H P Driessen, W W de Jong, G I Tesser, H Bloemendal
{"title":"The mechanism of N-terminal acetylation of proteins.","authors":"H P Driessen, W W de Jong, G I Tesser, H Bloemendal","doi":"10.3109/10409238509086784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238509086784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>N alpha-acetylation is almost exclusively restricted to eukaryotic structural proteins. As a rule it is a post-initiational process, requiring the presence of the enzyme N alpha-acetyltransferase and the acetyl donor acetylcoenzyme A. N alpha-acetyltransferases appear to have a narrow substrate specificity, which is very similar for enzymes from different tissues and species. Amino acids predominantly present at the N terminus of N alpha-acetylated proteins are alanine, serine, and methionine. The occurrence of these residues is apparently a prerequisite for acetylation. The region following these amino acids is also important. If methionine is at the N terminus, the second position is always occupied by a strongly hydrophilic amino acid. Two- and three-dimensional structural characteristics of the protein do not seem to play a major role in N alpha-acetylation. Up to now the exact function for N alpha-acetylation is not known.</p>","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"18 4","pages":"281-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238509086784","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15020189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The immotile-cilia syndrome: a microtubule-associated defect.","authors":"B A Afzelius","doi":"10.3109/10409238509086788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238509086788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The immotile-cilia syndrome is a congenital disorder characterized by all the cilia in the body being either immotile or showing an abnormal and inefficient beating pattern. Most symptoms come from the ciliated airways (nose, paranasal sinuses, and bronchs) and from the middle ear. Two further symptoms are situs inversus and male sterility. Situs inversus occurs in 50% of the cases and this subgroup is termed the Kartagener's syndrome; it might be due to an inability of the embryonic cilia to shift the heart to the left side and situs laterality seems to be a random process in the immotile-cilia syndrome. Male sterility is caused by the spermatozoa being unable to swim progressively; the sperm tail has the same structure as a cilium. In a few cases only the sperm tail or only the cilia of the body are affected. Female patients have a decreased fertility; most are involuntarily childless. The immotile-cilia syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder in that one out of many different genes may be involved. The different subtypes can be distinguished by an electron microscopic examination which will show defects in either one of a number of the ciliary components.</p>","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":"63-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238509086788","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15026181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Galactosyltransferases: physical, chemical, and biological aspects.","authors":"B P Ram, D D Munjal","doi":"10.3109/10409238509113606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238509113606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Galactosyltransferases (GTs) are one of the members of a family of enzymes called glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates. These enzymes catalyze the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to an acceptor (glycoprotein, glycolipid) containing terminal N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine residue. GTs occur in soluble (milk, serum, effusions, etc.) and insoluble (membrane) forms. The GT activities on the outer surface of the cells have been correlated with a host of cellular interactions, including fertilization, cell migration, embryonic induction, chondrogenesis, contact inhibition of growth, cell adhesion, hemostasis, intestinal cell differentiation, and immune recognition. GTs have been purified to homogeneity using affinity chromatography. Most GTs are found active in the pH range 6 to 8 and at temperatures between 35 to 40 degrees C. Manganese is an essential co-factor for GT activity. Isoenzymes of GT have been recognized, especially in tumor tissues, malignant effusions, and sera of cancer patients using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of SDS. Depending on the source of the enzyme, the molecular weights of GTs range between 40,000 to 80,000 daltons. Carcinoma-associated GT isoenzyme has been reported to have a higher molecular weight than the normal GT isoenzyme. Development of monoclonal antibody against the cancer-specific GT isoenzyme will provide help in the development of an immunoassay for the measurement of this isoenzyme in the sera and an aid in the radioimmunolocalization of the tumors in cancer patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"17 3","pages":"257-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238509113606","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15035740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phosphorus-31 NMR as a probe for phosphoproteins.","authors":"T L James","doi":"10.3109/10409238509082538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238509082538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nuclear magnetic resonance methodology continues to advance such that phosphorus-31 NMR experiments can be profitably applied to elucidate some aspects of proteins which are covalently phosphorylated. This review introduces NMR spectral parameters pertinent to using phosphorus-31 NMR for investigation of structure and dynamics. The techniques of two-dimensional NMR, solid state NMR, and isotopic substitution are also introduced. Characteristics of phosphorylated amino acids and peptides, as revealed by phosphorus-31 NMR, are described. Studies of phosphorylated containing phosphomonoesters, phosphoramidates, acyl phosphates, and disubstituted phosphorus bridges are discussed. Among these phosphoproteins are several examples where phosphorus residues evidently play a role as polyelectrolytes, in enzyme catalysis, and in regulation of protein function.