American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging最新文献

{"title":"¹⁸F-Flurpiridaz PET in myocardial perfusion imaging: comparing effectiveness against traditional tracers.","authors":"Shreyas Bulusu, Albab S Uddin, Oluwaseyi M Oderinde, Qi-Huang Zheng","doi":"10.62347/JYCH8034","DOIUrl":"10.62347/JYCH8034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has served as a cornerstone of coronary artery disease (CAD) evaluation for over four decades, including many other cardiac diseases. MPI is extremely valuable for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes in clinical environments, enabling clinicians to evaluate a patient's coronary health. Perfusion scanning utilizes two primary imaging techniques: single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). Each relies on radioactive tracers, which are radioactive substances injected into a patient that spread across myocardial tissue and emit photons or positrons detectable by cameras. Traditional radiotracers include ¹⁵O-water, ¹³N-ammonia, and ⁸²Rb-chloride for PET and ^99mTc-sestamibi for SPECT, which vary in physical and biological properties, including half-life and extraction fraction, influencing image quality, workflow, and clinical utility. Recently, a new PET radiotracer called ¹⁸F-Flurpiridaz has shown promise for increased efficiency among traditional radiotracers, such as a substantially longer half-life. Additional advantages of this radiotracer include, but are not limited to, improved cost-effectiveness due to the use of a pre-existing delivery system, superior image quality, mid-exercise testing, and solving \"imaging deserts\", which are regions with a lack of medical imaging services that rural areas face. We aim to review the advantages and disadvantages of ¹⁸F-Flurpiridaz PET and compare its effectiveness against traditional PET and SPECT tracers in this article.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"16 2","pages":"67-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13191561/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148013137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of a novel deuterated fluorine-18 PET tracer for MAO-B imaging.","authors":"Chongyi Huang, Huiyi Wei, Haige Yi, Guocong Li, Weiyuan Lin, Taoqian Zhao, Yinlong Li, Steven H Liang, Hao Xu, Lu Wang","doi":"10.62347/CRAH2142","DOIUrl":"10.62347/CRAH2142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) is a key astrocytic biomarker implicated in neuro-inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. This study reports the development and evaluation of novel fluorine-18 (¹⁸F) PET radiotracers for selective MAO-B imaging by exploiting deuteration strategies to address metabolic instability of existing probes. A literature compound [¹⁸F]GEH200449 ([¹⁸F]4) was synthesized through redesigned labeling precursor, and its deuterated analogue, [¹⁸F]4-D₂, was prepared to improve metabolic stability. Systematic evaluation using PET imaging, radiometabolite analysis, and autoradiography was performed. While both tracers demonstrated favorable blood-brain barrier penetration, they didn't exhibit region-specific binding consistent with MAO-B distribution in vivo. Furthermore, [¹⁸F]4 underwent substantial metabolic degradation in both central and peripheral compartments, and deuteration failed to provide significant stabilization in [¹⁸F]4-D₂. Autoradiography further revealed non-selective binding of [¹⁸F]4-D₂ to both MAO isoforms. Overall, the translational potential of [¹⁸F]4 and [¹⁸F]4-D₂ remains limited by poor metabolic stability and insufficient target selectivity. Future tracer design should focus on pharmacophore optimization to achieve reliable and selective MAO-B PET imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"16 2","pages":"90-99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13191562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148013111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bladder activity of different PSMA PET radioligands and impact of furosemide.","authors":"Ismaheel Lawal, Aliza Mushtaq, Samuel N Gitau, Khalid Makhdomi, Manali Rupji, Jeffery M Switchenko, Krishna K Chaudhary, Ashesh B Jani, David M Schuster, Charles Marcus","doi":"10.62347/KJRZ4126","DOIUrl":"10.62347/KJRZ4126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radioligands used for PET imaging of prostate cancer (PCa) have variable urinary excretion. The prostate bed region is an important site of disease localization where intense bladder activity may obscure lesion detection. We performed a comparative analysis of bladder activity across different PSMA radioligands and investigated the impact of furosemide administration on reducing bladder activity. We analyzed the PSMA PET/CT images of patients with PCa who were imaged with ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 with/without 20 mg furosemide, ¹⁸F-PSMA-1007, ¹⁸F-DCFPyL, ¹⁸F-rhPSMA-7.3 with/without 20 mg furosemide. We determined and compared bladder volume and bladder activity level using mean and maximum standardized uptake values (SUV_mean and SUV_max) between PET scans obtained with the different PSMA radioligands using an ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test, as appropriate. We also determined the association between the bladder activity level versus bladder volume using Spearman correlation. 