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Toxicological decisions and recommendations resulting from the safety assessment of pesticide residues in food. 食品中农药残留的安全评估所产生的毒理学决定和建议。
CRC critical reviews in toxicology Pub Date : 1975-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/10408447509164013
G Vettorazzi
{"title":"Toxicological decisions and recommendations resulting from the safety assessment of pesticide residues in food.","authors":"G Vettorazzi","doi":"10.1080/10408447509164013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408447509164013","url":null,"abstract":"The FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues since 1963 has been entrusted by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization with the responsibility of assessing possible hazards to man from the occurrence of residues of pesticides in foods. The toxicological and administrative decisions of this expert group are reviewed in this paper with particular regard to the scientific background which served as a basis to the allocation of acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). Exhaustive references to documents issued after each meeting have been assembled in a way intended to facilitate the search for important sources of information to the worker in toxicology who might not be completely familiar with the dynamics of this activity at the international level.","PeriodicalId":75752,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in toxicology","volume":"4 2","pages":"125-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10408447509164013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12390026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
Biliary excretion of xenobiotics. 胆道的外源性排泄。
CRC critical reviews in toxicology Pub Date : 1975-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/10408447509163833
C D Klaassen
{"title":"Biliary excretion of xenobiotics.","authors":"C D Klaassen","doi":"10.1080/10408447509163833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408447509163833","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biliary route is very important for the elimination of some foreign compounds from the body. For many of these compounds, an increase in the rate at which they are excreted into the bile will decrease their toxicity and vice versa. A number of factors which are known to alter the biliary excretion of xenobiotics, as well as the current concepts of the physiological mechanisms responsible for the excretion of foreign compounds, have been enumerated. However, much remains still to be understood; essentially nothing is known at the subcellular level about the biliary excretion of foreign compounds. It has recently been concluded that our knowledge of the biliary excretion of compounds is about 40 years behind that of the renal excretion mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":75752,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in toxicology","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10408447509163833","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11998405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 33
The etiology of colon cancer. 结肠癌的病因学。
CRC critical reviews in toxicology Pub Date : 1975-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/10408447509163834
M J Hill
{"title":"The etiology of colon cancer.","authors":"M J Hill","doi":"10.1080/10408447509163834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408447509163834","url":null,"abstract":"Since the major leads to the etiology of cancer come from epidemiology, the epidemiology of colon cancer is reviewed at some length. From this, certain leads to the etiology of colon cancer emerge, principally the role of diet; an attempt is made to unravel the conflicting reports on the role of diet in colon cancer, and this leads into the two major postulates on this disease - the fiber theory of Burkitt and the steroid fat theory of myself and Wynder. These will be discussed and compared in detail. Most of the work on colon cancer is with animals; this will be reviewed and discussed mainly in terms of its relevance to human cancer rather than to veterinary medicine. The review will be concluded with a summary of the current situation and an indication of the reviewer's views on the most likely directions of advance in the near future.There is strong evidence to link the incidence of colon cancer to the fecal concentration of bile acids; there is also evidence to incriminate the NDH clostridia. In the a...","PeriodicalId":75752,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in toxicology","volume":"4 1","pages":"31-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10408447509163834","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12285529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 36
Effects of pesticides and related compounds on steroid metabolism and function. 农药及相关化合物对类固醇代谢和功能的影响。
CRC critical reviews in toxicology Pub Date : 1975-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/10408447509163835
D Kupfer
{"title":"Effects of pesticides and related compounds on steroid metabolism and function.","authors":"D Kupfer","doi":"10.1080/10408447509163835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408447509163835","url":null,"abstract":"The studies reviewed were selected to describe those investigations that could provide mechanistic-biochemical interpretations for the effects of pesticides on steroid-mediated biological functions. Two major observations have been emphasized. The first reflects the ability of chlorinated hydrocarbons to induce the activity of hepatic drug-metbolizing enzymes (monooxygenases), and the second reflects the estrogenic action of certain DDT derivatives. The recognition by Conney, Kuntzman, and their colleagues that steroids can serve as endogenous substrates for the hepatic monooxygenase led to the subsequent demonstration that chlorinated hydrocarbons enhance the hepatic hydroxylation of various steroids, accompanied by a decrease in their biological activity. This decrease in biological activity of steroids exhibits itself in a decrease in the uterotropic response to estrogens, in a decrease in androgen-mediated elevation of seminal-vesicle weight, and in a diminution in the glucocorticoid induction of hepa...","PeriodicalId":75752,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in toxicology","volume":"4 1","pages":"83-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10408447509163835","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11390247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 95
Tissue reaction to foreign materials. 组织对外来物质的反应。
CRC critical reviews in toxicology Pub Date : 1975-08-01 DOI: 10.3109/10408447509079865
R H Rigdon
{"title":"Tissue reaction to foreign materials.","authors":"R H Rigdon","doi":"10.3109/10408447509079865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408447509079865","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe tissue reaction to foreign materials has been recognized as a basic problem in medicine since Addison' observed the reaction to crystals of salt in the web of a frog's foot in 1843. A majority of the earlier studies related to the tissue reaction associated with bacteria; however, more recently, the reactions to particular materials have been discussed. In this review, particular materials associated with glove powder, pneumoconiosis, silica, asbestos, coal dust, carbon black, and plastics are discussed in regard to the inflammatory and neoplastic reactions. Clinical and experimental observations are included.","PeriodicalId":75752,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in toxicology","volume":"3 4","pages":"435-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408447509079865","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11387915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
