African Journal of Microbiology Research最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of diversity and pathogenecity of Pyricularia grisea affecting finger millet in Kenya","authors":"Jayo Manyasi Tracyline, P. Kimurto, J. Mafurah","doi":"10.5897/AJMR2021.9520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2021.9520","url":null,"abstract":"Pyricularia grisea characterization is a prerequisite for species differentiation and understanding of the pathosystem, evolution and diversity of species. The aim of this study is to determine the morphological variation, pathogen virulence and molecular diversity of P. grisea isolates. Five isolates from infected heads of finger millet were collected from Bomet, Nakuru, Baringo, Busia and Machakos counties in 2019. The samples were cultured in the lab for both characterization and spore suspension preparation. Data on morphological characterization included colony diameter, color and shape of conidia. Pathogenicity test was done in the greenhouse in a randomized complete block design using KNE 741, a susceptible genotype and disease data scored. Molecular characterization involved the use of seven SSR markers. Data analyses included use of softwares such as AUDPC, Power Maker, GeneAlex and Darwin. Results showed that P. grisea isolates had different growth pattern with respect to color, colony diameter and conidia shape. Pathogenicity test revealed that all sites had significant different (P<0.01) virulence on the test genotype. Neck blast, scored at physiological maturity was prominent in Koibatek and Bomet strains while leaf blast was severe in Bomet and Alupe strains. Molecular analysis showed that ENA ranged from 1.30 (MGM 437) -1.99 (Pyrm 61-62) with an average of 1.71. PIC varied between 0.20-0.37 for primers MGM 437 and Pyrm 61-62, respectively. Factorial and phylogenetic analysis revealed that P. grisea isolates were diverse with no geographical grouping. AMOVA indicated diversity occurred within populations (87%) as opposed to among populations (13%). The high P. grisea variability found in the study is a clear indication of the high sexual recombination among strains collected in major growing areas of Kenya. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Diversity, morphology, pathogenecity, Pyricularia grisea.","PeriodicalId":7617,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Microbiology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"217-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43696673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of heavy metals on antibiotic resistance properties in lactose fermenting isolates collected from textile industry effluents","authors":"Afroza Parvin Rokunozzaman, M. Hasan, P. Debnath, Md. Ashraful Hasan, Md. Mozammel Hossain, Mohammad Mahfuz Ali Khan Shawan, A. Halim, M. Rahman, Sabir Hossain, Sohel Ahmed","doi":"10.5897/AJMR2020.9467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2020.9467","url":null,"abstract":"It is crucial to monitor the microbial ambience in heavy metal enriched industrial effluents that generally discharge into the environment. Therefore, the present study aimed to understand the load of heavy metals in multidrug-resistant lactose fermenting microorganisms isolating from textile industry effluents. Samples were collected from five different textile industrial canals. In most of the cases, the colony forming units (CFUs) per plate were uncountable at 10-6 dilution but countable at 10-10 dilution. A total of 100 lactose fermenting (LF) isolates were selected using 4 differential media and tested for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of heavy metals and antibiotic susceptibility. For nickel (Ni), the MIC was 0.3 mM for almost 98% isolates. The MIC was 0.5 mM for chromium (Cr) in almost 99% isolates. For lead (Pb), 100% isolates had a MIC of 0.4 mM. The most prevalent (36%) resistance pattern was found for sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT) and only 10% isolates showed resistance to cefotaxime (CTX). The combined effect of heavy metals and antibiotics revealed that in most cases, the antibiotic zone of inhibition was increased. Plasmid profiling showed that among 14 selective isolates, high sized (21kb) plasmid was found in 6 isolates. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Antibiotics, effluents, heavy metals, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), antimicrobial resistance.","PeriodicalId":7617,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Microbiology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"236-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45016592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic and molecular characterization of multiple-resistant gram-negative bacteria in urine of pregnant women attending antenatal clinic of Mother and Child hospital, Ondo, Nigeria","authors":"E. D. Wilkie, A. Oluduro, T. Abike, C. Chukwudum","doi":"10.5897/AJMR2021.9491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2021.9491","url":null,"abstract":"Phenotypic and molecular characterization of multiple antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria in urine samples of pregnant women in Mother and Child Hospital, Nigeria was reported. In the study, 407 apparently healthy pregnant women were recruited. Structured questionnaire was administered to the patients to obtain their socio-demographic information and the medical history. Urine samples were collected, processed and analysed using standard microbiological procedures. Detailed identification of the bacteria isolates was done using biochemical characterization using Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology and Analytical Profile Index (API) Kit. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the bacteria isolates was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer’s disk diffusion technique. Detection of the beta lactamase resistance genes (bla CTX-M and Tet A) was done by polymerase chain reactions (PCR) with appropriate primers. The following Gram-negative bacteria were recovered comprising Pseudomonas aeruginosa 48 (34.0%), Escherichia coli 30 (21.3%), Klebsiella sp. 27 (19.1%), Proteus sp. 15 (10.6%), Salmonella sp. 8 (5.7%), Providencia rettgeri, 4 (2.8%) and Enterobacter cloacae 4(2.8%) and other enterobacteriaceae 5 (3.5%). Resistance of the isolates to antibiotics used varied greatly among the isolates. Resistance to antibiotics was highest with P. aeruginosa having 100% to augumentin, tetracylines, amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin, cotrimoxazole, ceftriazone, cefixime (97.9%) and cefuroxime (95.8%). There was diversity in the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) patterns among the isolates with 12 different MAR patterns observed. The selected P. aeruginosa profiled for resistance genes harboured bla-CTX-M (585bp) and Tet A (954bp) genes. The multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria recovered could pose great health challenge to the pregnant women and the unborn foetus. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Gram negative bacteria, antibiotics, enterobacteriaceae, resistance genes.","PeriodicalId":7617,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Microbiology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44913725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of mass gatherings in transmission of respiratory tract infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae","authors":"Hamdi M. Al-Said","doi":"10.5897/AJMR2021.9507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2021.9507","url":null,"abstract":"Respiratory infection is one of the infections that can be transmitted in closed places due to the ease of transmission of pathogens from infected people to healthy people through droplets from coughing and sneezing, among these bacterial causes, Haemophilus influenza. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of this type of bacteria among pilgrims coming from different geographical locations in the world and determine the antibiotic-resistant strains. Around 1226 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 613 pilgrims from several different nationalities before and after completing the Hajj. These specimens were cultivated on chocolate agar medium and the pathogens were identified according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocol and confirmed by an automated system machine (VITEK2). There is no H. influenzae was detected among pilgrims before performing Hajj and the rate of transmission of H. influenzae was 1% after performing Hajj. The most effective antibiotics against to H. influenza isolates from pilgrims was Rifampicin while all the isolates were resistant to ampicillin. The continuous monitorization of the rate of potentially pathogenic bacterial during the Hajj season is required in order to develop advanced strategies to confront any outbreak of any infectious disease among the pilgrims. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Hajj season, nasopharyngeal swabs, ethnic group, Makkah.","PeriodicalId":7617,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Microbiology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48907382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas species against bacterial wilt Ralstonia isolates of tomato (Lycopersicum species)","authors":"Shashitu Alelign","doi":"10.5897/AJMR2021.9523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2021.9523","url":null,"abstract":"Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt of tomato and limits the crop production, and antagonistic microorganisms use to suppress the disease, of which Trichoderma and Pseudomonas species are the most effective agents to control bacterial wilt. In the present study, attempt was made to isolate these two microorganisms to evaluate their effectiveness to control R. solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease of tomato under greenhouse conditions. Thus R. solanacearum, Pseudomonas and Trichoderma spp. were isolated from wilted and healthy tomato plants grown from farmer's field in Ziway and Meki, Oromia Ethiopia. The virulence of the pathogen and the antagonistic effect of the bacteria and fungi were evaluated against R. solanacearum in vitro and in vivo condition. Based on the in vitro results the best two isolates were selected to show their antagonistic effect under greenhouse condition in single and combined designs. The result showed the pathogenicity test of the isolates were evaluated under greenhouse condition, and isolate AAURS1 showed highest virulence (75%) followed by isolate APPRCRS2 with pathogenicity of 50%. With regard to antagonism test, isolates AAURB20 and AAUTR23 showed the highest inhibition against R. solanacearum with inhibition zone of 16 and 15 mm, respectively. Among the treatments co-inoculation was more effective and reduced disease incidence by 13.33% and increased the bio-control efficacy by 72.22% when compared with individual treatment and negative control. The isolates significantly increased the plant height and dry weight by 72.33 cm and 12.18 g, respectively. Thus, the combined use of the biocontrol agents significantly reduced the incidence of tomato bacterial wilt disease. However, their performance should be evaluated using other yield parameters under field conditions to produce healthy tomato seedling to minimize the use of chemicals and reduce  environmental pollution. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Biocontrol, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia solanacearum, Trichoderma.","PeriodicalId":7617,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Microbiology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42271643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and in vitro screening of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria from Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil., an endemic plant of the Brazilian tropical savannah","authors":"Paulo Henrique Gomes Lisboa, P. H. Andrade, Paula Cristiane Machado, C. P. Sousa, P. Lacava","doi":"10.5897/AJMR2021.9524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2021.9524","url":null,"abstract":"Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. is an endemic plant of the Brazilian tropical savannah (cerrado) that is capable of growing on acidic and nutrient-poor land, an ability which attracts attention to its rhizospheric microbiota, including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In this work, 131 bacterial strains were isolated from rhizosphere samples of S. lycocarpum and were tested in vitro for direct mechanisms of plant growth promotion (biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and indolic compounds production) and enzyme activities. The 26 most promising isolates selected from the previous tests were used to continue the screening. Ten of these isolates showed antifungal activity against fourteen phytopathogenic fungi and twelve isolates showed antimicrobial activity against at least one of the three clinical pathogens evaluated. Seven of the 26 isolates were identified at random as belonging to the genera Bacillus, Burkholderia and Microbacterium, are PGPR and have potential to participate in more in-depth research aimed at the development of bio-inputs, especially the Bacillus strains. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Biological control, biotechnological potential, cerrado, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), phytopathogenic fungi, Rhizosphere, Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil.","PeriodicalId":7617,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Microbiology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43816935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization of water-borne multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli","authors":"S. Odonkor, K. Addo, A. Sallar","doi":"10.5897/AJMR2018.8820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2018.8820","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics are very important in the fight against infectious disease caused by bacteria and other microbes for decades. Today microbes have developed ways to resist antimicrobial agents targeted at them. We sought to characterize and simultaneously detect virulence genes associated water-borne antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli, obtained from water sampled from ground and surface water sources. The Analytical Profile Index (API) was use for the identifications of E. coli isolates. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was employed for susceptibility testing. A DNA•STRIP molecular assay technology designed for detection of shiga toxin genes was used for the molecular characterization. E. coli isolates showed a high (32.99%), resistance to penicillin, and was highly susceptible (93.8%) to nitrofurantoin. E. coli was confirmed Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). None of the confirmed multidrug resistant E. coli isolate had genes for stx1 and stx2. However, the eae intimin virulence gene was found on 6% of the multidrug resistant E. coli isolates. It was concluded that E. coli has developed a very high resistance to the various antibiotics. Second, the genotype EHEC test based on the DNA•STRIP technology used in this study has proved to be efficient and reliable in the molecular characterization of the multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates. The DNA•STRIP Genotype EHEC technology test is therefore recommended for pathogenic E. coli detection and monitoring. There is also a need to revise strategies towards the multidrug resistance programme. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: DNA•STRIP Technology, Escherichia coli, polymerase chain reaction, drug resistance, water bourne.","PeriodicalId":7617,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Microbiology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"203-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49089561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A prospective study of bacterial isolates profile in infected open fractures","authors":"Macharia Joseph Thuita, Sitati Fred Chumo, Gakuya Edward Muthike","doi":"10.5897/AJMR2021.9511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2021.9511","url":null,"abstract":"The most common complication in open fractures is infection, which often escalates to sepsis, osteomyelitis, and amputations. The use of prophylactic antibiotics is one of the most effective strategies to prevent infection. The prevailing bacterial isolate patterns must guide the choice of antibiotics for both prophylactic and empiric therapy. This study aims to describe the bacterial isolate profiles in infected open fractures. A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya, between October 2019 and January 2020. 