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[Theoretical and empirical analyses of the structure of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory anxiety scales]. 状态-特质焦虑量表结构的理论与实证分析
Archiv fur Psychologie Pub Date : 1989-01-01
V Hodapp
{"title":"[Theoretical and empirical analyses of the structure of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory anxiety scales].","authors":"V Hodapp","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Based on considerations concerning content and the formal structure of items, this study investigates the dimensionality of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scales. Item analyses, factor analyses using oblique factor rotation, and Rasch analyses were conducted on two samples of students (N = 269 and N = 159). From the results it is concluded that the factors of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory are not method factors constituted by differently directed item formulations. Rather, the structure of the scales reflects the differentiation of the anxiety construct into single subcomponents, especially cognitive and affective ones. In addition, similarities with negative affectivity and depressiveness are examined.</p>","PeriodicalId":75529,"journal":{"name":"Archiv fur Psychologie","volume":"141 1","pages":"27-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13942265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the relationship between the menstrual cycle and the body weight and food intake of women. 月经周期与女性体重、食物摄入量的关系。
Archiv fur Psychologie Pub Date : 1989-01-01
K H Bäuml
{"title":"On the relationship between the menstrual cycle and the body weight and food intake of women.","authors":"K H Bäuml","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Body weight and food intake of women are analyzed over the whole menstrual cycle. Over 68-94 days body weight and food intake of eight women and three men are recorded. For food intake, a diary self-report method is used. The beginning of each woman's menstrual cycle is also recorded. Body weight and food intake are regarded as stochastic processes. The theory of time series and spectral analysis is applied. As opposed to the males, in the spectra of seven females, there is a peak at a frequency with the period of the respective females' menstrual cycles. There are no further consistent differences. This sine wave reaches its maximum two to three days before menses. The data suggest that, as a first approximation, the body weight of women during a complete menstrual cycle can be described by a simple sine wave. For food intake, the spectra show hardly any differences between females and males. However, it is shown that the same sine wave as in body weight is also contained in the food intake of seven females, reaching its maximum about four days before menses.</p>","PeriodicalId":75529,"journal":{"name":"Archiv fur Psychologie","volume":"141 4","pages":"237-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[A mechanical method for changing heart rate and blood pressure]. [改变心率和血压的机械方法]。
Archiv fur Psychologie Pub Date : 1989-01-01
D Vaitl
{"title":"[A mechanical method for changing heart rate and blood pressure].","authors":"D Vaitl","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The investigation of afferent cardiovascular influences upon central nervous processes needs a methodology which allows for independent and systematic manipulation of circulatory processes. By mechanical manipulation of posture (tilt table, orthostasis) and compression of lower body parts (by anti-G-suit) reliable changes in heart rate and blood pressure can be induced. In fourty subjects (study 1) it could be shown that sustained (30 min.) changes in heart rate (e.g. orthostatic tachycardia, decrease of heart rate during compression) and mean arterial blood pressure (increase during orthostasis with and without compression) occur. Although changes in heart rate could be achieved irregardless of whether the venous \"pooling\" was suppressed by an air- or water-filled pressure suit, the pressor effect did differ quite considerably. In fourty-four subjects (study 2) it could be demonstrated that only by means of an water-filled suit further increases in mean arterial blood pressure could be evoked during orthostasis. Changes in hemodynamic also lead to changes in sympatho-vagal control of cardiac activity. In study 3 (ten subjects) it could be shown, that orthostasis mainly evokes alterations in sympathetic activity whereas lower body compression leads to additional increases of vagal activity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia during orthostasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":75529,"journal":{"name":"Archiv fur Psychologie","volume":"141 1","pages":"49-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13942266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Behavioral sequelae of long-term self-attributed success and failure: an attribution theory analysis]. 长期自我归因成功与失败的行为后遗症:归因理论分析。
Archiv fur Psychologie Pub Date : 1989-01-01
J Haisch
{"title":"[Behavioral sequelae of long-term self-attributed success and failure: an attribution theory analysis].","authors":"J Haisch","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Starting from earlier results that self-caused long-term failure improved performance, this experiment tested the effect of \"working conditions\" as well as successes and failures succeeding the experience of long-term success and long-term failure. 64 subjects participated in recognition tests, composed of 9 tasks (with 42 stimuli each), to be solved within five different experimental sessions. Subjects received false feedback concerning each judgement. The feedback was designed to correspond to Kelley's informational requirements for self-attributions. Results clearly show an impairment of performances within new \"working conditions\" if successes succeed long-term failure or long-term success. Failure succeeding long-term failure in new \"working conditions\", on the other hand, improves performance. Different attribution theories' capacity to explain these results is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":75529,"journal":{"name":"Archiv fur Psychologie","volume":"141 4","pages":"287-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A quantitative evaluation of sex differences in implicit personality theories. 内隐人格理论中性别差异的定量评价。
Archiv fur Psychologie Pub Date : 1989-01-01
T Eckes
{"title":"A quantitative evaluation of sex differences in implicit personality theories.","authors":"T Eckes","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An investigation is conducted into whether male and female perceivers hold substantially different implicit theories of personality. 24 male and 24 female subjects were asked to sort a set of 36 trait names into groups of similar traits. On the basis of these data, proximities between trait names and proximities between groupings (or partitions) were computed and subjected to a differential statistical analysis. Neither a global test for sex-specific groupings of trait names nor tests at the level of perceived pairwise trait relationships yielded significant differences. It is concluded that aggregation of sorting data over both male and female perceivers is warranted without too big a loss of information. On the methodological side, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of a quantitative approach to handling the problem of data aggregation in the context of studies using the sorting method as a data-gathering technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":75529,"journal":{"name":"Archiv fur Psychologie","volume":"141 2","pages":"99-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13765703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Acquisition of strategies depending on the opponents' competence level. 策略的获取取决于对手的能力水平。