</p>","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238509082538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14291575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structure and transcription of eukaryotic tRNA genes.","authors":"S J Sharp, J Schaack, L Cooley, D J Burke, D Söll","doi":"10.3109/10409238509082541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238509082541","url":null,"abstract":"The availability of cloned tRNA genes and a variety of eukaryotic in vitro transcription systems allowed rapid progress during the past few years in the characterization of signals in the DNA-controlling gene transcription and in the processing of the precurser RNAs formed. This will be the subject matter discussed in this review.","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"19 2","pages":"107-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238509082541","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15020823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eukaryotic RNA polymerases.","authors":"A Sentenac","doi":"10.3109/10409238509082539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238509082539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review will attempt to cover the present information on the multiple forms of eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, both at the structural and functional level. Nuclear RNA polymerases constitute a group of three large multimeric enzymes, each with a different and complex subunit structure and distinct specificity. The review will include a detailed description of their molecular structure. The current approaches to elucidate subunit function via chemical modification, phosphorylation, enzyme reconstitution, immunological studies, and mutant analysis will be described. In vitro reconstituted systems are available for the accurate transcription of cloned genes coding for rRNA, tRNA, 5 SRNA, and mRNA. These systems will be described with special attention to the cellular factors required for specific transcription. A section on future prospects will address questions concerning the significance of the complex subunit structure of the nuclear enzymes; the organization and regulation of the gene coding for RNA polymerase subunits; the obtention of mutants affected at the level of factors, or RNA polymerases; the mechanism of template recognition by factors and RNA polymerase.</p>","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":"31-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238509082539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15009935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J B Matthew, F R Gurd, B Garcia-Moreno, M A Flanagan, K L March, S J Shire
{"title":"pH-dependent processes in proteins.","authors":"J B Matthew, F R Gurd, B Garcia-Moreno, M A Flanagan, K L March, S J Shire","doi":"10.3109/10409238509085133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238509085133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent improvements in the understanding of electrostatic interactions in proteins serve as a focus for the general topic of pH-dependent processes in proteins. The general importance of pH-dependent processes is first set out in terms of hydrogen ion equilibria, stability, ligand interactions, assembly, dynamics, and events in related molecular systems. The development of various theoretical treatments includes various formalisms in addition to the solvent interface model developed by Shire et al. as an extension of the Tanford-Kirkwood treatment. A number of detailed applications of the model are presented and future potentialities are sketched.</p>","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"18 2","pages":"91-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238509085133","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15015788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reconstitution of ion channels.","authors":"W Hanke","doi":"10.3109/10409238509086786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238509086786","url":null,"abstract":"The first model of the structure of cell membranes was developed very early from indirect evidence.' It postulated the existence of a bimolecular lipid membrane which serves as the main and electrical isolating part of the cell membrane. The proteins were either associated with or incorporated into the membrane.Z Following this idea, it was postulated that the proteins being incorporated into the bimolecular lipid matrix (integral membrane proteins) were the source of ion transport across the electrical isolating lipid membrane.3 Ion channels formed by these proteins were one of the mechanisms being considered to be involved in the ion transport across cell membranes. These ion channel-forming proteins were proposed to be involved in the electrical excitation of biological membranes very early.4 For a long time, however, it was impossible to investigate directly the properties of these channels, i.e., in single channel experiments. Limited by the low current and time resolution of electrophysiological measurements, only multichannel experiments were possible. Due to the fact that multichannel data can be explained by a larger number of single channel models there was a need for detailed single channel data to obtain a more in-depth view of channel function. In addition, all of the single channel parameters calculated from the electrophysiological experiments were scattered over a wide range of values. Nevertheless, from electrophysiological experiments a large number of different ion channels were postulated to be active in biological membranes, and highly specific properties were given to these hypothetical ion channels. However, until 1962 not even the existence of single ion channels could be shown experimentally. Following that line of thought, the first technique for the formation of planar lipid bilayers was established in 1962 by Mueller et al.,' using large amounts of organic solvents to stabilize the artificial membrane. The first single channel fluctuations shown were those of EIM and gramicidin in planar lipid bilayers which were formed according to that t echn iq~e .