Alexandria Journal of Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Using project-based learning to enhance curricular integration and relevance of basic medical sciences in pre-clerkship years","authors":"F. Elkhamisy, A. H. Zidan, M. Fathelbab","doi":"10.1080/20905068.2021.2009652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20905068.2021.2009652","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Achieving high levels of integration in the basic medical sciences’ curricula is challenging. Project-based learning (PtBL) is an inquiry-based learning approach that can be used in multiple educational contexts with various designs. We used PtBL to enhance curricular integration during the pre-clerkship years. The study was done at The Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt. We designed interdisciplinary clinically relevant integrated research project tasks. Tasks followed curricular objectives. Students worked in teams to write and deliver project reports. Based on their understanding of the basic medical sciences, they analyzed the assigned tasks and used reasoning to create diagnoses. They related the condition to the disrupted normal structure/functions, suggested/contraindicated specific treatment and preventive plans. A cross-sectional survey was introduced to assess students’ perceptions of the learning approach used. Response rate was 52% (n = 694). Students’ responses were analyzed. Most students (84.6%) were satisfied by the integrated interdisciplinary PtBL. They (57.9%) preferred substituting the traditional lectures completely by it. Students understood the relation between objectives of disciplines after PtBL completion (mean 3.66, SD ±0.92) higher than before it (mean 3.46, SD ±0.91), (P = 0.000). Students’ ranking for the degree of integration between basic/clinical sciences in the PtBL was significantly associated with the developed clinical reasoning rank (P = 0.000). It was also associated with responses supporting the future implementation of the PtBL again (P = 0.002). Various ways of adding PtBL approach to the curricula were suggested. The PtBL can be used as a complementary learning method to elevate the level of integration within a multidisciplinary approach to boost students’ learning.","PeriodicalId":7611,"journal":{"name":"Alexandria Journal of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41567426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenytoin–levetiracetam adjunctive treatment-induced neurotoxicity and deregulation of cholinergic neurotransmission with evidence of neurocognitive impairment in male Wistar rats","authors":"O. Osuntokun, Mary Olabisi Aderoju, Ifeoluwa Esther Adebisi, T. Abayomi, Olorunfemi Samuel Tokunbo, G. Olayiwola","doi":"10.1080/20905068.2021.1948157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20905068.2021.1948157","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction The effects of chronic administration of phenytoin (PHT), levetiracetam (LEV), and PHT + LEV adjunctive treatments were examined on the cognitive functions of male rats. Methods Twenty-eight male Wistar rats (150–180 g) were randomized into 4 groups (N = 7). Groups I–IV received daily intraperitoneal administration of normal saline (0.2 ml), therapeutic doses of PHT (50 mg/kg), LEV (50 mg/kg) or sub-therapeutic dose of PHT (25 mg/kg) and LEV (25 mg/kg) combination, respectively, for 28 days. Thereafter, the animals were subjected to behavioral assessment and evaluation of the activities of acetylcholinesterase, lipid peroxidation, and lastly the morphological evaluation of the brain. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results were presented as mean ± SEM in graphs or tables, while the level of significance was taken at p < 0.05. Results Working & spatial memory, exploratory activities, and motor-coordination indices were significantly (p = 0.0099) impaired with a reduction in the frontal lobe and hippocampal weight following PHT and PHT + LEV adjunctive treatments. The frontal lobe and hippocampal activities of acetylcholinesterase increased significantly (p = 0.0437) following PHT and PHT + LEV adjunctive treatment. The concentrations of malondialdehyde increased significantly (p = 0.0473) in PHT, LEV, and PHT + LEV compared with the control. There was disorganization in the histoarchitectural profile with chromatolysis, hyalinization, and neural vacuolation in the pre-frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellar tissue, especially in the PHT + LEV treated rats. Conclusion Impairment of cognitive functions following PHT and PHT + LEV adjunctive treatments may be attributable to the deregulation of cholinergic transmission and neurotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":7611,"journal":{"name":"Alexandria Journal of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46886189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeking laboratory investigations by diabetic patients during COVID-19 lockdown of Eastern Nepal","authors":"A. Niraula, M. Lamsal, R. Maskey","doi":"10.1080/20905068.2021.1911110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20905068.2021.1911110","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Sir,COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) have been reported to be one of the lethal cocktails [1]. COVID-19 infection in diabetic patients has shown to progress to more severe form and can lead...","PeriodicalId":7611,"journal":{"name":"Alexandria Journal of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20905068.2021.1911110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42986905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficacy of enhanced recovery protocol from anesthesia in diabetic patients undergoing radical cystectomy","authors":"R. Ammar, Emad A Areda, Ahmed Abd El Aziz El Abbady, Mina Wadieh Halim","doi":"10.1080/20905068.2020.1842086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20905068.2020.1842086","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Prevalence of diabetes in surgical patients is 10–40%. They have higher incidence of complications, and longer stay in hospital compared to non-diabetic. Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion is considered one of the high-risk surgeries associated with morbidity and mortality. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is an evidence-based multimodal surgical care protocol that improves post-operative outcomes and length of stay (LOS) in patients without diabetes. This study evaluates the evidence on whether diabetic patientswould benefit from ERAS pathway. The aim of the study: was to evaluate the efficacy of ERAS protocol from anesthesia in diabetic patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Patients and methods: This study was carried out in Alexandria main University Hospital on fifty-four adult ASA physical status I, II and III participants of either sex. Participants were scheduled for radical cystectomy surgeries under the effect of general anesthesia, following ERAS protocol, divided into two group diabetic and non-diabetic27 participants each. The ICON device was used to measure the stroke volume variation (SVV) to apply goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) for all patients. Measurements: Demographic data, hemodynamic parameters (stoke volume, cardiac index), intra-operative fluid requirement, blood loss, postoperative pain intensity, time of first bowel movement, PH, Bicarbonate level, serum lactate level, heamatocrit and LOS were measured and recorded. Main results: No statistical significant difference was detected between both groups as regard age, sex, weight, vital signs, serum lactate, first bowel movement and VAS. There was statistical significant difference between both groups as regard fluid requirement, and the days of hospital stay. Conclusion: ERAS is a beneficial protocol to improve postoperative outcome in radical cystectomy surgeries, it can be used in diabetic patients to decrease postoperative morbidity and mortality.","PeriodicalId":7611,"journal":{"name":"Alexandria Journal of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20905068.2020.1842086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45985425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amelioration of renal cortex histological alterations by aqueous garlic extract in gentamicin induced renal toxicity in albino rats: a histological and immunohistochemical study","authors":"H. Mohamed, M. Shenouda","doi":"10.1080/20905068.2020.1871179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20905068.2020.1871179","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Aminoglycosides, particularly gentamicin, endure crucial antibiotics in the armamentarium for severe Gram-negative bacterial infections through their significant risk for nephrotoxicity. Co-administration of several applicant nephroprotective agents has been investigated at the preclinical level. Garlic was proved to be an oxidative stress combatant with unique antioxidant potential. Aim of the work: To assess renal cortex structural changes due to gentamicin treatment and the role of the aqueous garlic extract (AGE) in ameliorating these changes. Material and methods: Thirty-two male albino rats were assigned into four equal groups. Group I (Control group) received 0.9% NaCl solution through oral gavage in the same volume as in AGE-treated group. Group II (AGE treated group) received AGE by oral gavage at 250 mg/kg/day. Group III (Gentamicin treated group) received Gentamicin at 80 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally. Group IV (Gentamicin and AGE cotreated group) received both gentamicin and AGE. The duration of the treatment was 21 days. Specimens of renal cortex of all groups were processed for light microscopic examination. Specimens were additionally prepared for electron microscopic examination. Morphometric study and statistical analysis were performed. Results: Examination of the renal cortex in the gentamicin treated rats showed both proximal and distal tubular necrosis, vacuolation, desquamation and interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration. Masson’s trichrome staining revealed intense deposition of collagen fibers. Strong positive immunoreaction for caspase-3 was observed. Ultrastructurally, the glomerulus showed thickened basement membrane, destructed endothelium. Proximal and distal convoluted tubular cells exhibited vacuolations, distorted mitochondria and nuclear chromatin condensation with loss of microvilli. AGE ameliorated these changes. Conclusion: Aqueous garlic extract ameliorates the histological changes caused by gentamicin in the rat renal cortex.","PeriodicalId":7611,"journal":{"name":"Alexandria Journal of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20905068.2020.1871179","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47383165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum selenoprotein P in lean and obese Egyptian individuals and its relation to insulin resistance","authors":"N. El-Kafrawy, Azza EL-Bastawisy M Atta, S. Abdelsattar, S. Zewain","doi":"10.1080/20905068.2021.1876288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20905068.2021.1876288","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Obesity is a major health problem with increasing prevalence and directly contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Selenoprotein P (Se P) is a novel hepatokine that affects glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and correlating with insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Plasma Se P level is one of the promising biomarkers for predictions or diagnoses/prognoses of the diseases. Objective Evaluating the serum level of Selenoprotein P in overweight, obese, and lean individuals and its relation to insulin resistance and cardiometabolic parameters. Subjects and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Outpatient