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Visualizing non-adiabatic quantum dynamics and photo-excitation processes on Excel 在 Excel 上可视化非绝热量子动力学和光激发过程
IF 0.9 4区 教育学
American Journal of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1119/5.0139464
Erica L. Fultz, Jovan Gras, Michael Messina
{"title":"Visualizing non-adiabatic quantum dynamics and photo-excitation processes on Excel","authors":"Erica L. Fultz, Jovan Gras, Michael Messina","doi":"10.1119/5.0139464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0139464","url":null,"abstract":"We offer two Excel modules that students can use to view the real-time spatial evolution of a diatomic molecule's nuclei when two different potential energy curves governing the nucleus motion spatially cross one another or are coupled by a light field. Module 1 comprises three spreadsheets that can be used to view non-adiabatic nuclear dynamics on two crossing nuclear potential energy curves. These curves cross because there is a value of the spatial coordinate where the two curves have the same energy, which results in a non-zero probability of the probability density crossing from one potential curve to the other. Students can view non-adiabatic nuclear dynamics involving two unbounded nuclear potential curves, pre-dissociation with a bound “ionic state” to an unbound covalent state, and quantum tunneling dynamics between two bounded potential curves. Module 2 comprises two spreadsheets that can be used to view the dynamics of the photo-excitation process, i.e., where the absorption of light leads to transitions between two nuclear potentials. Students can model the light-induced transitions between nuclear potentials when the light is provided by both a continuous wave laser and a pulsed laser. These modules are included as the supplementary material and can be run on any computer that supports Excel.","PeriodicalId":7589,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139688105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Photographing a meter stick moving at relativistic speeds 拍摄以相对论速度运动的米尺
IF 0.9 4区 教育学
American Journal of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1119/5.0167793
Len Zane
{"title":"Photographing a meter stick moving at relativistic speeds","authors":"Len Zane","doi":"10.1119/5.0167793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0167793","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7589,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139687856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Developing a low-cost experimental apparatus to observe the Tyndall effect using an Arduino and 3D printing 利用 Arduino 和 3D 打印技术开发低成本实验装置，以观测廷德尔效应
IF 0.9 4区 教育学
American Journal of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1119/5.0146499
L. Pereira, R. Turchiello, S. L. Gómez
{"title":"Developing a low-cost experimental apparatus to observe the Tyndall effect using an Arduino and 3D printing","authors":"L. Pereira, R. Turchiello, S. L. Gómez","doi":"10.1119/5.0146499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0146499","url":null,"abstract":"The Tyndall effect describes light scattering by suspended solid particulates with sizes smaller than or comparable to the wavelength of light. This work describes the design and construction of an instructional kit for observing the Tyndall effect. The kit consists of a 3D printed holder that can be combined with low-cost and readily available materials to enable student laboratory experiments.","PeriodicalId":7589,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139686169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From sucking worms to Windkessel: The physics of an early eighteenth century firefighting device 从吸虫到 Windkessel：十八世纪早期灭火装置的物理学原理
IF 0.9 4区 教育学
American Journal of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1119/5.0147573
Don S. Lemons, T. Lipscombe
{"title":"From sucking worms to Windkessel: The physics of an early eighteenth century firefighting device","authors":"Don S. Lemons, T. Lipscombe","doi":"10.1119/5.0147573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0147573","url":null,"abstract":"We describe the physics of the “Windkessel effect” and its role in smoothing the output of water produced by piston-driven pumps found in early fire engines and modern residential well houses. We also construct a simple, analytical model of its operation and apply this model to the Windkessel in Richard Newsham's 1725 fire engine. We find that Newsham's Windkessel reduces the variations in the pump output stream from a high of 80% to a low of 16%.","PeriodicalId":7589,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139687290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adiabatic invariance and its application to Wien's complete displacement law of blackbody radiation 绝热不变性及其在黑体辐射维恩完全位移定律中的应用
IF 0.9 4区 教育学
American Journal of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1119/5.0158187
Don S. Lemons, William R. Shanahan
{"title":"Adiabatic invariance and its application to Wien's complete displacement law of blackbody radiation","authors":"Don S. Lemons, William R. Shanahan","doi":"10.1119/5.0158187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0158187","url":null,"abstract":"We derive the “complete” or “strong” version of Wien's displacement law from two adiabatic invariants: one of a thermodynamic system composed of a finite-sized segment of frequencies taken from the spectrum of blackbody radiation and one of the individual electromagnetic waves that compose this system. By exploiting the algebra of these invariants, we shift the calculational burden of deriving Wien's displacement law toward the methods of classical thermodynamics. These methods also produce a class of displacement laws that constrain both the particles of a classical ideal gas and the acoustic waves of the Debye model of a solid.","PeriodicalId":7589,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139688106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A simple state-of-the-art spectrometer for student labs: Cost-efficient, instructive, and widely applicable 适用于学生实验室的最先进的简易光谱仪：经济高效、指导性强、应用广泛
IF 0.9 4区 教育学
American Journal of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1119/5.0164044
Andreas Eggenberger, Tomasz Smolenski, Martin Kroner
