Allergy and asthma proceedings最新文献

{"title":"Hereditary angioedema in women: Hormonal and reproductive influences on disease activity.","authors":"Reyhan S Cansunar, Merve Erkoc Karaduman, Leyla Cevirme, Hakan Basir, Guzin Ozden","doi":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2026.47.260054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare, potentially life-threatening disorder characterized by recurrent edema of the extremities, abdomen, face, larynx, trunk, and genital region. It follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and affects both sexes equally; however, attacks may occur more frequently and with greater severity in women due to hormonal factors. <b>Aims:</b> The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of hormonal changes on HAE attacks in women and to determine how different reproductive stages and hormonal exposures affect attack frequency and course. <b>Methods:</b> In this retrospective descriptive cohort study, 36 postpubertal women with HAE were evaluated to assess the effects of reproductive factors, including menstruation, oral contraceptive use, pregnancy, delivery, lactation, and menopause, on attack frequency and disease activity. <b>Results:</b> Thirty patients had type I and six had type II HAE. The mean age at diagnosis was 23.5 years, with a mean diagnostic delay of 12.6 years. Menstruation triggered attacks in 52.8% of the patients. Among 26 patients with 94 pregnancies, 21.2% ended in spontaneous abortion, and 73.1% had at least one child diagnosed with HAE. During pregnancy, attack frequency increased in 30.6%, decreased in 27.7%, and was unchanged in 41.7%. Attacks occurred within 48 hours postpartum in six deliveries, and three patients reported increased attacks during lactation. After menopause, attacks increased in 25%, decreased in 33.3%, and were unchanged in 41.7%. <b>Conclusion:</b> Hormonal and reproductive life stages influence disease activity in women with HAE, although the direction and magnitude of these effects vary among individuals. The marked delay in diagnosis observed in this cohort suggests that many women experience pregnancies without disease-specific management. Earlier recognition of HAE and individualized treatment approaches may improve care during hormonally dynamic periods.</p>","PeriodicalId":7646,"journal":{"name":"Allergy and asthma proceedings","volume":"47 5","pages":"348-353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the clinical impact of attack triggers in patients with hereditary angioedema.","authors":"Sukran Aslan Savas, Fatih Colkesen, Mehmet Emin Gerek, Ummugulsum Yilmaz Ergun, Emrah Harman, Secim Kolak, Ferhat Sagun, Ismail Yigitdol, Sevket Arslan","doi":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260043","DOIUrl":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Hereditary angioedema is a rare bradykinin-mediated disorder characterized by recurrent, unpredictable swelling attacks that can substantially impair quality of life. <b>Objective:</b> The objectives were to describe attack triggers reported during the previous 4 weeks, compare the clinical impact of emotional and physical and/or organic triggers on attack outcomes, Angioedema Control Test (AECT) based disease control, and quality of life; and, secondarily, to examine the associations of the attack burden with the AECT and Angioedema Quality of Life (AE-QoL) Questionnaire scores. <b>Methods:</b> This single-center retrospective cross-sectional study included 50 adults with type I or type II hereditary angioedema followed up between January 2019 and October 2025. Data extracted from medical records included the number of attacks during the preceding 4 weeks, characteristics of the most severe attack, trigger category, disease control assessed by the AECT, and quality of life assessed by the AE-QoL Questionnaire. Triggers were grouped as emotional (stress/sadness) or physical/organic (trauma, infection, physical exertion, hormonal/metabolic). <b>Results:</b> The median age was 40.5 years, 54% of the patients were women, the median diagnostic delay was 16.5 years, and 82% had a positive family history of hereditary angioedema. Emotional stress was the most commonly reported trigger of the most severe attack (60%). No significant differences were observed between emotional and physical/organic trigger groups in attack frequency, duration or severity of the most severe attack, emergency department visits, AECT-based disease control, or quality-of-life scores (all p > 0.05). Attack frequency was negatively correlated with AECT-based disease control (r = -0.631; p < 0.001) and positively correlated with quality-of-life impairment (r = 0.428; p = 0.002), with the strongest association in the fear/shame domain (r = 0.500; p < 0.001). AECT-based disease control was strongly inversely correlated with quality-of-life impairment (r = -0.734; p < 0.001). <b>Conclusion:</b> Emotional stress was the most frequently reported trigger of recent hereditary angioedema attacks. Although clinical outcomes did not differ according to trigger type, a higher attack frequency was associated with poorer AECT-based disease control and worse quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":7646,"journal":{"name":"Allergy and asthma proceedings","volume":"47 5","pages":"354-361"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond immunoglobulin E (IgE): Novel roles of mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) as nonhistaminergic pruriceptors in chronic spontaneous urticaria.","authors":"Kun Wu, Yahui Li, Zhengyu Zhang, Derong Wu, Junlin Liu","doi":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2026.47.260044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), are the main markers of nonhistaminergic pruriceptors. Elevated circulating MRGPRX2 levels have been reported in severe chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), whereas the role of serum PAR2 remains unclear. <b>Objective:</b> This study aimed to determine the differences in serum MRGPRX2 and PAR2 levels between patients with CSU and normal healthy controls (NC), and to evaluate their associations with disease severity and utility as biomarkers in CSU. <b>Methods:</b> The patients were stratified by the urticaria activity score over 7 days (UAS7) into three groups: severe (UAS7 ≥ 28), moderate (16 ≤ UAS7 < 28), and mild (UAS7 < 16). Serum samples from 60 patients with CSU and 30 NCs were screened for MRGPRX2 and PAR2 by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. <b>Results:</b> The serum MRGPRX2 level was higher in the severe CSU group (0.31 ± 0.12 ng/mL) than in NCs (0.19 ± 0.11 ng/mL) (p < 0.001) and in patients with mild-to-moderate CSU (0.24 ± 0.08 ng/mL) (p = 0.019). Similarly, the serum PAR2 level was also significantly higher in patients with severe CSU (0.38 [0.21-0.53] ng/mL) compared with NCs (0.21 [0.11-0.27] ng/mL) (p < 0.001) and with patients with mild-to-moderate CSU (0.20 [0.15-0.27] ng/mL) (p < 0 .001). Both MRGPRX2 and PAR2 showed positive correlations with UAS7. PAR2 was negatively correlated with the basophil percentage, whereas MRGPRX2 showed no correlation with the basophil percentage. Logistic regression analysis identified serum MRGPRX2 levels ≥ 0.2375 ng/mL (odds ratio 2.498; p = 0.002) and serum PAR2 levels ≥ 0.12 ng/mL (odds ratio 1.901; p = 0.043) as two independent risk factors for CSU. In addition, serum PAR2 levels ≥ 0.271 ng/mL (odds ratio 3.317; p = 0.002) were identified as an independent risk factor for severe CSU. <b>Conclusion:</b> We suggest that serum MRGPRX2 and PAR2 are both biomarkers of disease severity and independent risk factors for CSU.</p>","PeriodicalId":7646,"journal":{"name":"Allergy and asthma proceedings","volume":"47 5","pages":"e89-e97"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between IMMULITE-measured grass panel specific immunoglobulin E levels and grass pollen skin-prick test reactivity in children.","authors":"Fatma N Kuzucu, Cankat Genis, Gokhan Yorusun, Zeynep Sengul Emeksiz, Emine Dibek Misirlioglu","doi":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260055","DOIUrl":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Grass pollen represents one of the most common and clinically important groups of aeroallergens. <b>Objective:</b> This study evaluated the correlation between grass panel (GP) specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels measured using the IMMULITE system and skin-prick test (SPT) reactivity in children with asthma or seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) and aimed to determine a clinically meaningful optimal cutoff value. <b>Methods:</b> In this single-center retrospective study, children with SAR and/or asthma who had positive GP sIgE results and underwent grass pollen SPT were included. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were extracted from medical records, and diagnoses were established according to the GINA and ARIA guidelines. Serum sIgE levels were measured using the IMMULITE 2000 system. The GP sIgE assay includes orchard grass, meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass, timothy grass, and June grass. SPT was performed using Phleum pratense and/or Graminaceae mix-5 extracts, the latter containing orchard grass, meadow fescue, Italian ryegrass, timothy grass, and Kentucky bluegrass. SPT results were classified as reactive or nonreactive, and the optimal cutoff value for GP sIgE was determined. <b>Results:</b> A total of 888 children with positive GP sIgE results who underwent grass pollen SPT were included; 89.3% (n = 793) were SPT-reactive. Of all patients, 649 (73.1%) had SAR alone, whereas 239 (26.9%) had concomitant SAR and asthma. GP sIgE levels were significantly correlated with eosinophil parameters, total IgE levels, and SPT wheal diameters for both extracts. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified optimal GP sIgE cutoff values of 15.05 kUA/L for overall grass pollen SPT reactivity, 28.2 kUA/L for Phleum pratense, and 20.5 kUA/L for Graminaceae mix-5, each demonstrating clinically useful discriminatory performance. <b>Conclusion:</b> IMMULITE-measured GP sIgE levels were significantly associated with grass pollen SPT reactivity and provided clinically useful information for the assessment of sensitization. Although Graminaceae mix-5 demonstrated greater discriminatory performance than Phleum pratense, both extracts were informative. Mixed extracts may better reflect cross-reactivity, whereas single extracts may complement species-specific assessment and immunotherapy planning. These cutoff values may aid interpretation when SPT cannot be performed.