AMB Express最新文献

{"title":"Crotalaria madurensis flavonol glycosides' antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.","authors":"Hala Sh Mohammed, Salwa A Abu El Wafa, Mona H Ibrahim, Rasha Mohammad Fathy, Noha A Seif-Eldein","doi":"10.1186/s13568-024-01776-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13568-024-01776-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are prevalent in hospitals and often lead to significant health complications. This study aimed to explore the chemical composition of the aerial part of Crotalaria madurensis and evaluate its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The impact of gamma irradiation on the antibacterial properties of the plant extract and metabolite 1 against MRSA was also examined. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was conducted on the filtrates of untreated MRSA and MRSA treated with the plant extract and metabolite 1. Four flavonol glycosides were identified as gossypetin 8-methoxy, 3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (metabolite 1), gossypetin 8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (metabolite 2), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucpyranoside (Astragalin, metabolite 3), and herbacetin 7-methoxy-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (metabolite 4). All metabolites exhibited significant antioxidant properties using different assays. The antibacterial efficacy of the extract and metabolite 1, which showed substantial antioxidant properties compared to the other isolated metabolites, was evaluated. Both the plant extract and metabolite 1 significantly reduced the viability and cell count of MRSA at concentrations of 1.0 and 0.5 mg/ml. The antibacterial activity of the plant extract and metabolite 1 was assessed after gamma irradiation at 50 and 100 Gy, which did not significantly affect the antibacterial efficiency. FTIR analysis indicated that the plant extract and metabolite 1 significantly altered the band frequency values, bandwidth, and peak intensity % of the treated MRSA filtrate. Molecular docking studies suggested that metabolite 1 exhibited the highest antioxidant and anti-MRSA activity, with strong binding scores like the ligand, indicating an effective interaction and high affinity between metabolite 1 and the target molecule.</p>","PeriodicalId":7537,"journal":{"name":"AMB Express","volume":"14 1","pages":"118"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11535145/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142567111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of tobacco-radish rotation for different years on bacterial wilt and rhizosphere microbial communities.","authors":"Yuhao Dai, Jixiu Li, Zhenzhen Wang, Shaoqi Yang, Qingju Xiao, Zipeng Gao, Fengjing Zhang, Chenran Zhao, Liang Yang, Shaopeng Chen, Wei Ding","doi":"10.1186/s13568-024-01760-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-024-01760-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tobacco bacterial wilt is a major limiting factor for tobacco production and development, and it is more likely to occur under perennial single cropping of tobacco. In recent years, the rotation of tobacco-radish has gradually become popular. Therefore, we studied the effects of years of tobacco-radish rotation on tobacco bacterial wilt occurrence and rhizosphere microorganisms. The results indicated that both SY and TY could significantly reduce the risk of tobacco bacterial wilt occurrence, and SY had the lowest disease index. The rotation of radish plants significantly increased the soil pH but decreased the contents of alkali-hydrolysed nitrogen and organic matter in the soil. Alkali-hydrolysed nitrogen and pH are the key factors affecting the composition of the bacterial community. Furthermore, radish rotation changed the composition of the soil microbial community, increased the diversity of the bacterial community, and significantly altered the bacterial community structure. At the genus level, the abundance of Sphingomonas species negatively correlated with Ralstonia increased significantly, while the relative abundance of Rhodanobacter species positively correlated with Ralstonia decreased significantly. Disease index, pH and available phosphorus were the main factors affecting the variation in different bacterial genera. The network analysis results showed that Ralstonia was less connected in the network than in the CK group, and the SY treatment group had a more complex bacterial network structure. Overall, 2 years of tobacco and radish rotation improved the bacterial community structure of the rhizosphere soil and alleviated the harm caused by tobacco bacterial wilt, which is highly important for the stability and health of the rhizosphere soil ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":7537,"journal":{"name":"AMB Express","volume":"14 1","pages":"116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11486869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of bariatric surgery on gut microbiota composition in obese patients compared to healthy controls.","authors":"Nima Mohammadzadeh, Shabnam Razavi, Gholamhossein Ebrahimipour","doi":"10.1186/s13568-024-01769-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-024-01769-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bariatric surgery is vital for sustainable weight loss and metabolic improvement in obese individuals, but its effects on gut microbiota and their role in these benefits require further investigation. Investigate the temporal changes in gut microbiota in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery (gastric sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB)) compared to healthy controls, aiming to understand their role in weight loss and metabolic health improvement. A case-control study included 30 obese patients aged 65-95 undergoing bariatric surgery, and 18 matched healthy controls. Selection criteria were based on age, race, BMI, history of antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics usage. Stool samples were collected at baseline, three months, and six months post-surgery for DNA extraction and quantitative real-time PCR analysis to assess gut microbiota changes. Physical activity and dietary intake were evaluated using standardized questionnaires. Statistical analyses were performed using R. Post-surgery, patients showed significant reductions in weight and BMI, with changes in dietary habits and physical activity. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed substantial alterations in bacterial groups such as Bacteroides and Fusobacterium. However, some groups showed no significant changes, indicating a complex interaction between gut microbiota and bariatric surgery. Notable correlations were found between body weight, BMI, and specific bacterial groups like the C. cluster IV and Lactobacillus, particularly in RYGB patients. Bariatric surgery significantly alters gut microbiota, aiding weight loss and metabolic regulation in obese patients. Understanding these changes is crucial for developing effective obesity management strategies, requiring further research to optimize outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7537,"journal":{"name":"AMB Express","volume":"14 1","pages":"115"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11473458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional properties and safety traits of L. rhamnosus and L. reuteri postbiotic extracts.","authors":"Safura Jalali, Naheed Mojgani, Mohammad Reza Sanjabi, Solmaz Saremnezhad, Setareh Haghighat","doi":"10.1186/s13568-024-01768-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13568-024-01768-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postbiotics are the non-viable bacterial products or the low molecular weight metabolites produced by probiotics that have received considerable attention owing to their health promoting effects. The present study aimed to investigate the safety and antibacterial properties of postbiotic components of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (Lra) and Limosilactobacillus reuteri (Lre) for their potential applications in food products. The freeze dried postbiotic metabolites (FD-P) from Lra and Lre were extensively analyzed for their physico-chemical properties and antibacterial actions against common food borne pathogens. Higher levels of total flavonoids (1971.79 ± 20 mg Qu/ g), total short-chain fatty acid (23 µg/g), sugar contents, CAT, and SOD anti-oxidative enzymes were detected in the Lra postbiotic, while GSH-px levels and riboflavin were higher in Lre postbiotics (P < 0.01). No significant differences were recorded in the total phenolic (2501 and 2518 mg GAE/ L) and crude protein contents (305. 58 and 296.23 µg/g) of the postbiotics (p ≥ 0.05), respectively. Both FD-P samples showed enhanced activities against Gram-Positive pathogens compared to Gram-Negative pathogens (p < 0.05), while combining the two postbiotics further potentiated the antibacterial actions. Both FD-P samples were non-hemolytic to human erythrocyte cells, and exhibited low cytotoxicity in MRC 5 and IPEC-J2 cell lines at the highest used concentrations (150 mg/ml). In summary, the postbiotics derived from Lra and Lre are safe bioactive ingredients with enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities, having potential applications as a natural preservatives in food system, potentially enhancing safety and extending the shelf life of food products.</p>","PeriodicalId":7537,"journal":{"name":"AMB Express","volume":"14 1","pages":"114"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11465093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of thermostable MMLV reverse transcriptase in Escherichia coli by directed mutation.","authors":"Marzieh Divbandi, Ahad Yamchi, Hadi Razavi Nikoo, Abdolvahab Moradi, Alijan Tabarraei","doi":"10.1186/s13568-024-01773-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13568-024-01773-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The functionality of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (MMLV RT) will increase with the improvement of its solubility and thermal stability. Introduce directed mutation at specific positions of the MMLV RT sequence and codon optimization is needed to achieve these properties. The two RT coding sequences with (rRT-K) and without directed mutations (rRT-L) were versatility optimized and expressed to analyze the ribonuclease H (RNase H) inactivity and thermostable polymerase activity. For this purpose, the five-point mutations (438-442aa) and three-point mutations (530, 568, and 659 aa) were done at the RT connection domain and RNase H active site, respectively. High expression levels of rRT-L and rRT-K were obtained in E. coli BL21(DE3) and BL21(shuffle) strains, 0.5 mM IPTG concentration at 37 °C, and 8 hours' post-induction condition. Then, recombinant enzymes were purified and verified by Ni-NTA resin and western blotting. Insilico analysis (IUpred 3.0) showed that the directed mutation in the RNase H domain caused the formation of disorder regions or instability in the RNase H domain of rRT-K compared to rRT-L. The modified RT-PCR and the RT-LAMP reactions proved the RNase H inactivity of rRT-K. In addition, increasing of thermostability of rRT-K compared to rRT-L and commercial RT was evaluated by the RT-PCR and RT-LAMP reactions. The results showed that rRT-K could successfully tolerate 60 ºC in the two methods. This study revealed that the directed mutations and the versatile sequence optimization can promise to produce thermostable commercial enzymes to decrease non-specific one-step RT-PCR and RT-LAMP products.