American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging最新文献

{"title":"Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) targeting homodimeric FAP inhibitor radiotheranostics: a step to improve tumor uptake and retention time.","authors":"Euy Sung Moon,&nbsp;Sanjana Ballal,&nbsp;Madhav Prasad Yadav,&nbsp;Chandrasekhar Bal,&nbsp;Yentl Van Rymenant,&nbsp;Sarah Stephan,&nbsp;An Bracke,&nbsp;Pieter Van der Veken,&nbsp;Ingrid De Meester,&nbsp;Frank Roesch","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several radiopharmaceuticals targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP) based on the highly potent FAP inhibitor UAMC1110 are currently under investigation. Pre-clinical as well as clinical research exhibited the potential of these imaging agents. However, the monomeric small molecules seemed to have a short retention time in the tumor in combination with fast renal clearance. Therefore, our strategy was to develop homodimeric systems having two FAP inhibitors to improve residence time and tumor accumulation. The homodimers with two squaramide coupled FAP inhibitor conjugates DOTA.(SA.FAPi)₂ and DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)₂ were synthesized and radiochemically evaluated with gallium-68. [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)₂ was tested for its <i>in vitro</i> stability, lipophilicity and affinity properties. In addition, human PET/CT scans were performed for [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)₂ with a head-to-head comparison with [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi and [¹⁸F]FDG. Labeling with gallium-68 demonstrated high radiochemical yields. Inhibition measurements revealed excellent affinity and selectivity with low nanomolar IC₅₀ values for FAP. In PET/CT human studies, significantly higher tumor uptake as well as longer tumor retention could be observed for [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)₂ compared to [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi. Therefore, the introduction of the dimer led to an advance in human PET imaging indicated by increased tumor accumulation and prolonged retention times <i>in vivo</i> and thus, the use of dimeric structures could be the next step towards prolonged uptake of FAP inhibitors resulting in radiotherapeutic analogs of FAP inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"11 6","pages":"476-491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8727881/pdf/ajnmmi0011-0476.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39801100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of ⁶⁸Ga-EDTA PET allows detecting progressive decline of renal function in rats.","authors":"Andrea O Fontana,&nbsp;Mary Gonzalez Melo,&nbsp;Gilles Allenbach,&nbsp;Costa Georgantas,&nbsp;Ruijia Wang,&nbsp;Olivier Braissant,&nbsp;Frederic Barbey,&nbsp;John O Prior,&nbsp;Diana Ballhausen,&nbsp;David Viertl","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Evaluation of glomerular filtration rate is very important in both preclinical and clinical setting, especially in the context of chronic kidney disease. It is typically performed using ⁵¹Cr-EDTA or by imaging with ¹²³I-Hippuran scintigraphy, which has a significantly lower resolution and sensitivity as compared to PET. ⁶⁸Ga-EDTA represents a valid alternative due to its quick availability using a ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generator, while PET/CT enables both imaging of renal function and accurate quantitation of clearance of activity from both plasma and urine. Therefore, we aimed at investigating the use of ⁶⁸Ga-EDTA as a preclinical tracer for determining renal function in a knock-in rat model known to present progressive decline of renal function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>⁶⁸Ga-EDTA was injected in 23 rats, either wild type (n=10) or knock-in (n=13). By applying a unidirectional, two-compartment model and Rutland-Patlak Plot linear regression analysis, split renal function was determined from the age of 6 weeks to 12 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Glomerular filtration ranged from 0.025±0.01 ml/min at 6 weeks to 0.049±0.05 ml/min at 6 months in wild type rats. Glomerular filtration was significantly lower in knock-in rats at 6 and 12 months (P<0.01). No significant difference was observed in renal volumes between knock-in and wild type animals, based on imaging-derived volume calculations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>⁶⁸Ga-EDTA turned out to be a very promising PET/CT tracer for the evaluation of split renal function. This method allowed detection of progressive renal impairment in a knock-in rat model. Additional validation in a human cohort is warranted to further assess clinical utility in both, healthy individuals and patients with renal impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"11 6","pages":"519-528"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8727875/pdf/ajnmmi0011-0519.