World journal of clinical pediatrics最新文献

{"title":"Comments by opponents on the British Medical Association’s guidance on non-therapeutic male circumcision of children seem one-sided and may undermine public health","authors":"S. Moreton, G. Cox, Mark Sheldon, S. Bailis, Jeffrey D Klausner, Brian J. Morris","doi":"10.5409/wjcp.v12.i5.244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v12.i5.244","url":null,"abstract":"The British Medical Association (BMA) guidance on non-therapeutic circumcision (NTMC) of male children is limited to ethical, legal and religious issues. Here we evaluate criticisms of the BMA’s guidance by Lempert et al . While their arguments promoting autonomy and consent might be superficially appealing, their claim of high procedural risks and negligible benefits seem one-sided and contrast with high quality evidence of low risk and lifelong benefits. Extensive literature reviews by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in developing evidence-based policies, as well as risk-benefit analyses, have found that the medical benefits of infant NTMC greatly exceed the risks, and there is no reduction in sexual function and pleasure. The BMA’s failure to consider the medical benefits of early childhood NTMC may partly explain why this prophylactic intervention is discouraged in the United Kingdom. The consequence is higher prevalence of preventable infections, adverse medical conditions, suffering and net costs to the UK’s National Health Service for treatment of these. Many of the issues and contradictions in the BMA guidance identified by Lempert et al stem from the BMA’s guidance not being sufficiently evidence-based. Indeed, that document called for a review by others of the medical issues surrounding NTMC. While societal factors apply, ultimately, NTMC can only be justified rationally on scientific, evidence-based grounds. Parents are entitled to an accurate presentation of the medical evidence so that they can make an informed decision. Their decision either for or against NTMC should then be respected.","PeriodicalId":75338,"journal":{"name":"World journal of clinical pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138585681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renal calcification in children with renal tubular acidosis: What a paediatrician ‎should ‎know‎","authors":"Mohammed Al-Beltagi, N. Saeed, A. Bediwy, Reem Elbeltagi, Samir Hasan, Mohamed Basiony Hamza","doi":"10.5409/wjcp.v12.i5.295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v12.i5.295","url":null,"abstract":"Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) can lead to renal calcification in children, which can cause various complications and impair renal function. This review provides pediatricians with a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between RTA and renal calcification, highlighting essential aspects for clinical management. The article analyzed relevant studies to explore the prevalence, risk factors, underlying mechanisms, and clinical implications of renal calcification in children with RTA. Results show that distal RTA (type 1) is particularly associated with nephrocalcinosis, which presents a higher risk of renal calcification. However, there are limitations to the existing literature, including a small number of studies, heterogeneity in methodologies, and potential publication bias. Longitudinal data and control groups are also lacking, which limits our understanding of long-term outcomes and optimal management strategies for children with RTA and renal calcification. Pediatricians play a crucial role in the early diagnosis and management of RTA to mitigate the risk of renal calcification and associated complications. In addition, alkaline therapy remains a cornerstone in the treatment of RTA, aimed at correcting the acid-base imbalance and reducing the formation of kidney stones. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic interventions are paramount in preventing and managing renal calcification to preserve renal function and improve long-term outcomes for affected children. Further research with larger sample sizes and rigorous methodologies is needed to optimize the clinical approach to renal calcification in the context of RTA in the pediatric population.","PeriodicalId":75338,"journal":{"name":"World journal of clinical pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138585860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migration of the distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter into the stomach with or without trans-oral extrusion: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","authors":"R. Ghritlaharey","doi":"10.5409/wjcp.v12.i5.331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v12.i5.331","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000 Intra-gastric migration of the distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) catheter clinically presenting with or without trans-oral extrusion is one of the rare complications of VPS catheter insertion.\u0000 AIM\u0000 To identify the demographics, clinical presentation, clinical findings, and results of surgical therapy offered for the treatment of intra-gastric migration of the distal VPS catheter, clinically presented with or without trans-oral extrusion.