210 PSMA PET/CT studies were reviewed, including 50, 20, 20, 28, 42, and 50 completed with ¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 without furosemide, ¹⁸F-rhPSMA-7.3 without furosemide, ¹⁸F-rhPSMA-7.3 with furosemide, ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 without furosemide, ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 with furosemide, and ¹⁸F-DCFPyL without furosemide, respectively. The median bladder SUV_mean (range) without furosemide were: 1.75 (0.4-6.4) [¹⁸F-PSMA-1007], 10.00 (1.9-140.0) [¹⁸F-rhPSMA-7.3], 15.92 (2.0-106.0) [⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11], and 25.7 (7.9-87.6) [¹⁸F-DCFPyL], (P<0.001). With 20 mg furosemide co-administered with the radiotracer, there was a significant decline in bladder activity level (median SUV_mean of 10.00 (1.9-140.0) to 2.95 (0.8-17.6) for ¹⁸F-rhPSMA-7.3 and 15.92 (2.0-106.0) to 10.21 (2.6-281.3) for ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 and a significant increase in bladder volume, P<0.05. There was a significant negative correlation between bladder SUV_max and bladder volume for the entire cohort, P=0.008, r=-0.181. There is variation in the bladder radioactivity between the different PSMA radioligands for PCa PET imaging, with ¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 demonstrating the lowest, ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 and ¹⁸F-DCFPyL the highest, and ¹⁸F-rhPSMA-7.3 intermediate bladder activity level. Administration of 20 mg furosemide produces a significant reduction in bladder activity and an increase in bladder volume. With 20 mg furosemide, bladder activity of ¹⁸F-rhPSMA-7.3 approaches that of ¹⁸F-PSMA-1007.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"16 2","pages":"107-113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13191565/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148013089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"¹⁸F-NaF and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT imaging of spinal instrumentation: case report and review of the literature.","authors":"Shiv Patil, Raj Patel, Lancelot Herpin, Darshil Patel, Jaskeerat Gujral, Om H Gandhi, Alexander Gerlach, Mohamed Ghonim, Mohanad Ghonim, Sedra Abou Ali Mhana, Eric Teichner, Robert Subtirelu, Thomas Werner, Poul Flemming Høilund-Carlsen, Abass Alavi","doi":"10.62347/PBCH1053","DOIUrl":"10.62347/PBCH1053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report describes the ¹⁸F-sodium fluoride (¹⁸F-NaF) and ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) PET/CT imaging of spinal instrumentation incidentally found in a 71-year-old male with extensive degenerative spinal disease. Hardware was noted at L5-S1, a common site of lumbar degeneration and cause of radiculopathy. ¹⁸F-NaF showed intense focal uptake at the instrumentation site, while ¹⁸F-FDG demonstrated minimal uptake. These findings suggest remodeling of bone (¹⁸F-NaF) at the site of instrumentation in the setting of benign physiological metabolic activity (¹⁸F-FDG). Other signs of structural deterioration were observed in the cervical and thoracic regions, such as osteophytes and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. We present these findings in the context of a literature review of published studies that utilized ¹⁸F-NaF or ¹⁸F-FDG PET imaging for the assessment and monitoring of patients with spinal instrumentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"16 2","pages":"125-130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13191559/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148013096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of FDG-PET/CT in detecting metabolic changes in parotid glands following photon versus proton therapy.","authors":"Om H Gandhi, Jaskeerat Gujral, Amir Amanullah, Miraziz Ismoilov, Shashi B Singh, Shiv Patil, Malia Ahmed, Saira K Niazi, Niloofaralsadat Motamedi, Bimash B Shrestha, Thomas J Werner, Mona-Elisabeth Revheim, Abass Alavi","doi":"10.62347/PESP7804","DOIUrl":"10.62347/PESP7804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Xerostomia is a disabling side-effect of head and neck cancer (HNC) radiation therapy (RT) that significantly impacts quality of life. While proton therapy offers dosimetric advantages over photon therapy, metabolic evidence of tissue-sparing effects remains limited. This retrospective study assessed ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT for evaluating radiation-induced metabolic changes in parotid glands following proton versus photon RT in 50 HNC patients with base-of-tongue tumors treated with photon (n=14, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)) or proton (n=36, pencil-beam scanning intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT)) with concurrent chemotherapy. All patients received ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT before and approximately 3 months post-treatment. Bilateral parotid glands were manually delineated and averaged per patient. Both groups demonstrated significant total mean standardized uptake value (SUV_mean) increases (photon: 1.13±0.23 to 1.45±0.38, P<0.001; proton: 1.30±0.27 to 1.41±0.21, P=0.017), with significantly greater increases in the photon group for both ΔSUV_mean (0.32 vs. 0.11, P=0.017) and ΔSUV_max (0.44 vs. 0.07, P=0.011; Mann-Whitney U tests). Between-group effect sizes were large (Cohen's d=0.86 and 0.95, respectively), and multivariable regression confirmed the treatment group effect (ΔSUV_mean β=-0.25, P=0.017, adjusting for baseline SUV and disease stage; ΔSUV_max β=-0.30, P=0.015, adjusting for baseline SUV). These findings suggest that proton therapy produces significantly lower increases in parotid gland ¹⁸F-FDG uptake compared to photon therapy, supporting ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT as a quantitative biomarker for radiation-induced parotid gland injury. Future prospective studies correlating metabolic changes with functional outcomes are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"16 2","pages":"114-124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13191560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148013164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scatter correction for self-collimating SPECT using a 3D U-Net framework.","authors":"Yabo Zhao, Wenyang Jiang, Hai Hu, Liang Guo, Zhenlei Lyu, Debin Zhang, Li Wang, Peng Fan, Hui Liu, Tianyu Ma, Jing Wu","doi":"10.62347/ZZHP6340","DOIUrl":"10.62347/ZZHP6340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conventional single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) relies on mechanical collimators, which impose an inherent trade-off between spatial resolution and sensitivity. A novel cardiac SPECT system that employs a self-collimating design with interleaved mosaic scintillators has been proposed, which markedly enhances sensitivity without compromising resolution. However, the unique self-collimating and closely arranged detector geometry also introduces more complex scatter distribution and increased scatter fractions, making accurate scatter correction essential yet technically challenging. We employed a 3D U-Net framework to directly predict scatter-corrected images from uncorrected images. The network was trained using 36 distinct XCAT phantoms based on GATE simulations, with the true scatter-corrected images (true-SC) precisely obtained from the simulations serving as labels. Quantitative evaluation was performed using another two XCAT phantoms with different contrast levels: a high-contrast phantom (H-Phantom, 10 realizations) and a low-contrast phantom (L-Phantom, 5 realizations). The proposed U-Net approach were compared with two triple energy window (TEW) methods (trapezoidal and triangular). For both contrast levels, the U-Net-based approach achieved higher contrast recovery coefficients, myocardium-to-blood-pool ratios closer to the true-SC, higher contrast-to-noise ratios, and lower relative noise compared to the TEW methods. In addition, the U-Net-based method produced images with higher structural similarity and lower normalized mean square error relative to the true-SC reference, compared with the TEW-corrected images. In conclusion, the proposed 3D U-Net-based scatter correction method provides more accurate scatter estimation and superior quantitative performance for self-collimating SPECT systems than conventional TEW approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"16 1","pages":"33-43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147497420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives of positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-fluorine-18-flu-d-glucose (18fdg-pet) in predicting the histological response of high grade epithelial ovarian cancer to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A primary descriptive study.","authors":"Michele Lamuraglia, Khadija Benali, Margot Bucau, Thuy Nguyen, Pablo Estevez, Alain Giron, Stephane Culine","doi":"10.62347/BIVU9864","DOIUrl":"10.62347/BIVU9864","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ovarian cancer (OC) was most often diagnosed at an advanced stage due to poor symptoms, the lack of an effective screening method and the limitations of examinations for the early detection of the disease. Sadly, the surgical approach is not possible for all patients, therefore the neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) was a good standard approach before the complete cytoreduction. Currently we don't have indisputable and definitive directives about tools to predict the anatomopathological response. This study investigates the potential of 18FDG-PET in predicting the histological response in high grade epithelial OC before NACT treatment. Ten advanced primarily inoperable OC patients treated with NACT were recruited into this prospective study, then 4 patients could be eligible to analyze, with 12 target lesions eligible to comparative analyses with 18FDG-PET against histological analyses. All patients after NACT presented clinical and biological responses, with normalization of CA 125. Four patients, with 12 resections specimens identified to corresponding 18F-FDG-PET/CT imagery, had showed concordant aspects of response. This preliminary study has demonstrated the role in predictive response of 18FDG-PET, but the complexity in comparative analyses of morpho-functional imagery and histological study includes many difficulties. Thus, to obtain statistically robust results, a large-scale study must be conducted, based on these very encouraging results.