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39801104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimeric FAPI with potential for tumor theranostics.","authors":"Chunxia Qin, Yangmeihui Song, Weibo Cai, Xiaoli Lan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radionuclide-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitors (FAPIs) are popular nuclear imaging probes in recent years. It's of great significance for tumor diagnosis and has great potential in tumor treatment. However, optimization of the probes is needed to further increase tumor uptake and prolong tumor retention for improved treatment efficacy and fewer side effects. In this issue of AJNMMI, Moon et al. reported two squaramide coupled FAPI conjugates (DOTA.(SA.FAPi)₂ and DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)₂) and labeled them with ⁶⁸Ga. The resulted tracers showed increased tumor accumulation and persistent retention, which led to an advance in PET imaging. The use of dimeric structures provides a feasible strategy to develop radiotherapeutic analogs of FAP inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"11 6","pages":"537-541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8727879/pdf/ajnmmi0011-0537.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39801106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variant allele fraction of genomic alterations in circulating tumor DNA (%ctDNA) correlates with SUV_max in PET scan.","authors":"Amin Haghighat Jahromi,&nbsp;Matthew Zabel,&nbsp;Ryosuke Okamura,&nbsp;Carl K Hoh,&nbsp;Razelle Kurzrock","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The relationship between higher variant allele fraction (VAF) of genomic alterations in circulating tumor DNA (%ctDNA), an indicator of poor outcome, and maximum standardized uptake value (SUV_max), the most commonly used semi-quantitative parameter in ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT, has not been studied. Overall, 433 cancer patients had blood-based next generation sequencing. Maximum and sum of %ctDNA alterations (%ctDNA_max and %ctDNA_sum, respectively) represent the maximum and sum of VAF, reported as a percentage. The subset of 46 eligible patients had treatment-naïve metastatic disease and PET/CT imaging, with median 13 days prior to ctDNA testing. We found a linear correlation between the maximum VAF (%ctDNA_max) (as well as the sum of the VAFs (%ctDNA_sum)) and SUV_max of the most ¹⁸F-FDG-avid lesion (r=0.43, P=0.003; r=0.43, P=0.002; respectively). Our data suggest that SUV_max may be a non-invasive and readily available surrogate indicator for %ctDNA, a prognostic factor for patient survival. Since higher %ctDNA has been previously correlated with worse outcome, the relationship between SUV_max, %ctDNA and survival warrants further study.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"11 4","pages":"307-312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8414395/pdf/ajnmmi0011-0307.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39409571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small target repeatability of ⁶⁸Ga and ¹⁸F: effects of target concentration and imaging time on SUV measurements in clinically relevant phantoms.","authors":"Michael S Silosky,&nbsp;Luke W Patten,&nbsp;Bennett B Chin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantification of tumor uptake using PET imaging is important for the evaluation of therapy response. For ¹⁸F FDG PET scans, a change in uptake of 25% is commonly considered significant. For scans using novel radiopharmaceuticals, the threshold of significance is unclear. Factors including imaging time, tumor size, activity concentration, and radiopharmaceutical may affect the repeatablity of uptake metrics. This work evaluates the effect of these parameters on the repeatablity of maximum SUV (SUV_max) and mean SUV (SUV_mean) in phantoms using ¹⁸F and ⁶⁸Ga. An Esser PET phantom (Data Spectrum, Durham NC) was scanned on a Biograph Horizon PET/CT scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions, Malvern PA) using ¹⁸F and ⁶⁸Ga. Data were acquired for 5 minutes with reconstructions between 0.5-5 minutes. The background activity mimicked clinical scans with target-to-background (T/B) ratios from 1.7-19.8. The SUV_max and SUV_mean were measured for 5 slices. The mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (COV) were calculated. The effects of radionuclide, imaging time, activity concentration, and target size on COV were evaluated using multivariate gamma regressions. COV for ⁶⁸Ga was 40% higher and 54% higher on average than for ¹⁸F for SUV_max and SUV_mean, respectively. Decreased lesion size, imaging time, and activity concentration were significantly associated with increased COV for both metrics (P < 0.001). COV was substantially reduced at high T/B for ⁶⁸Ga. At the highest T/B the COV for SUV_max and SUV_mean was within the typical range seen for ¹⁸F. COV is relatively high for small targets (8 mm) but is dramatically reduced with high radiotracer uptake.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"11 4","pages":"280-289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8414403/pdf/ajnmmi0011-0280.