</p>","PeriodicalId":7537,"journal":{"name":"AMB Express","volume":"14 1","pages":"113"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11450115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142370745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the potential of lactic acid bacteria mature biofilm extracts as antibiofilm agents.","authors":"Pamela Hindieh, Joseph Yaghi, Jean Claude Assaf, Ali Chokr, Ali Atoui, Nicolas Louka, André El Khoury","doi":"10.1186/s13568-024-01770-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13568-024-01770-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The continuous growth of biofilm infections and their resilience to conventional cleaning methods and antimicrobial agents pose a worldwide challenge across diverse sectors. This persistent medical, industrial, and environmental issue contributes to treatment challenges and chronic diseases. Lactic acid bacteria have garnered global attention for their substantial antimicrobial effects against pathogens and established beneficial roles. Notably, their biofilms are also predicted to show a promising control strategy against pathogenic biofilm formation. The prevalence of biofilm-related problems underscores the need for extensive research and innovative solutions to tackle this global challenge. This novel study investigates the effect of different extracts (external, internal, and mixed extracts) obtained from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG biofilm on pathogenic-formed biofilms. Subsequently, external extracts presented an important eradication effectiveness. Furthermore, a 6-fold concentration of these extracts led to eradication percentages of 57%, 67%, and 76% for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, respectively, and around 99.9% bactericidal effect of biofilm cells was observed for the three strains. The results of this research could mark a significant breakthrough in the field of anti-biofilm and antimicrobial strategies. Further studies and molecular research will be necessary to detect the molecules secreted by the biofilm, and their mechanisms of action engaged in new anti-biofilm strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7537,"journal":{"name":"AMB Express","volume":"14 1","pages":"112"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11450114/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142363969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of sumac extract on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.","authors":"Nafiseh Farazandehnia, Farzaneh Sotoudegan, Abbas Akhavan Sepahy, Mohamad Reza Fazeli","doi":"10.1186/s13568-024-01759-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13568-024-01759-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The research aimed to evaluate the antioxidative and antibacterial characteristics of aqueous sumac extract on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus through in-vitro and in-vivo study. Sumac extract has been obtained through the soaking method, and its antioxidant properties were gauged using the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of sumac extract was determined on S. aureus obtained from hospitalized patients, as well as an assessment of biofilm-formation and the release of bacterial intracellular compounds. in vivo experimentation involved injecting bacteria (10⁸ cfu/ml) into mice, which subsequently manifested indicators of symptoms of infection, and the number of bacteria within their bloodstream was quantified. The Sumac extract demonstrated strong antioxidant properties at concentrations of 1000 mg/ml. Furthermore, the agar tests for the gram staining, mannitol, coagulase, and DNase revealed that 190 cultured bacteria samples were identified as Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria were resistant to clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, and methicillin antibiotics, but sensitive to erythromycin and penicillin antibiotics. Additionally, the bacteria displayed significant methicillin resistance and formed a strong biofilm (65.78%). The sumac extract showed a MIC range of 125-1000 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment with concentrations above the MIC was found to prevent the formation of biofilm and increase the release of bacterial intracellular compounds. Sumac extract led to a decrease in bacterial count in the blood of mice and reduced signs of infection. Sumac extract demonstrated powerful antioxidant and antibacterial effects against resistant microorganisms, suggesting its potential as a promising compound for the treatment of resistant infections in future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":7537,"journal":{"name":"AMB Express","volume":"14 1","pages":"111"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11450108/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142363968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatty acid synthesis promoted by PA1895-1897 operon delays quorum sensing activation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.","authors":"Lei Han, Jie Ren, Yishu Xue, Jianwei Gao, Qiang Fu, Ping Shao, Hui Zhu, Min Zhang, Fengming Ding","doi":"10.1186/s13568-024-01758-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13568-024-01758-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PA1895-1897 is a quorum sensing (QS) operon regulated by the anti-activator LuxR homologue QscR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We aimed to investigate its impact on bacterial metabolism, and whether it contributes to the delayed QS activation. We performed liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer-based metabolomics using wildtype PAO1, PA1895-1897-knockout mutant, and mutant with pJN105.PA1895-1897 overexpression vector. The impact of metabolites on QS signaling molecule (3OC12-HSL and C4-HSL) concentrations, pyocyanin production, and QS gene (lasR, lasI, rhlR, and rhlI) expression was examined. Metabolomics analysis found that fatty acid biosynthesis had the highest fold enrichment among all metabolic pathways in PA1895-1897-overexpressed mutants. Among these enriched fatty acids, palmitoleic acid and acetic acid were the predominantly abundant ones that significantly affected by PA1895-1897 operon. When different doses of exogenous palmitoleic acid or acetic acid were added to the cultures of PA1895-1897 knockout mutants, their levels of 3OC12-HSL, C4-HSL, and pyocyanin were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. High doses of palmitoleic acid and acetic acid suppressed the mRNA expression of lasR, rhlR, and rhlI. Inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis increased