Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)最新文献

{"title":"Protein analyses in myelomatosis.","authors":"P M Carter, L Slater, J Lee, D Perry, J R Hobbs","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.45","url":null,"abstract":"The criteria for the admission of patients to the Medical Research Council's (MRC) myeloma trials are the finding of abnormal plasma cells in bone marrow films or sections and in addition either of characteristic skeletal lesions demonstrated radio-logically or of characteristic protein changes in the serum or urine. Ninety per cent of the patients in the first myeloma trial satisfied all three criteria (Medical Research Council, 1971).","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"6 ","pages":"45-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.45","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11990530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IgM paraproteins.","authors":"J R Hobbs, P M Carter, K B Cooke, M Foster, C J Oon","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.54","url":null,"abstract":"Our current methods for establishing the presence of an IgM paraprotein will be outlined, after which the clinical presentation of patients bearing such proteins will be considered under three main headings: (1) with symptoms due to the protein; (2) with symptoms due to the tumour; (3) with paraproteinaemia as a chance finding. IgM paraproteins usually show narrow electrophoretic bands, having a single type of gt chain combined with a single class of light chain (,u-chain disease is discussed separately elsewhere in the Symposium). Some are cryoglobulins or act as cold","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"6 ","pages":"54-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.54","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11990531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of electroimmunoassay for determining specific proteins as a supplement to agarose gel electrophoresis.","authors":"C B Laurell","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.22","url":null,"abstract":"Electrophoretic analysis is the standard method of screening for abnormalities of the plasma proteins. To be acceptable, supportive media should have negligible adsorption and little interaction with protein, such as agarose and cellulose acetate. For high quality patterns the plasma proteins should separate over more than 5 cm within one hour, without the temperature of the supporting medium rising above 300. The buffer should be slightly alkaline, and the addition of calcium (2 mmol/l) improves the resolution of the three major proteins in the fl-zone by slowing the f-lipoproteins and the third factor of complement (C3), each to a different extent, whereas the mobility of transferrin is unaffected. There are two principal methods of interpreting the patterns obtained. One is to relate each major","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"6 ","pages":"22-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.22","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12258020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibody structure.","authors":"S Cohen","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"A consideration of the overall properties of antibodies has for some time suggested that their structural features must be unique among protein molecules. In the first place, serum antibodies within a species share a variety of physical, chemical and antigenic properties indicating that all have a common basic structure. However, the immunoglobulins of all animal species investigated occur in several forms, somewhat arbitrarily designated as classes, subclasses, or types, and distinguished on the basis of their chemical and biological properties. In addition, the great diversity of antigens which evoke an immune response and the narrowly defined specificity of the serum antibodies formed indicate that each individual can synthesize a very large number of antibodies-probably more than 105and there is conclusive evidence that these differ from one another in their covalent structure. The fundamental problem of antibody structure therefore concerns the nature of the molecular modifications which are superimposed upon a relatively constant basic configuration to generate a finite number of immunoglobulin classes and a very large assortment of distinct combining specificities. The extent to which this problem has been elucidated by studies of protein structure is outlined in this paper. It has been reviewed by Leslie and Cohen (1973). There is an additional intriguing problem which concerns the way that antibodies mediate complex biological reactions including, for example, the expression of acquired protective immunity or immediate hypersensitivity. There are very few instances in which the interaction of antigen with antibody leads directly to biological effects. Such primary reactions are limited to the inactivation of enzymes and toxins and the neutralization of some viruses and protozoa. In the great majority of cases the biological expression of immune reactivity requires interaction of antibody with either the complement system or with specific cell surfaces. Such reactions involve specific effector sites on the antibodies which are distributed unevenly among the classes and subclasses of immunoglobulin. These sites are involved in complementor cell-mediated lysis, opsonization by macrophages and mast cell","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"6 ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12258018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations of immunoglobulins in disease.","authors":"W Becker","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.92","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of simple methods for the immunochemical quantitation of human immunoglobulins has been followed by the publication of several hundred papers during the past 10 years concerning the diagnostic significance of quantitative changes in these proteins in human body fluids. The subject was extensively reviewed in 1971 by Professor Hobbs and no fundamentally new findings can be reported at the present time. The following survey will consist mainly of a review of confirmatory data taken from more recent publications. First the analytical methods used for quantitative estimation of immunoglobulins will be reviewed briefly, followed by a discussion of the normal ranges and the problems of interlaboratory standardization. Finally the usefulness of immunoglobulin analysis will be illustrated by a survey of some selected pathological conditions in which immunoglobulin determinations are of proven clinical value.","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"6 ","pages":"92-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.92","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11988823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human tumour-associated and tumour-specific antigens: some concepts in relation to clinical oncology.","authors":"A M Neville,&nbsp;A M Mackay,&nbsp;J Westwood,&nbsp;C Turberville,&nbsp;D J Laurence","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The concept of tumour-specific antigens is constantly undergoing reappraisal with the development of more sensitive methods for their detection. This has resulted in the finding that the many 'new' antigens produced by human tumours or materials immunologically closely related to them are also present in