Endocrinology Clinics, Internal Medicine Department, Menoufia University Hospitals on 90 individuals that were divided into two groups: (group I) 50 overweight and obese individuals (with body mass index (BMI) in the range 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 and ≥30.0 kg/m2, respectively) and (group II) 40 lean individuals with BMI in the range (18.5–24.9) kg/m2. All subjects were subjected to detailed history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations including fasting and 2 hours postprandial blood sugar, lipid profile, fasting serum insulin level, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and serum Se P. Results Se P concentrations were significantly increased in overweight and obese group than lean group (p < 0.001). Se P concentration was related to various cardio-metabolic parameters. In overweight and obese group there was a significant positive correlation between serum Selenoprotein p level and waist circumference (WC) (r −0.453, p <0.001), hip circumference (HC) (r = 0.464, p < 0.001), waist-hip ratio (WHR) (r −0.506, p < 0.001), visceral adiposity index (VAI) (r = 0.323, p = 0.022), fasting serum insulin (r = 0.585, p < 0.001), and HOMA-IR (r = 0.570, p < 0.001). Conclusion Circulating Se P concentrations is elevated in obesity and related to insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, and atherogenic index of plasma.","PeriodicalId":7611,"journal":{"name":"Alexandria Journal of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20905068.2021.1876288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44598606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectrum and pattern of distribution of findings in patients with dyspepsia undergoing oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy at a Tertiary Hospital in Ibadan, south west, Nigeria","authors":"Kolawole Oluseyi Akande, T. Oke, O. Afuwape, T. Adigun, A. Akere, Ajibola Aje, S. Ola, J. Otegbayo","doi":"10.1080/20905068.2021.1913890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20905068.2021.1913890","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Dyspepsia is a symptom complex with varied underlying etiologies. The underlying etiology determines the precise treatment and prognosis though Helicobacter pylori infection plays a central role. The aim of this study was to describe the spectrum and pattern of distribution of findings in patients with dyspepsia undergoing oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Methods: A retrospective analysis of computerized database patients with dyspepsia who underwent oesophago-gastro–duodenoscopy from 2015 to 2019. Results: A total of 1,373 procedures were done and dyspepsia was the indication in 736 (53.2%) comprising 317 (43.1%) male and 405 (55%) female (P< .001). The age ranged from 18 to 100 with a mean of 50 ± 15 years. The age group 40–59 years had the highest representation (P = .00). The esophageal mucosa was normal in 592 (80.4%) while 45 (6.1%) and 36 (4.9%) patients had esophagitis and esophageal candidiasis, respectively. In the stomach, 230 (31%) patients had normal mucosa while 433 (57.5%) and 40 (5.4%) patients had gastritis and gastric ulcers, respectively. Antrum was the most commonly involved site by the gastritis and ulcers in 236 (55.8%) and 24 (60%) patients, respectively. The mean age of those with non-ulcer dyspepsia was 49.8 ± 15 while that of those with organic dyspepsia was 55.7 ± 13.7 years (P= .01). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the age group and organic dyspepsia (P = .00). The first part of the duodenum was normal in 594 (80.7%) while bulbar duodenitis was seen in 106 (14.4%). Conclusion: In our practice, OGD in patients with dyspepsia is either normal or yielded few abnormalities. The most common abnormalities were gastritis, duodenitis, esophagitis and gastric ulcers. Gastritis and ulcers were antral predominant and gastric ulcers were more common than duodenal ulcers. There was a significant relationship between increasing age and organic dyspepsia.","PeriodicalId":7611,"journal":{"name":"Alexandria Journal of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20905068.2021.1913890","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46085732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of dexamethasone Nano chitosan synthesized from chitosan as a novel treatment of pulmonary fibrosis in C57BL/6 mice","authors":"A. Kamel, Eman Adel Hassanin Sherif, Waleed Khaled. El Zawawy, Nashwa Ahmed El-shinawy","doi":"10.1080/20905068.2021.1987795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20905068.2021.1987795","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Back ground: Pulmonary fibrosis is an irreversible disease with excessive scarring and fibrosis of lung tissue. Glucocorticoid therapy of dexamethasone attenuates lung inflammation with severe adverse effects. Subsequently, synthesizing Nano chitosan from chitosan macromolecule and loading dexamethasone onto Nano chitosan particles have shown improved pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone. Purpose: The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize dexamethasone Nano chitosan particles chemically and then to evaluate the effectiveness of loading dexamethasone onto Nano chitosan as a treatment of pulmonary injury induced by bleomycin-induced in C57BL/6 mice. Results: This study elucidated significant elevations of serum malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase with an increased lung tissue inflammatory mediators, collagen profile, Caspase-3, and MUC5AC gene expressions. This was accompanied by a significant elevation in total and differential leukocyte counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Besides, there were recognized histological and histopathological alterations in lung tissue sections following both 14 and 28 days of bleomycin instillation. Consequently, treatment of lung injury by dexamethasone alone or dexamethasone loaded onto Nano chitosan particles revealed a significant reduction of MDA and LDH, a decline in lung tissue inflammatory mediators, collagen profile, Caspase-3, and MUC5AC gene expressions. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in total and differential leukocyte counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. However, loading dexamethasone onto Nano chitosan provided novel insights in pulmonary injury treatment","PeriodicalId":7611,"journal":{"name":"Alexandria Journal of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48049585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alpha lipoic acid and diabetes mellitus: potential effects on peripheral neuropathy and different metabolic parameters","authors":"Ayman M. Elbadawy, Rasha O. Abd Elmoniem, A. Elsayed","doi":"10.1080/20905068.2021.1907961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20905068.2021.1907961","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is an antioxidant used in the treatment of neuro-inflammation, diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. The current study aiming to gauge the effect of oral ALA on diabetic peripheral neuropathy, glycemic control, LDL-C, and HDL-C. Methods: This is a prospective, interventional study carried out on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) who were following at the outpatient internal medicine & diabetes clinics at Benha University Hospital. Treatment with ALA for 3 months was given to patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Data in the form of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), duration & treatment of DM, manifestations of peripheral neuropathy were collected. LDL-C, HDL-C, HbA1c, TSH, ALT, AST were measured before and after intervention. Peripheral neuropathy symptoms, nerve conduction velocities, cardiovascular (CV) tests of autonomic neuropathy, and cross-section area of the posterior tibial nerve were performed before and after treatment intervention. Results: 90 adult diabetic patients were recruited in the study, 42.2% were females and 57.8% were males with a median age of 50–60.3 years (IQR = 52). A statistically significant improvements of neuropathic symptoms, nerve conduction velocity, and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy were noted after 3 months of administration of ALA (p ˂0.001). However, the cross-section area of the posterior tibial nerve at baseline and after treatment did not change significantly (p value of 0.84). There was a significant improvement in the BMI, HDL-C, LDL-C, HbA1c (p ˂ 0.001). Conclusion: Oral treatment with ALA might cause ameliorations of peripheral neuropathy, HbA1c, and LDL-C & HDL-C levels in diabetic patients. Our result failed to proof effect of ALA on nerve cross-section area. The global data encourage further studies with this medication as an ancillary treatment of DM2. Clinical trial registration: It was registered in clinical trial website; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT number): NCT04322240.","PeriodicalId":7611,"journal":{"name":"Alexandria Journal of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20905068.2021.1907961","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47250023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovating pathology learning via Kahoot! game-based tool: a quantitative study of students` perceptions and academic performance","authors":"Fatma Alzahraa Abdelsalam Elkhamisy, R. Wassef","doi":"10.1080/20905068.2021.1954413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20905068.2021.1954413","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Pathology learning for medical undergraduate students is a challenging task. Kahoot! is a mobile game-based online digital formative assessment tool that can engage students in its learning. This study is the first to assess the effect of Kahoot! use on Pathology learning outside classroom using a comparative group with assessment done at the end of the course. Methods: The study was carried out on the first-year Pathology students at Helwan University, Faculty of Medicine, after ending a basic Pathology course. The study is a retrospective quasi-experimental quantitative study. Academic performance of students in Pathology was compared between Kahoot! and non-Kahoot! users (55 students each). In addition, an online survey was introduced to the 55 Kahoot! user students to investigate their perceptions on it. Survey and test score data were analyzed by appropriate tests using IBM-SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). The level of significance was P < 0.05. Results: Kahoot! enhanced Pathology understanding (83.6%), retaining knowledge (87.3%), made learning fun and motivating (89.1%). Other mentioned advantages of Kahoot! were practicing for exam (40%), simple and easy to use (36.4%), competitive (18.2%), self confidence booster (10.9%), forming a comprehensive image of the lecture (9%), quick (9%), and imagining skills booster (5.5%). Mentioned disadvantages included no explanation for the answers to questions (20%). A quarter of the students stated that the time limit for the questions was short (27.3%). Kahoot! use was significantly associated with better Pathology academic performance (P = 0.001), and it was not related to the general academic performance of the students (P = 0.06). Most users (85.4%) recommended its continuous future use. Conclusions: The study offers an endorsement to the use of Kahoot! for gamifying formative assessment of Pathology and can provide a basis for the design of an online Kahoot! -based continuous formative assessment plans implemented outside-classroom in the Pathology curricula.","PeriodicalId":7611,"journal":{"name":"Alexandria Journal of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20905068.2021.1954413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42012718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}