Archiv fur Psychologie Pub Date : 1989-01-01
H Wontorra, J Krems
{"title":"Acquisition of strategies depending on the opponents' competence level.","authors":"H Wontorra,&nbsp;J Krems","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of problem-solving skills from novices to advanced subjects in dependence of the competence level of the opponent is examined in a two-person zero-sum game (Othello). In a repeated-measurement design 18 Ss. (6 Ss in 3 groups) played 10 games against one of three opponent-strategies (implemented on a computer): one \"expertlike\" strategy, which uses domain specific knowledge and local heuristics (minimax-algorithm with alpha-beta pruning); one \"novicelike\" strategy, in which global, domain independent problem solving strategies (means-ends analysis, goal-reduction) are implemented; and one strategy, which contradicts the supposed heuristics of the novices, but which results in a \"weak\" performance (minimization in move-selection). Contrary to our assumptions no significant effects of experience could be verified (win versus loss during single runs). An experience dependent differentiation of global problem solving strategies could not be shown for any of the groups. Neither could a general improving effect of the model for acquiring local, task specific heuristics be proved.</p>","PeriodicalId":75529,"journal":{"name":"Archiv fur Psychologie","volume":"141 2","pages":"113-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13767988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Cognitive processes in unconscious patients? A brain mapping study of the P300 potential]. 无意识病人的认知过程?P300电位的脑图研究]。
Archiv fur Psychologie Pub Date : 1989-01-01
B M Reuter, D B Linke, M Kurthen
{"title":"[Cognitive processes in unconscious patients? A brain mapping study of the P300 potential].","authors":"B M Reuter,&nbsp;D B Linke,&nbsp;M Kurthen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>P300 is the most investigated component of the event-related potentials. Being the correlate of an active target discrimination and decision making process it is seen as related to cognition. Such elementary cognitive processes--as expressed in P300--can happen even in states of coma. In four of 35 comatose patients with diffuse head injury we were able to measure the P3-wave showing frontal and parietal components. Accordingly some unawakable patients can still recognize differences in pitch. The structure of components and their psychophysiological meaning are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":75529,"journal":{"name":"Archiv fur Psychologie","volume":"141 3","pages":"155-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13773106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
To link, to infer, to understand. 连接，推断，理解。
Archiv fur Psychologie Pub Date : 1989-01-01
H Kock
{"title":"To link, to infer, to understand.","authors":"H Kock","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A model of linkage in text processing is proposed: An external proposition and an inference belonging to one frame are superimposed to constitute understanding. A text containing four academic subjects was presented orally to students who recalled it in writing. After transforming the recalls into propositions they are entered into a nonmetric multidimensional scaling to yield a text space. The subjects' interest choices among items of the four aspects are scaled to render an interest space. The decomposition ob both as subspaces of a common space yields an angle as their overall similarity and indicates the degree of predictability from interests. As the aggregate of inferences shows directedness, correlated with volitional-motivational orientation, and inference base is assumed to intervene. It is concluded that recipients try to superimpose and thereby construct a primary stage of processing. This allows for a very general algorithm of parallel information processing (holographic thesis), perhaps constructing the properties we are used to. Motivated perception, knowledge influence, schema-directedness and contribution to coherence are rivalled out as an explanation of this process.</p>","PeriodicalId":75529,"journal":{"name":"Archiv fur Psychologie","volume":"141 3","pages":"175-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13773107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[The whole and its parts: solution logic of the 9-point problem]. [整体及其部分:9点问题的解决逻辑]。
Archiv fur Psychologie Pub Date : 1989-01-01
H Fillbrandt
{"title":"[The whole and its parts: solution logic of the 9-point problem].","authors":"H Fillbrandt","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ill-defined nine-dot problem is reanalysed to provide a new theoretical perspective for this old problem. In particular, the theory shows how the functional fixedness of the dots can be overcome and the correct solution obtained by a process of logic. The perspective develops ideas from holistic and gestalt psychology, and shows how an entity defines its parts by demanding particular functions and how the parts in turn define the entity by the functions they serve. One central result for problem solving is the partition of processes into processes of composition and decomposition, thus leading to a theoretical foundation for the rule-governed process of planning backwards that contains both top-down and bottom-up processes. The theory is exemplified by providing a detailed account of the solution of the problem.</p>","PeriodicalId":75529,"journal":{"name":"Archiv fur Psychologie","volume":"141 1","pages":"9-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13942268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Control of verbal exchange in physician-patient consultation. A single case study]. 医患会诊中言语交流的控制。一个单独的案例研究]。
Archiv fur Psychologie Pub Date : 1989-01-01
T Schlatter, R Hänni
{"title":"[Control of verbal exchange in physician-patient consultation. A single case study].","authors":"T Schlatter,&nbsp;R Hänni","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following theoretical considerations by Sacks et al. (1974) and Duncan & Fiske (1977) a method for the analysis of turn-taking in dialogues is proposed. This method is used in a pilot case study of a dialogue between a doctor and his patient. The conservation is segmented into single utterances (units of analysis) within which so called speaker-relevant control signs (tags, questions, speech pauses) as well as listener-relevant control signs (hearer signals) are defined and localized. Based on this analysis the transcript of the dialogue is entered into a data base. The distribution of speaker- and listener-relevant control signs and their relation to turn-taking lead to the conclusion that the two partners of dialogue \"bargain\" for the takeover of the floor within a process of communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":75529,"journal":{"name":"Archiv fur Psychologie","volume":"141 4","pages":"273-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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