66 infected open fractures were identified and pus swabs/infected tissue specimens taken for bacterial cultures. Other data were collected from patient interviews and their hospital records. Results revealed that the culture growth rate was 79%. Gram-negative isolates accounted for 73% while Gram-positive isolates were 27%. The most pre-dominant bacterial isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (34%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (27%), Escherichia coli (20%), Proteus mirabilis (16%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (3%). There were more gram-negative than gram-positive bacterial isolates. The pre-dominant bacterial isolate was P. aeruginosa followed by S. aureus. The higher proportion of gram negative isolates is in variance with what is widely documented in the literature. The selection of antibiotics for both prophylaxis and empiric therapy should be tailored to the local patterns of bacterial isolates. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Bacteria isolates profile infected open fractures.","PeriodicalId":7617,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Microbiology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"183-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44465716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial activity of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) juice extract on selected bacteria","authors":"I. Hassan, M. Ekum, A. Ogunsanya","doi":"10.5897/AJMR2020.9387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2020.9387","url":null,"abstract":"Plants have potentials to be developed into many new drugs yet to be discovered because of the countless chemical compositions in them. The investigation is targeted at the antibacterial activity of sweet orange juice extract on some bacteria using ethanol and ethyl ethanoate solvent to extract juice. Ditch method was used for the sensitivity testing against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Neisseria gonorrheae with a dilution factor of 10-10 for inoculation from pure culture of each selected bacteria. Disc method was used to test streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and penicillin G against test organisms as positive controls. There was no significant difference in the effect of different concentrations of the same extract on test organisms. However, there was a significant difference in the ethyl ethanoate and alcohol extracts. The ethyl ethanoate extract showed minimum inhibitory concentration at 300 mg/ml on E. coli (31.5 ± 0.5 mm); N. gonorrheae (21 ± 0.0 mm) at 200 mg/ml; S. aureus (22 ± 0.0 mm) and K. pneumoniae (37 ± 3.0 mm) at 100 mg/ml; while ethanol extract at 100 mg/ml on E. coli (23.5 ± 1.5 mm) and K. pneumoniae (25 ± 5.0 mm);  N. gonorrheae (13.5 ± 1.0 mm) and S. aureus (12.5 ± 2.5 mm) at 300 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml respectively. The zones of inhibition exhibited by streptomycin ranges from N. gonorrheae (14-24 mm) E. coli; ciprofloxacin varies from 15- 21 mm on K. pneumoniae and S. aureus respectively. Gentamycin ranges from 14-20 mm on N. gonorrheae and S. aureus respectively; and penicillin G on N. gonorrheae (14 mm) and S. aureus (28 mm). It can be concluded that sweet orange juice of ethyl ethanoate extract was more effective than the ethanol extract and the positive control. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Antibacterial activities, ethanolic extract, ethanolic extract, sweet orange and microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":7617,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Microbiology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44710753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidimensional aspects of surgical site infections due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria","authors":"A. Uma, Nagarajan Prabhusaran, P. Thirumalaikolundusubramanian","doi":"10.5897/AJMR2021.9534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2021.9534","url":null,"abstract":"We read the recent publication on “Surgical site infections” (SSI) by Braga et al. (2021) with great interest.  Moreover this paper has sensitized the surgeons, practitioners, microbiologists and quality managers on the need to look for non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) as a cause for SSIs. Though NTM is one another cause for SSIs, and  scientific articles and case reports including the present report have supported the views, NTM do not receive due attention in regular clinical practice. Here, we would like to highlight on other dimensions of this entity related to patients, professionals, laboratory, quality, medical malpractice and educational.","PeriodicalId":7617,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Microbiology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"189-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42509863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}