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"16 1","pages":"26-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147497388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroimaging and consciousness: applications of PET, SPECT, and advanced MRI modalities.","authors":"Raj N Patel, Shiv Patil, Alexander Gerlach, Eric Teichner, Deepak Indrakanti, Robert Subtirelu, Joseph Zwillenberg, Om H Gandhi, Jaskeerat Gujral, Thomas Werner, Abass Alavi, Andrew B Newberg","doi":"10.62347/PPRC2997","DOIUrl":"10.62347/PPRC2997","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A growing number of advanced neuroimaging studies have been used to evaluate the nature of consciousness. Such studies have focused on various states of consciousness as well as ways of inducing altered states of consciousness. Various states of consciousness include the normal waking state, sleep states, the brain under anesthesia, and the impact of disorders such as seizures or schizophrenia. The induction of altered states of consciousness includes practices such as meditation or the use of psychoactive substances leading to psychedelic effects. This paper reviews some of the relevant research and then considers some of limitations and challenges for studying consciousness with neuroimaging, particularly via positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"16 1","pages":"14-25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003230/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147497439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"¹⁸F-FES PET/CT in invasive lobular breast cancer: assessment of axillary lymph node metastasis.","authors":"Chongjiao Li, Yinlong Li, Jimmy Patel, Steven H Liang","doi":"10.62347/HWAJ2181","DOIUrl":"10.62347/HWAJ2181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Estrogen receptor (ER) is highly expressed in approximately 95% of invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) and represents a key target for endocrine therapy. ¹⁸F-fluoroestradiol (¹⁸F-FES), a radiolabeled estrogen analog, specifically binds to ER and enables real-time, non-invasive, and whole-body evaluation of ER functional status, providing intuitive visualization of the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of ER expression. ¹⁸F-FES PET/CT sensitively detect primary tumor and distant metastases and accurately identifies axillary lymph node involvement in ILC. Therefore, ¹⁸F-FES PET/CT can serve as a valuable diagnostic tool that can guide the selection of appropriate therapeutic strategies for patients with ILC.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"16 1","pages":"63-66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147497375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theranostic applications of CXCR4-targeted imaging ligands in lymphoma: integrating diagnosis and precision therapy.","authors":"Karena R Dhamecha, Owen C Booth, Oluwaseyi M Oderinde, Qi-Huang Zheng","doi":"10.62347/RXPV2461","DOIUrl":"10.62347/RXPV2461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a G protein-coupled receptor implicated in immune regulation, tumor progression, and therapy resistance. In lymphoma, CXCR4 overexpression promotes malignant cell survival via microenvironmental retention and activation of pro-survival pathways, correlating with poor prognosis. Its extracellular localization makes it a strong candidate for selective molecular imaging and targeted therapy. This review summarizes recent advances in CXCR4-targeted agents for lymphoma. Peptide-based radiotracers (⁶⁸Ga-Pentixafor, [¹⁸F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-BL02) and small molecules ([⁶⁴Cu]AMD3100, [¹⁸F]MCFB) offer high specificity and favorable pharmacokinetics for positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Therapeutic strategies include peptide antagonists (BL-8040, Balixafortide), radioligand therapies ([¹⁷⁷Lu]Pentixather, [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-BL02), small-molecule inhibitors (Plerixafor, WK1), and monoclonal antibodies (PF-06747143, Ulocuplomab, LY2624587). These approaches have demonstrated efficacy in reducing tumor burden and enhancing chemosensitivity. Key challenges include off-target uptake due to physiological CXCR4 expression and compensatory signaling via CXCR7. Future directions involve dual-receptor targeting, nanoparticle-based delivery, and integration into precision oncology for both hematologic and solid tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147497247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}