\u0000 METHODS\u0000 An online search was performed for the extraction/retrieval of the published/ available literature pertaining to the above-mentioned VPS complication. Manuscripts were searched from PubMed, PMC (PubMed Central), ResearchGate, and Google Scholar databases using various terminology relating to the VPS complications. The first case of migration of a VPS catheter into the stomach was reported in the year 1980, and the data were retrieved from 1980 to December 2022. Cases were categorized into two groups; Group A: Cases who had migration of the distal VPS catheter into the stomach and clinically presented with trans-oral extrusion of the same, and Group B: Cases who had migration of the distal VPS catheter into the stomach, but presented without trans-oral extrusion.\u0000 RESULTS\u0000 A total of n = 46 cases (n = 27; 58.69% male, and n = 19; 41.3% females) were recruited for the systematic review. Group A included n = 32, and Group B n = 14 cases. Congenital hydrocephalus was the indication for the primary VPS insertion for approximately half of the (n = 22) cases. Approximately sixty percent (n = 27) of them were children ≤ 5 years of age at the time of the diagnosis of the complication mentioned above. In seventy-two percent (n = 33) cases, this complication was detected within 24 mo after the VPS insertion/last shunt revision. Clinical diagnosis was evident for the entire group A cases. Various diagnostic modalities were used to confirm the diagnosis for Group B cases. Various surgical procedures were offered for the management of the complication in n = 43 cases of both Groups. In two instances, intra-gastric migration of the distal VPS catheter was detected during the autopsy. This review documented four deaths.\u0000 CONCLUSION\u0000 Intra-gastric migration of the peritoneal end of a VPS catheter is one of the rare complications of VPS catheter implantation done for the treatment of hydrocephalus across all age groups. It was more frequently reported in children, although also reported in adults and older people. A very high degree of clinical suspicion is required for the diagnosis of a case of an intra-gastric migration of the distal VPS catheter clinically presenting without trans-oral extrusion.","PeriodicalId":75338,"journal":{"name":"World journal of clinical pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138585847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediabetes in children and adolescents: An updated review","authors":"Hak Yung Ng, Louis Tsz Wang Chan","doi":"10.5409/wjcp.v12.i5.263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v12.i5.263","url":null,"abstract":"Prediabetes, the precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus, is an intermediate stage between normal glucose homeostasis and overt diabetes. This asymptomatic metabolic state is increasingly prevalent in pediatric population and is very difficult to detect without appropriate screening. Studies have shown that a certain proportion of children with prediabetes will develop diabetes in a few years. Even more alarming is the evidence that youth-onset diabetes has a more aggressive clinical course with progressive beta-cell decline and accelerated end-organ damage. Despite its importance, several aspects involving prediabetes in childhood are disputed or unknown. This review presents the latest insights into this challenging entity and outlines a simplified screening approach to aid clinical practice. In summary, childhood prediabetes is an important clinical condition indicating the need for proper screening and timely intervention.","PeriodicalId":75338,"journal":{"name":"World journal of clinical pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138585642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accidental ingestion of foreign bodies/harmful materials in children from Bahrain: A retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Hasan M Isa,&nbsp;Shaikha A Aldoseri,&nbsp;Aysha S Abduljabbar,&nbsp;Khaled A Alsulaiti","doi":"10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children like to discover their environment by putting substances in their mouths. This behavior puts them at risk of accidentally ingesting foreign bodies (FBs) or harmful materials, which can cause serious morbidities.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To study the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, complications, management, and outcomes of accidental ingestion of FBs, caustics, and medications in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all children admitted for accidental ingestion to the Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Bahrain, between 2011 and 2021. Demographic data, type of FB/harmful material ingested, and investigations used for diagnosis and management were recorded. The patients were divided into three groups based on the type of ingested material (FBs, caustics, and medications). The three groups were compared based on patient demographics, socioeconomic status (SES), symptoms, ingestion scenario, endoscopic and surgical complications, management, and outcomes. The FB anatomical location was categorized as the esophagus, stomach, and bowel and compared with respect to symptoms. The Fisher's exact, Pearson's <i>χ</i>², Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparison.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 161 accidental ingestion episodes were documented in 153 children. Most children were boys (<i>n</i> = 85, 55.6%), with a median age of 2.8 (interquartile range: 1.8-4.4) years. Most participants ingested FBs (<i>n</i> = 108, 70.6%), 31 (20.3%) ingested caustics, and the remaining 14 (9.2%) ingested medications. Patients with caustic ingestion were younger at the time of presentation (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and were more symptomatic (<i>n</i> = 26/31, 89.7%) than those who ingested medications (<i>n</i> = 8/14, 57.1%) or FBs (<i>n</i> = 52/108, 48.6%) (<i>P</i> < 0.001). The caustic group had more vomiting (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and coughing (<i>P</i> = 0.029) than the other groups. Most FB ingestions were asymptomatic (<i>n</i> = 55/108, 51.4%). In terms of FB location, most esophageal FBs were symptomatic (<i>n</i> = 14/16, 87.5%), whereas most gastric (<i>n</i> = 34/56, 60.7%) and intestinal FBs (<i>n</i> = 19/32, 59.4%) were asymptomatic (<i>P</i> = 0.002). Battery ingestion was the most common (<i>n</i> = 49, 32%). Unsafe toys were the main source of batteries (<i>n</i> = 22/43, 51.2%). Most episodes occurred while playing (<i>n</i> = 49/131, 37.4%) or when they were unwitnessed (<i>n</i> = 78, 57.4%). FBs were ingested more while playing (<i>P</i> < 0.001), caustic ingestion was mainly due to unsafe storage (<i>P</i> < 0.001), and medication ingestion was mostly due to a missing object (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Girls ingested more jewelry items than boys (<i>P</i> = 0.006). The stomach was the common location of FB lodgment, both radiologically (<i>n</i> = 54/123, 43.9%) and endoscopically (<i>n</i> = 31/91, 3","PeriodicalId":75338,"journal":{"name":"World journal of clinical pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1c/f2/WJCP-12-205.PMC10518745.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41161383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of gastrointestinal health in managing children with autism spectrum disorder.","authors":"Mohammed Al-Beltagi,&nbsp;Nermin Kamal Saeed,&nbsp;Adel Salah Bediwy,&nbsp;Reem Elbeltagi,&nbsp;Rawan Alhawamdeh","doi":"10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or autism are more prone to gastrointestinal (GI) disorders than the general population. These disorders can significantly affect their health, learning, and development due to various factors such as genetics, environment, and behavior. The causes of GI disorders in children with ASD can include gut dysbiosis, immune dysfunction, food sensitivities, digestive enzyme deficiencies, and sensory processing differences. Many studies suggest that numerous children with ASD experience GI problems, and effective management is crucial. Diagnosing autism is typically done through genetic, neurological, functional, and behavioral assessments and observations, while GI tests are not consistently reliable. Some GI tests may increase the risk of developing ASD or exacerbating symptoms. Addressing GI issues in individuals with ASD can improve their overall well-being, leading to better behavior, cognitive function, and educational abilities. Proper management can improve digestion, nutrient absorption, and appetite by relieving physical discomfort and pain. Alleviating GI symptoms can improve sleep patterns, increase energy levels, and contribute to a general sense of well-being, ultimately leading to a better quality of life for the individual and improved family dynamics. The primary goal of GI interventions is to improve nutritional status, reduce symptom severity, promote a balanced mood, and increase patient independence.</p>","PeriodicalId":75338,"journal":{"name":"World journal of clinical pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7d/a2/WJCP-12-171.PMC10518744.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41175650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal and nutritional care in pediatric neuromuscular disorders.","authors":"Valeria Dipasquale,&nbsp;Rossella Morello,&nbsp;Claudio Romano","doi":"10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.197","DOIUrl":"10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) affect the development and growth of the neuromuscular system in children. The pathology can occur anywhere along the neuromuscular pathway, from the brain to the nerves to the muscle fibers. These diseases have a profound impact on the quality of life not only of children but also of their families. The predominant manifestation in NMDs is hypotonia, which leads to muscle weakness and fatigue, reduced mobility, and decreased physical performance. However, multiple organ systems can be affected, with resulting orthopedic, cardiac, infectious, respiratory, and nutritional problems. Children with NMD present an increased risk for several dietary and feeding difficulties because of their neuromuscular diagnosis, presentation, and severity. These problems include chronic gastrointestinal issues (constipation, dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux, and diarrhea), dysphagia, malnutrition, and body composition alterations. As a result, compared to the overall pediatric population, infants and children with NMD are more likely to be malnourished, ranging from failure to thrive to overweight or obesity. Disease-specific guidelines vary in level of detail and recommendations for dietary management. Overall, nutritional data available are sparse, with the exception of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, and congenital muscular dystrophy. The purpose of this review is to describe the spectrum of nutritional challenges in children with NMD and to summarize the main dietary and gastrointestinal recommendations for each neuromuscular disorder to provide guidance for daily clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":75338,"journal":{"name":"World journal of clinical pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/20/50/WJCP-12-197.PMC10518748.