non-neoplastic tissues, albeit in small amounts. However, other antigens still appear to exist almost entirely in or on tumour cells so that the antigens of human tumours may be subdivided into either tumour-associated macromolecules or tumour-specific antigens. The elucidation of the chemical nature of the tumour-specific antigens may result in important advances in cancer diagnosis and therapy. As many are organ specific, it should be possible to evolve test systems which will enable tumours to be diagnosed and located before they become apparent clinically. On the other hand the tumour-associated macromolecules, of which the oncofetal antigens are the principal examples, are found in elevated amounts in some non-neoplastic disorders. It is now clear that serial estimation of the levels of these macromolecules is of considerably more diagnostic value than single random measurements. Current work is establishing their value in the detection of recurrent and metastatic tumours before they become apparent by other methods, which is probably their most important role, and also their value as aids to monitor therapeutic efficacy. The future use of both types of antigen may unfold a new era in cancer detection and therapy but many basic chemical and immunological studies are needed before their clinical use can be fully defined.</p>","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"6 ","pages":"102-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11316024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoglobulin formation in B lymphoid cells.","authors":"B A Askonas","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"A considerable amount is known about Ig biosynthesis by mature plasma cells, which form large amounts of Ig for secretion from the cell. A brief summary is given of the formation of light (L) and heavy (H) chains by polyribosomes aligned on the endoplasmic reticulum and the rapid assembly of the chains into 7S molecules (H2L2) by disulphide bonding. There is a time-ordered secretion from the cell of 7S Ig molecules; the polymeric forms of Ig, ie, IgM and IgA, are formed from monomers by disulphide bond interchange and J chain incorporation at the time of secretion. Myeloma cells from mouse and man have proved very useful in this type of study but such malignant cells show many defects in regulatory mechanisms; therefore, no conclusions can be drawn about normal control mechanisms without analysis of lymphoid tissues from normal or immunized animals. The pattern of Ig synthesis by the mature cell contrasts with that by small B lymphocytes which form 1/50 to 1/100 the amount of Ig produced by mature cells. Most of the small lymphocyte Ig is associated with the cell surface, and in IgM-producing cells the surface receptors are 7S monomer subunits of IgM. Such receptors turn over slowly (24-48 hours); they may be gradually shed from the cell surface but the small lymphocyte does not actively secrete Ig. Antigen- and cell-cell interactions stimulate small B lymphocytes to divide and mature into Ig-secreting cells. Little is known about the associated intracellular events, but preliminary data on lipopolysaccaride-stimulated mouse spleen cells indicate that transcription of m-RNA for H-chain mirrors the kinetics of DNA synthesis. A translational block then occurs during cell maturation and there is a lag of at least 24 hours before Ig production rises sharply and reaches peak levels.","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"6 ","pages":"8-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11988820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune deficiency diseases.","authors":"W H Hitzig","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.83","url":null,"abstract":"Paediatricians have long been deeply concerned with problems of infection. The sharp decrease in childhood mortality in recent decades in highly developed countries is mainly due to progress in preventing and treating infection: for example, in Switzerland in 1973 there were about 88 000 births and only 16 deaths due to infection in children aged between 2 and 4 years in contrast to 76 killed by accidents. In underdeveloped countries more than 50% of the children die during childhood, infection being a predominant cause. Individual differences in the ability to cope with pathogens have been assumed for a long time, but were not studied scientifically until the introduction of antibiotics had resulted in control of the major infections. At this time paediatricians began to pay more attention to constitutional and inherited diseases, and made observations on congenital deficiencies of selective defence mechanisms which have contributed to a better understanding of the normal immunological functions. The basis of the currently used classification of primary immune deficiency diseases is the 'twocomponent concept' (Cooper, Paterson, and Good, 1965; Good and Fisher, 1971). Its main postulate, the distinction between T and B lymphocytes, is wellknown, and provides a useful workinghypothesis clinically.","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"6 ","pages":"83-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.83","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11988821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turnover of plasma proteins.","authors":"S Jarnum","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Only turnover studies can reveal the mechanism behind an abnormal serum concentration of a given protein. Albumin, the major fraction of serum protein, is usually low when total serum protein is low and hence basic causes of hypoproteinaemia are much the same as those of hypoalbuminaemia: (1) increased catabolism which occurs in a variety of acute conditions such as acute infections, trauma including major surgery and myocardial infarction; (2) abnormal protein loss, which may be due to burns, severe proteinuria or gastrointestinal protein leakage; (3) decreased synthesis which is most often caused by liver disease or malnutrition and/or malabsorption; (4) haemodilution, which occurs in pregnancy, in some cases of cirrhosis of the liver and in surgical patients who have been overhydrated, especially when renal insufficiency is also present. The causes of hyperproteinaemia are fewer, because it is never due to decreased catabolism or abnormal retention. They include increased synthesis of immunoglobulins, either by normal clones (in chronic inflammatory conditions such as cirrhosis of the liver) or by abnormal clones (myelomatosis), which may produce a significant increase in total serum protein concentration; and haemoconcentration which is seen in severely dehydrated patients (cholera, pyloric stenosis) and increases haemoglobin as well as serum protein concentration. A normal total serum protein concentration does not necessarily imply normal concentration of individual fractions. It may, for instance, mask hypoalbuminaemia with hypergammaglobulinaemia,","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"6 ","pages":"13-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-6.1.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11990527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disorders of protein metabolism. Symposium organized by the Association of Clinical Pathologists. London, 28 and 29 October 1974.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"6 ","pages":"1-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12258017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}