{"title":"A simple state-of-the-art spectrometer for student labs: Cost-efficient, instructive, and widely applicable","authors":"Andreas Eggenberger, Tomasz Smolenski, Martin Kroner","doi":"10.1119/5.0164044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0164044","url":null,"abstract":"We present a simple, cost-effective, yet instructive spectrometer for use in undergraduate instructional laboratory courses. Deliberate design choices are made to enhance the learning experience provided by the setup, where every component is accessible to students, allowing them to fully understand the function of each individual item. The result is a state-of-the-art spectrometer, built from commercially available components, which balances pedagogical simplicity with the potential for a wide range of applications. Our setup prepares students for future spectroscopy work in research labs. Furthermore, data-taking by means of a CCD camera and the subsequent analysis teach students fundamental computational skills. Within one image, the spectrometer can cover a spectral range of 40 nm and its spectral resolution is about 0.1 nm, limited by the imaging optics. Systematic uncertainties arising from mechanical play of the grating's rotation stage limit the reproducibility of the setup to 0.65 nm. While these parameters can be improved, we decided to maintain the pedagogical and straightforward nature of the presented setup, as any increase in cost or complexity would undermine its educational benefits. Using the spectrometer in an undergraduate instructional laboratory makes possible a variety of valuable experiments, such as calibration measurements, investigation of different types of uncertainties and measurements errors, and historically important measurements (e.g., the Balmer series or solar spectrum). We are convinced that the presented spectrometer will greatly benefit the learning experience of students for many years to come.","PeriodicalId":7589,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139685243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Coriolis acceleration and critical slowing-down: A quantitative laboratory experiment 科里奥利加速度和临界减速：定量实验室实验
IF 0.9 4区 教育学
American Journal of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1119/5.0112643
R. Mathevet, P. Marchou, C. Fabre, N. Lamrani, N. Combe
{"title":"Coriolis acceleration and critical slowing-down: A quantitative laboratory experiment","authors":"R. Mathevet, P. Marchou, C. Fabre, N. Lamrani, N. Combe","doi":"10.1119/5.0112643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0112643","url":null,"abstract":"We experimentally investigate the motion of a pendulum on a turntable. The dynamics of this conical pendulum experiment are very rich and can be studied both at the undergraduate and graduate levels. At low rotational frequency of the turntable, we measure the Coriolis acceleration. Increasing the rotational frequency, we experimentally demonstrate a supercritical pitchfork bifurcation: above a critical rotational frequency, the pendulum arm spontaneously rises up. Beyond the characterization of the equilibrium pendulum angle, we evidence the so-called critical slowing down corresponding to the increase in the pendulum period when approaching the critical rotational frequency. Bifurcation and critical slowing down are key concepts in the study of critical phenomena that are seldom illustrated experimentally. All our experimental measurements are in excellent quantitative agreement with the theory we provide.","PeriodicalId":7589,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139687731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Young's double-slit interference demonstration with single photons 杨氏双缝单光子干涉演示
IF 0.9 4区 教育学
American Journal of Physics Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1119/5.0179131
Bill J. Luo, Leia Francis, Valeria Rodriguez-Fajardo, Enrique J. Galvez, Farbod Khoshnoud
{"title":"Young's double-slit interference demonstration with single photons","authors":"Bill J. Luo, Leia Francis, Valeria Rodriguez-Fajardo, Enrique J. Galvez, Farbod Khoshnoud","doi":"10.1119/5.0179131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0179131","url":null,"abstract":"The interference of single photons going through a double slit is a compelling demonstration of the wave and particle nature of light in the same experiment. Single photons produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion can be used for this purpose. However, it is particularly challenging to implement this due to coherency and resolution challenges. In this article, we present a table-top laboratory arrangement suitable for the undergraduate instruction laboratory that overcomes these challenges. The apparatus scans a single detector to produce a plot showing the interference patterns of single photons. We include experimental data obtained using this setup, demonstrating double-slit and single-slit interference as well as quantum erasing through the use of sheet polarizers.","PeriodicalId":7589,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140514097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
In this issue: January 2024 本期内容2024 年 1 月
IF 0.9 4区 教育学
American Journal of Physics Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1119/5.0189551
J. Essick, Harvey Gould, C. Marrache-Kikuchi, Raina Olsen, B. Parks, B. C. Reed, Donald Salisbury, J. Tobochnik
{"title":"In this issue: January 2024","authors":"J. Essick, Harvey Gould, C. Marrache-Kikuchi, Raina Olsen, B. Parks, B. C. Reed, Donald Salisbury, J. Tobochnik","doi":"10.1119/5.0189551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0189551","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7589,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139127552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How the air slows a closing book 空气是如何让一本合上的书变慢的
IF 0.9 4区 教育学
American Journal of Physics Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1119/5.0106926
J. Pantaleone
{"title":"How the air slows a closing book","authors":"J. Pantaleone","doi":"10.1119/5.0106926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0106926","url":null,"abstract":"When two flat surfaces approach each other, the fluid in between is accelerated and ejected from the sides at large speeds. This situation occurs often in everyday life, such as when you step in a puddle and create splashes of water, or when you clap your hands or close a book and create jets of air. For these systems, the inertia of the fluid resists the acceleration, creating large nonlinear forces on the flat surfaces. In this work, we study the case of a closing book. The fluid motion in this case is relatively easy to model, using the conservation of mechanical energy, and to measure using a MEMS gyroscopic sensor. This study reveals the unusual forces that occur when two plates collide in an experiment that can be performed by students at home.","PeriodicalId":7589,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139127842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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