the production of 3OC12-HSL, C4-HSL, and pyocyanin in PA1895-1897-overexpressed cultures. Our data suggest that fatty acid synthesis is promoted by PA1895-1897 operon, and contributes the delayed expression of QS phenotypes, furthering the understanding about the regulation of bacterial QS activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7537,"journal":{"name":"AMB Express","volume":"14 1","pages":"110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11445212/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142360940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-encapsulation of essential amino acids: ruminal methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and fermentation.","authors":"Jorge Adalberto Cayetano De Jesús, Mona Mohamed Mohamed Yasseen Elghandour, Moyosore Joseph Adegbeye, Daniel López Aguirre, José Alejandro Roque-Jimenez, Maximilian Lackner, Abdelfattah Zeidan Mohamed Salem","doi":"10.1186/s13568-024-01767-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13568-024-01767-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nano-encapsulation of four essential amino acids (AA), threonine, methionine, tryptophan, and lysine on in vitro ruminal total gas, methane, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide production as well as the rumen fermentation profile in cattle. The highest (P < 0.001) rate and asymptotic gas production after 48 h of incubation was observed in the diets that had threonine, followed by lysine, methionine, and tryptophan. Asymptotic methane gas production decreased in the following order: threonine > lysine > tryptophan > methionine (P < 0.0001) and the rate of production per hour followed the same trend (P = 0.0259). CH₄ parameters showed that in 4 h, 24 h, and 48 h of incubation the lowest methane production was obtained in the diet with methionine (P < 0.05) and the highest one in diet supplemented with threonine. Methane fractions showed that methionine-containing diets resulted in more (P < 0.05) metabolizable energy versus methane, followed by tryptophan-containing, and then lysine-containing diets. Methionine-fortified diets seem to be the most eco-friendly among those studied regarding methane output. However, based on methane, CO, and H₂S output as well as the rumen fermentation profile nano-encapsulated lysine is recommended for use in ruminant nutrition.</p>","PeriodicalId":7537,"journal":{"name":"AMB Express","volume":"14 1","pages":"109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11442736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resurrected microorganisms: a plethora of resting bacteria underway for human interaction.","authors":"Arshia Amin, Inam Ullah Khan, Mehroze Amin, Maliha Fatima, Wasim Sajjad, Tawaf Ali Shah, Turki M Dawoud, Gezahign Fentahun Wondmie","doi":"10.1186/s13568-024-01750-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-024-01750-z","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Glaciers, which form due to the accumulation of snow, play a crucial role in providing freshwater resources, supporting river systems, and maintaining ecosystem stability. Pakistan is habitat to over 5000 glaciers, primarily located in the Hindukash, Himalaya, and Karakoram mountain ranges. Understanding the microbial communities thriving in these extreme environments becomes of utmost importance. These glaciers offer a unique perspective on extremophile adaptation, as they harbor microorganisms that are capable of surviving and thriving under harsh conditions. Glacial melting poses a significant threat to ancient microbiomes, potentially leading to the resurgence of epidemics and exposure of life to paleomicrobiota. Mostly glacial microbiome is evenly distributed and shows similar diversity. With the threat of resurrection of ages old microbiome and its incorporation into the waters have raised a major concern for revival of epidemics and exposure of life with paleanmicrobiota again. This has led the scientist to deeply observe the bacterial flora embedded in the cryonite holes of glaciers. This study aims to investigate the bacterial diversity within various glaciers of Pakistan using metagenomic techniques. Kamri, Burzil, Siachin, Baltoro, Shigar Basin, Biafo and Panama Glaciers designated from G1 to G7 respectively were chosen from Pakistan. Through rigorous physicochemical analyses, distinct characteristics among glaciers are revealed, including variations in temperature, depth, electrical conductivity, pH levels, and nutrient concentrations. The exploration of alpha diversity, employing metrics such as Chao1, Shannon, Simpson, and Inverse Simpson indices, offers valuable insights into the richness, evenness, and dominance of species within different samples. Beta diversity was calculated by using R software. The vegan package was used for NMSD, cluster and PCoA analysis based on Bray-Curtis distance. PCA analysis was done by using prcomp package from R software. Based on OTU abundance and environmental factor data, DCA analysis was done to determine the linear model from the gradient value (RDA) and the unimodal model (CCA). results were compiled by drawing cluster dendrogram which predicts the patterns of similarity and dissimilarity between different samples. Notably, phyla Proteobacteria emerge as the dominant phylum, accompanied by Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. The dendrogram shows five clusters, with close similarity between G1 and G4, glacier samples G3 and G8, and G2 and G7. Seasonal variations in glacier physicochemical properties were also observed, with summer samples having shallower depths, lower temperatures, and slightly acidic pH. In contrast, winter samples have higher electrical conductivity and sulfur content. Ultimately, this research provides a foundational framework for comprehending glacier ecosystems, their resident microbial communities, and their broader ecological significance. The study high","PeriodicalId":7537,"journal":{"name":"AMB Express","volume":"14 1","pages":"106"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11438741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}