</p>","PeriodicalId":7646,"journal":{"name":"Allergy and asthma proceedings","volume":"47 5","pages":"e98-e106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective media communication in allergy and immunology: A practical framework for pediatric advocacy.","authors":"William E Berger","doi":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260059","DOIUrl":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Effective communication between physicians and the public has become increasingly important in the modern media environment. Pediatricians and allergist/immunologists play a critical role in shaping public understanding of conditions such as food allergy, asthma, and vaccine safety. <b>Objective:</b> The objective was to provide a practical framework for clinicians to engage effectively with media, improve public health messaging, and enhance patient outcomes through clear, accurate, and impactful communication. <b>Methods:</b> This was a narrative review of literature that integrates health communication, media engagement, pediatric advocacy, allergy and immunology, public health messaging, vaccine communication, and asthma and food allergy education. <b>Results:</b> Successful media engagement requires preparation, audience awareness, message clarity, and strategic delivery. Core principles include simplifying complex medical information; maintaining credibility; and focusing on key public health messages, such as early food introduction, asthma control, and vaccine safety. The RATIO framework (Research, Audience, Targeted Topic, Interview Redirecting, Optimism) provides a structured approach to media advocacy. <b>Conclusion:</b> Physician engagement with media is an essential extension of clinical care. Effective communication can improve public understanding, counter misinformation, promote evidence-based health behaviors, and substantially affect adherence and preventive behaviors, particularly in vaccination and chronic disease management, particularly in pediatric populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7646,"journal":{"name":"Allergy and asthma proceedings","volume":"47 5","pages":"319-322"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abstracts presented at the Eastern Allergy Conference, May 28-31, 2026, Palm Beach, Florida.","authors":"","doi":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260053","DOIUrl":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260053","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7646,"journal":{"name":"Allergy and asthma proceedings","volume":"47 5","pages":"365-373"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Communication, characterization, personalization, and clinical reasoning: The four pillars of modern allergy practice.","authors":"Joseph A Bellanti, Russell A Settipane","doi":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260063","DOIUrl":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260063","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7646,"journal":{"name":"Allergy and asthma proceedings","volume":"47 5","pages":"315-318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13580624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth differentiation factor 15 in common variable immunodeficiency patients: Diagnostic value and prediction of autoimmunity risk.","authors":"Gonul Karatopuk, Fatih Colkesen, Selin Ugrakli, Mehmet Emin Gerek, Eray Yildiz, Sevket Arslan","doi":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260031","DOIUrl":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by heterogeneous clinical phenotypes, frequently accompanied by autoimmune complications. Beyond recurrent infections, autoimmunity represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune manifestations are of vital importance. <b>Objective:</b> This study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of serum growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) levels in patients with CVID and to investigate its potential as a biomarker for predicting autoimmune complications. <b>Methods:</b> This prospective, cross-sectional study included 80 patients with a diagnosis of CVID who were followed up and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The patients with CVID were divided into two subgroups based on the presence of concomitant autoimmune disease (autoimmunity present, n = 42; absent, n = 38). GDF15 levels were measured by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The diagnostic performance of GDF15 was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis, and its impact on the development of autoimmunity was assessed by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. <b>Results:</b> GDF15 levels were found to be significantly higher in the CVID group with autoimmune disease (median, 2205 pg/mL) compared with both the CVID group without autoimmunity (1526 pg/mL) and the healthy control group (1083 pg/mL) (p < 0.001). A negative correlation was observed between GDF15 levels and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA levels (r = -0.38, p < 0.001; r = -0.299, p = 0.001; r = -0.236, p = 0.01, respectively). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve value for GDF15 in the diagnosis of CVID was 0.769, and was 0.683 for predicting the presence of autoimmunity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that elevated GDF15 levels (>1564 pg/mL) independently increased the risk of developing autoimmunity in patients with CVID by 5.1-fold (odds ratio 5.164 [95% confidence interval, 1.386-19.241]; p = 0.014). <b>Conclusion:</b> To our knowledge, this study was the first to demonstrate that GDF15 levels are elevated in patients with CVID and that this elevation is associated with autoimmune complications. GDF15 is a potential biomarker that can be used for determining the risk of autoimmunity and monitoring patients at high risk in the CVID.