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39409634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computer-aided detection of mantle cell lymphoma on ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT using a deep learning convolutional neural network.","authors":"Zijian Zhou,&nbsp;Preetesh Jain,&nbsp;Yang Lu,&nbsp;Homer Macapinlac,&nbsp;Michael L Wang,&nbsp;Jong Bum Son,&nbsp;Mark D Pagel,&nbsp;Guofan Xu,&nbsp;Jingfei Ma","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT can provide quantitative characterization with prognostic value for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). However, detection of MCL is performed manually, which is labor intensive and not a part of the routine clinical practice. This study investigates a deep learning convolutional neural network (DLCNN) for computer-aided detection of MCL on ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT. We retrospectively analyzed 142 baseline ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scans of biopsy-confirmed MCL acquired between May 2007 and October 2018. Of the 142 scans, 110 were from our institution and 32 were from outside institutions. An Xception-based U-Net was constructed to classify each pixel of the PET/CT images as MCL or not. The network was first trained and tested on the within-institution scans by applying five-fold cross-validation. Sensitivity and false positives (FPs) per patient were calculated for network evaluation. The network was then tested on the outside-institution scans, which were excluded from network training. For the 110 within-institution patients (85 male; median age, 58 [range: 39-84] years), the network achieved an overall median sensitivity of 88% (interquartile range [IQR]: 25%) with 15 (IQR: 12) FPs/patient. Sensitivity was dependent on lesion size and SUV_max but not on lesion location. For the 32 outside-institution patients (24 male; median age, 59 [range: 40-67] years), the network achieved a median sensitivity of 84% (IQR: 24%) with 14 (IQR: 10) FPs/patient. No significant performance difference was found between the within and outside institution scans. Therefore, DLCNN can potentially help with MCL detection on ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT with high sensitivity and limited FPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"11 4","pages":"260-270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8414404/pdf/ajnmmi0011-0260.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39409632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New wine in old bottles: ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT reveals COVID-19 in patients with prostate cancer.","authors":"Hanyi Fang, Muhsin H Younis, Weibo Cai, Xiaoli Lan, Dawei Jiang","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic continues to influence every aspect of human life across the globe. It was reported that vascular angiogenesis of COVID-19 was elevated in patients with equally severe influenza virus infection. In this issue of AJNMMI, Farolfi et al. reported that there was lung uptake not related to prostate cancer in almost all COVID-19 patients who performed ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scans and most of the lung uptake lesions were matched with typical CT patterns of COVID-19. With the advantages of having various tracers for whole-body imaging, PET provides opportunities to study the mechanism of COVID-19 from different aspects and obtain patterns of extrapulmonary lesions in COVID-19, which helps explore more effective treatments for the patients. This case series opened the door to many future studies. Furthermore, such a multi-national/multi-institutional collaboration in the pandemic truly encouraged us that science is indeed without borders.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"11 4","pages":"332-336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8414401/pdf/ajnmmi0011-0332.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39410004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of FDG PET/CT in assessing bowel inflammation.","authors":"David Gelston,&nbsp;Samantha C Brosler,&nbsp;Jennifer Vazquez,&nbsp;Olivia Sorci,&nbsp;A Huntington Griffith,&nbsp;Shampa Chatterjee,&nbsp;Anna Buchner,&nbsp;Poul F Høilund-Carlsen,&nbsp;Abass Alavi,&nbsp;Chamith S Rajapakse","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To develop a methodology for the quantification of gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation as indicated by 2-deoxy-2-(¹⁸F)fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) uptake on positron-emissions tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging. This is intended to investigate the feasibility of using standard uptake value (SUV) levels to assess levels of GI inflammation in humans.