \"centro-axial\" regions of the brain involving most frequently: corpus callosum, septum pellucidum, fornix, tela chorioidea, peri- and para-ventricular zone, infundibulobasal region and cingulum; this pattern also includes lesions of the hippocampal area, upper brainstem, pontocerebellar complex, and parasagittal areas of the cerebrum. This pattern includes lesions, which are from the onset \"primary irreversible\" as well as \"primary reversible\" lesions, which spread apart from the \"epicentres\" of the primary irreversible damage and are in principle more diffuse but still within the basic pattern of the main predilection. This is the basis of the process of \"traumatic cerebral disease\". The final size and scope of the pathological process of the \"traumatic cerebral disease\" depend on a number of secondary factors, which may allow the normal process of healing to keep the tissue changes within the initial scope of \"primary irreversible damage\", or may enhance a progressive process of turning the \"reversible\" traumatic damage into the irreversible lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":76524,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine. Supplement","volume":"17 ","pages":"25-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14173821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in neurological rehabilitation and restorative neurology. Proceedings of the satellite symposium. Ljubljana, September 8-10, 1985.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76524,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine. Supplement","volume":"17 ","pages":"1-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14294239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fusimotor activity: its possible significance in muscle hypertonia.","authors":"J Vuco,&nbsp;R Anastasijević","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apart from the direct influences of muscle spindle sensory endings on skeletomotor neurones a great deal of their reflex drive is provided indirectly via the gamma-loop. Coactivity of skeletomotor and fusimotor neurones provides, on that occasion, for the servoassistance of muscular movement. Fusimotor neurones modulate their discharge rate in parallel with that of the skeletomotor neurons during reflex muscle contraction in decerebrated cats. These modulations take part during the rising phase of the reflex muscle tension as well as during the maintained reflex muscle contraction when small tension oscillations are present in a muscle. Fusimotor firing does not provide the main stimulus for the contractile activity of the muscle in the decerebrated cats but serves to reflect or to reproduce (within the spindle) the extent and the time course of tension changes in a muscle throughout the whole course of its reflex contraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":76524,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine. Supplement","volume":"17 ","pages":"133-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14294244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioural abnormalities in head injured patients.","authors":"N Brooks","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper reviews the psychological deficits found after head injury. The deficits are very broadly of two types involving cognitive and behaviour disturbances. The main features of the two types of disturbances are described; and the natural history, prediction, functional impact, and rehabilitation of the disturbances are reviewed. Key features of good clinical evaluation of patients are identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":76524,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine. Supplement","volume":"17 ","pages":"41-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14173822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustained attention and information processing speed in chronic survivors of severe closed head injury.","authors":"H S Levin,&nbsp;W M High,&nbsp;F C Goldstein,&nbsp;D H Williams","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sustained attention and information processing speed in 15 long-term survivors of severe closed head injury and 14 demographically matched controls have been examined. The average time between head injury and testing was 3.6 years. The performance of patients on all tasks was impaired relative to controls, thus documenting persistent deficits in attention. Of particular interest was the finding that controls were capable of redirecting and improving their sustained attention during a test session versus the steady decline in patient performance. The findings are discussed within the framework of controlled attentional processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":76524,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine. Supplement","volume":"17 ","pages":"33-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14293881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Head injuries and restorative neurology.","authors":"M R Dimitrijević","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76524,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine. Supplement","volume":"17 ","pages":"9-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14173823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods for measurement of muscle function. Methodological aspects, reference values for children, and clinical applications.","authors":"E Bäckman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In children isometric muscle force can be measured with acceptable reproducibility by using a simple hand-held dynamometer. Reference values for 10 different muscle groups are given for children aged 3.5-15 years. If age and weight are known, the force can be predicted. The most pronounced differences between the dominant and the non-dominant side were found in the elbow flexors, 3 of the 6 age groups showing greater force on the dominant side, and in the wrist extensors, the 2 oldest age groups being stronger on the dominant side. Sex differences were present as early as 9.5-11 years of age, boys being stronger than girls. Isokinetic muscle torque of the dorsiflexors of the ankle increased with age. Reference values are given for peak torque in children 6, 9, 12, and 15 years of age. The most intense force development occurs between 12 and 15 years of age in boys, and earlier in girls. Sex differences appear in early puberty. In young children the dominant leg was the stronger at the highest velocities. In the older children the non-dominant leg was the stronger at low velocities. Isokinetic measurements are time-consuming and require experience, and should be regarded as complementary to isometric testing. In muscle groups that are too weak to overcome gravity isometric and isokinetic methods cannot be used. Functional tests of motor ability are especially useful in patients with severely impaired muscle function when other test methods are inadequate or difficult to evaluate. The natural course of Duchenne muscular dystrophy was followed in 16 boys by means of functional tests, isometric tests, isokinetic tests of concentric muscle contraction, and manual tests. Of these only the isokinetic method proved unreliable, possibly because of difficulty in activating the muscles at different speeds. The function of adductor pollicis was studied by supramaximal electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve. Force-frequency curves and reference values for relaxation rate and half contraction time to tetanus for children aged 9, 12, and 15 years are presented. The half contraction time to tetanus was briefer in the older children than in the younger. The relative force developed at a stimulation of 10 Hz increased with age. Apart for the increase in muscle force with increasing age, no other differences emerged between the different age groups. No sex differences were found. The electrical stimulation test is rather painful, and only about 60% of the children persevered to the end of the test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":76524,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine. Supplement","volume":"20 ","pages":"9-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14206352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}