</p>","PeriodicalId":7646,"journal":{"name":"Allergy and asthma proceedings","volume":"47 5","pages":"e81-e88"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The digital front door: A national analysis of U.S. allergy and immunology fellowship program web sites.","authors":"Nadia Hamid, Diala Merheb, Marissa Love, Selina Gierer","doi":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260025","DOIUrl":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Allergy/immunology (A/I) fellowship recruitment occurs within a competitive match environment, with most interviews conducted virtually. Program web sites play a critical role in informing applicants and shaping program perception. Despite established literature that demonstrates the importance of program web sites across specialties, the comprehensiveness of A/I fellowship web sites has not been systematically evaluated. <b>Objective:</b> The purpose of this study was to evaluate existing A/I fellowship program web sites with the intent to identify opportunities for improvement. <b>Methods:</b> A list of 91 A/I fellowship programs was obtained from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology web site. Eighty-nine programs with accessible web sites were included. Each web site was evaluated for the presence of 24 predefined metrics derived from previous residency and fellowship web site studies. Sixteen programs affiliated with World Allergy Organization (WAO) Centers of Excellence in the United States were analyzed as a subgroup. Mean metric counts were compared by using a two-sample t-test. <b>Results:</b> Web sites contained a mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 13.7 ± 4.9 of 24 metrics. WAO-affiliated programs contained a mean ± SD of 13.2 ± 4.6 metrics, with no statistically significant difference when compared with all the programs (p = 0.70). Although most web sites listed program leadership, curriculum, and training sites, fewer included alumni information (40%), job placement (38%), or wellness initiatives (18%). <b>Conclusion:</b> A/I fellowship program web sites vary widely in content and may lack information, particularly with regard to wellness, alumni outcomes, and trainee demographics. Enhancing web site comprehensiveness represents an opportunity to improve recruitment, branding, and applicant engagement in a competitive application environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":7646,"journal":{"name":"Allergy and asthma proceedings","volume":"47 4","pages":"304-308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148314900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Icatibant for acute hereditary angioedema attacks in pediatric patients: A systematized review.","authors":"Stephanie Schmalzried, Robert D Beckett, Hannah Davis, Gabrielle Carreon","doi":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260042","DOIUrl":"10.2500/aap.2026.47.260042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare, potentially life-threatening bradykinin-mediated disorder with limited pediatric treatment options and little comparative evidence. Icatibant, a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, has demonstrated efficacy in adults and has emerging evidence in children. <b>Objective:</b> To evaluate and synthesize clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of icatibant for acute HAE attacks in pediatric patients. <b>Methods:</b> A literature search was performed by using medical literature data bases, clinical trial and research registries, and key journals through January 2026. The primary outcome was the time to onset of symptom relief. Secondary outcomes included the time to minimum symptoms, pain scores, adverse events, and feasibility of self- or caregiver administration. All included studies were nonrandomized, single-arm trials with heterogeneous designs and outcomes definitions; therefore, a meta-analysis was not performed, and all studies were descriptively evaluated. <b>Results:</b> This systematic review identified three clinical studies of icatibant for acute HAE attacks in children ages 0 to 17 years. Three open-label, phase III studies, which included 43 pediatric patients were reviewed. Icatibant demonstrated rapid symptom relief, with a median onset at ∼1 hour and minimum symptoms within 2 hours, although repeated dosing showed variability. Icatibant was well tolerated, with injection-site reactions as the most common adverse events and no serious treatment-related events. Self- or caregiver administration was feasible and effective in adolescents. <b>Conclusion:</b> Icatibant was safe and effective in the pediatric studies, providing rapid symptoms relief and a favorable tolerability profile. Despite limitations from small sample sizes and lack of comparator trials, current evidence supports icatibant as a targeted, practical option for treating acute HAE attacks in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":7646,"journal":{"name":"Allergy and asthma proceedings","volume":"47 4","pages":"247-252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148315321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}