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>131 participants were injected with a weight-controlled dose of FDG 180 minutes prior to PET/CT scanning. Operator-guided software was used to segment the GI tract and perform (SUV) calculations. Regions of interest (ROIs) were created using CT images and stacked to create three dimensional volumes of interest (VOIs). These VOIs defined 6 sections of the GI tract: esophagus, stomach, descending colon, ascending and transverse colon, bowel below the ilium and small bowel above the ilium.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study found a significant correlation between age and average FDG uptake (avg-SUV) of the GI tract (P=.0003) with the esophagus showing the highest significance. Correlations were found between avg-SUV of the sigmoid segment and the group average (P<.0001), and between the descending colon VOI and the group (P<.0001). Intra-operator reproducibility over 3 trials showed a coefficient of variation (CV) of .63%. Inter-operator CV over 5 randomly selected patients was 5.6% over the entire GI tract.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study shows that FDG-PET/CT imaging is a promising technique for quantifying bowel inflammation, despite the fact that age related inflammation may not be of clinical utility. The fact that we were able to detect these subtle changes indicates this as an avenue for potential future investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"11 4","pages":"271-279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8414397/pdf/ajnmmi0011-0271.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39409633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HPLC-free and cassette-based nucleophilic production of [¹⁸F]FDOPA for clinical use.","authors":"Huailei Jiang,&nbsp;Manoj K Jain,&nbsp;Hancheng Cai","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiotracer 3,4-dihydroxy-6-[¹⁸F]fluoro-L-phenylalanine (L-6-[¹⁸F]fluorodopa or [¹⁸F]FDOPA) is widely used for PET imaging of dopamine metabolism in several diseases including Parkinson's Disease, brain tumor, neuroendocrine tumors, and focal hyperinsulinism of infancy. In 2019, [¹⁸F]FDOPA was approved by US FDA for detection of dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum of adult patients with suspected Parkinsonian Syndromes. A convenient and reliable method is desired for fully automated production of [¹⁸F]FDOPA under cGMP compliance to meet the increasing clinical need. In this study, we reported a cassette-based automated production of [¹⁸F]FDOPA using a GE Fastlab 2 module and the quality control (QC) under fully cGMP compliant environment. Briefly, automated radiosynthesis of [¹⁸F]FDOPA was processed via nucleophilic radio-fluorination using FDOPA Fastlab cassette and solid phase extraction (SPE) purification. The QC tests of [¹⁸F]FDOPA, including appearance, pH, half-life, radiochemical purity and identity, enantiomeric purity, chemical impurities, molecular activity, radioactive concentration, filter integrity, endotoxin, and sterility, were conducted at the end of synthesis (EOS) and 8 h after EOS during the validation runs. Three consecutive productions of [¹⁸F]FDOPA were reliably achieved with desired radiochemical yield and high radiochemical/enantiomeric purities and molar activity. The uncorrected radiochemical yields of [¹⁸F]FDOPA were 9.3-9.8% with a total synthesis time of ~140 min. Both radiochemical and enantiomeric purities of [¹⁸F]FDOPA were >99.9% and the molar activities were 2.1-3.9 Ci/μmole at EOS. The full QC results at EOS and 8 h after EOS showed that the produced [¹⁸F]FDOPA met all release criteria for clinical use within 8 hours of expiration time. Three consecutive validation runs and QC results demonstrated the efficacy of cassette-based production of [¹⁸F]FDOPA for routine clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"11 4","pages":"290-299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8414396/pdf/ajnmmi0011-0290.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39409635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning convolutional neural network (DLCNN): unleashing the potential of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in lymphoma.","authors":"Ke Li, Ran Zhang, Weibo Cai","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This perspective briefly reviewed the applications of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in the clinical management of lymphoma and the need for lesion segmentation in those applications. It discussed the limitations of existing segmentation technologies and the great potential of using deep learning convolutional neural network (DLCNN) to accomplish automatic lymphoma segmentation and characterizations. Finally, the authors shared perspectives on the technical challenges that need to be addressed to fully unleash the potential of DLCNN and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of lymphoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":7572,"journal":{"name":"American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","volume":"11 4","pages":"327-331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8414402/pdf/ajnmmi0011-0327.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39410003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}