~ -~ For a period of time, single channel fluctuations being induced by different polypeptide antibiotics and related substameslo in planar bilayers were the only really measured single channel fluctuations. At that time it was not possible to measure current fluctuations of single ion channels in cell membranes directly. It was obvious that the incorporation of channel-forming proteins into planar lipid bilayers would be a useful technique for finding the proof of the existence of single ion channels in biological membranes and for investigating the properties of these hypothetical channels in singleand multichannel experiments. Most of the early reconstitution experiments were not very successful. Problems occurred because these bilayers contained large amounts of organic solvents, techniques had to be developed to incorporate C ri tic al R ev ie w s in B io ch em is tr ","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238509086786","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13563613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The biosynthesis of biologically active proteins in mRNA-microinjected Xenopus oocytes.","authors":"H Soreq","doi":"10.3109/10409238509085134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238509085134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The basic properties of mRNA-injected Xenopus oocytes as a heterologous system for the production of biologically active proteins will be reviewed. The advantages and limitations involved in the use of this in ovo system will be discussed, as compared with in vitro cell-free translation systems and with in vivo microinjected mammalian cells in culture. The different assay systems that have been utilized for the identification of the biological properties of oocyte-produced proteins will be described. This section will review the determination of properties such as binding of natural ligands, like heme or alpha-bungarotoxin; immunological recognition by antibodies; subcellular compartmentalization and/or secretion; various enzymatic catalytic activities; and induction in ovo of biological activities that affect other living cells in culture, such as those of interferon and of the T-cell receptor. The limitations involved in interpretation of results obtained using mRNA-injected oocytes will be critically reviewed. Special attention will be given to the effect of oocyte proteases and of changes in the endogenous translation rate on quantitative measurements of oocyte-produced proteins. In addition, the validity of the various measurement techniques will be evaluated. The various uses of bioassays of proteins produced in mRNA-injected Xenopus oocytes throughout the last decade will be reviewed. Nuclear and cytoplasmic injections, mRNA and protein turnover measurements and abundance calculations, and the use of in ovo bioassays for molecular cloning experiments will be discussed in this section. Finally, potential future uses of the oocyte system in various fields of research, such as immunology, neurobiology, and cell biology will be suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"18 3","pages":"199-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238509085134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13560306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Compartmentation of intracellular nucleotides in mammalian cells.","authors":"J D Moyer, J F Henderson","doi":"10.3109/10409238509086787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238509086787","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The important role of nucleotides in cellular metabolism requires that serious consideration be given to the question of the homogeneity or inhomogeneity of nucleotide pools in cells. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing evidence for compartmentation of nucleotide pools, discuss the limitations of this evidence, and to discuss the implications of compartmentation for the interpretation of nucleotide concentration measurements. Evidence for nucleotide compartmentation comes from the following types of evidence: compartmentation of RNA precursors; compartmentation of deoxynucleoside triphosphates; mitochondrial compartmentation; the existence of tightly bound nucleotides; pools derived from alternative synthetic routes; compartmentation in cyclic nucleotide metabolism; channeling in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides; and others. The types of evidence adduced for compartmentation will be considered critically and in detail, and alternative explanations considered, as well. Implications of the data and hypotheses on nucleotide compartmentation for the interpretation of nucleotide pool measurements in various types of experiments will be discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":"45-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238509086787","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13563614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}