The carboxylesterases/amidases of mammalian liver and their possible significance. 哺乳动物肝脏的羧酸酯酶/氨基酶及其可能意义。
CRC critical reviews in toxicology Pub Date : 1975-08-01 DOI: 10.3109/10408447509079864
W Junge, K Krisch
{"title":"The carboxylesterases/amidases of mammalian liver and their possible significance.","authors":"W Junge,&nbsp;K Krisch","doi":"10.3109/10408447509079864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408447509079864","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractWith regard to the acyl moiety, carboxylesterases preferentially split esters of short-chain carboxylic esters. With most carboxylesterases the maximum of the reaction rate is found at an acyl chain length of C3 to C624,77,170,303 (see Section 5.4). However, there are some reports of carboxylesterases acting on medium- and long-chain fatty acid esters as well.143,189,252,253","PeriodicalId":75752,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in toxicology","volume":"3 4","pages":"371-435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408447509079864","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12279371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 129
A current assessment of the mutagenic and teratogenic effects of caffeine. 目前对咖啡因致突变和致畸作用的评估。
CRC critical reviews in toxicology Pub Date : 1975-06-01 DOI: 10.3109/10408447509079863
P S Thayer, P E Palm
{"title":"A current assessment of the mutagenic and teratogenic effects of caffeine.","authors":"P S Thayer,&nbsp;P E Palm","doi":"10.3109/10408447509079863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408447509079863","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractIn recent years there have been an increasing number of studies of the mutagenicity and terato-genicity of caffeine in experimental systems ranging from microorganisms to mammals. In the absence of direct human data, experimental or epidemiological, the estimation of the degree of risk to which the human caffeine-consuming population is exposed must be indirect. In this review, an attempt is made to draw pertinent data from the experimental studies of mutagenesis and teratogenesis, in conjunction with studies of caffeine metabolism and distribution in mammalian organisms including man, and to interrelate these factors in terms of mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics.","PeriodicalId":75752,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in toxicology","volume":"3 3","pages":"345-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408447509079863","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12276277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 64
Gastric mucosal damage by aspirin. 阿司匹林对胃粘膜的损害。
CRC critical reviews in toxicology Pub Date : 1975-06-01 DOI: 10.3109/10408447509079862
D J John
{"title":"Gastric mucosal damage by aspirin.","authors":"D J John","doi":"10.3109/10408447509079862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408447509079862","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractAfter aspirin was introduced by the Bayer Company of Germany in 1899, it rapidly gained an established place in medical therapy. Its potent antiinflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic properties, together with the absence of obvious side effects, made its success certain. As well as becoming a first-line drug for the general relief of severe pain and for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid disease, it has become the most widely used of all household remedies for a variety of minor ailments. In the United Kingdom and the U. s., it is marketed in at least 320 proprietary preparations,1 with consumption in the U. S. estimated at the staggering figure of 20 billion tablets per year.2 Use of aspirin in such large amounts must in itself provide some guarantee as to its relative safety. However, over the last four decades there has been an increasing interest in its gastric side effects.","PeriodicalId":75752,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in toxicology","volume":"3 3","pages":"317-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408447509079862","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12276276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Current concepts of chronic benzene toxicity. 目前关于慢性苯毒性的概念。
CRC critical reviews in toxicology Pub Date : 1975-06-01 DOI: 10.3109/10408447509079860
R Snyder, J J Kocsis
{"title":"Current concepts of chronic benzene toxicity.","authors":"R Snyder,&nbsp;J J Kocsis","doi":"10.3109/10408447509079860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408447509079860","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe maladies that have beset mankind throughout history may in general be classified as parasitic (infections, infestations, etc.), nutritional/endocrine disease (hyper- or hypofunctional endocrine organs, etc.), or traumatic injury (accidents, war, etc.). With the development of an industrial society, new forms of disease arose in which people succumbed to illness induced by exposure to toxic materials in the course of their labor. Occupational diseases have been with us for many centuries,1, 2 but the incidence of industrial toxicity increased markedly with the advent of the industrial revolution. Although efforts to protect workers against job-related illness have been vigorous in recent years, economic necessity compels the continued use of hazardous chemicals, and benzene is an excellent case in point. It has been estimated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health that about 2, 000, 000 persons in the national work force have potential exposure to benzene.","PeriodicalId":75752,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in toxicology","volume":"3 3","pages":"265-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408447509079860","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12276274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 208
The delayed neuropathy caused by some organophosphorus esters: mechanism and challenge. 某些有机磷酯引起的迟发性神经病:机制和挑战。
CRC critical reviews in toxicology Pub Date : 1975-06-01 DOI: 10.3109/10408447509079861
M K Johnson
{"title":"The delayed neuropathy caused by some organophosphorus esters: mechanism and challenge.","authors":"M K Johnson","doi":"10.3109/10408447509079861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408447509079861","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract“The aim of the (Toxicology) Unit is to establish the basic concepts necessary for explaining at a molecular level the mechanisms of toxicity and of chemical and physical injury.”","PeriodicalId":75752,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in toxicology","volume":"3 3","pages":"289-316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408447509079861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12276275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 248
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