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41123989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and efficacy of intravitreal anti vascular endothelial growth factor for severe posterior retinopathy of prematurity with flat fibrovascular proliferation.","authors":"Puja Maitra,&nbsp;Subramaniam Prema,&nbsp;Venkatapathy Narendran,&nbsp;Parag K Shah","doi":"10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (IVA) injection is known to cause contraction of fibrovascular proliferation (FVP), when present in severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To assess the structural outcomes of IVA injection in the treatment of severe posterior ROP with significant FVP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>It was a retrospective study in which 36 eyes of 18 preterm babies who developed > 4 clock hours of FVP in zone I or posterior zone II, were treated with either intravitreal 0.625 mg bevacizumab or intravitreal 0.2 mg of ranibizumab. Favorable structural outcome included resolution of plus disease and FVP without the development of tractional retinal detachment. Secondary outcome measure included either full retinal maturation at follow-up or development of recurrent disease requiring additional treatment. Adverse outcomes included progression to retinal detachment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean gestational age of the 18 preterm babies was 30 wk (range 27-36), and mean birth weight was 1319 g (range 650-1980 g). Mean post-menstrual age (PMA) at the time of primary treatment was 35.5 wk (range 31-41 wk). All eyes showed regression of plus disease and FVP. 5 eyes of 3 babies showed reactivation of disease and were treated with repeat IVA (<i>n</i> = 2 eyes) or peripheral laser photocoagulation (<i>n</i> = 3 eyes) respectively. 16 out of 36 (44%) reached retinal vascular maturation at final follow up at 5 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was good resolution of severe posterior ROP with FVP with IVA, with retinal maturity of 44% at 5 year follow-up and a reactivation rate of 13.8%. When the IVA injection is given prior to 37 wk PMA, while disease is in phase 2, it is less likely to cause contracture of pre-existing FVP.</p>","PeriodicalId":75338,"journal":{"name":"World journal of clinical pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e2/48/WJCP-12-220.PMC10518743.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41163814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of endolumenal functional lumen imaging probe in investigating paediatric gastrointestinal motility disorders.","authors":"Emily White,&nbsp;Mohamed Mutalib","doi":"10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.162","DOIUrl":"10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Investigating gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders relies on diagnostic tools to assess muscular contractions, peristalsis propagation and the integrity and coordination of various sphincters. Manometries are the gold standard to study the GI motor function but it is increasingly acknowledged that manometries do not provide a complete picture in relation to sphincters competencies and muscle fibrosis. Endolumenal functional lumen imaging probe (EndoFLIP) an emerging technology, uses impedance planimetry to measure hollow organs cross sectional area, distensibility and compliance. It has been successfully used as a complementary tool in the assessment of the upper and lower oesophageal sphincters, oesophageal body, the pylorus and the anal canal. In this article, we aim to review the uses of EndoFLIP as a tool to investigate GI motility disorders with a special focus on paediatric practice. The majority of EndoFLIP studies were conducted in adult patients but the uptake of the technology in paediatrics is increasing. EndoFLIP can provide a useful complementary data to the existing GI motility investigation in both children and adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":75338,"journal":{"name":"World journal of clinical pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f0/68/WJCP-12-162.PMC10518749.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41175539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient hyperphosphatasemia in a toddler with COVID-19 infection: A case report and literature review.","authors":"Pemiga Sukhupanyarak,&nbsp;Voraluck Phatarakijnirund","doi":"10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.237","DOIUrl":"10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Transient hyperphosphatasemia (TH) is a condition characterized by elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the clinical setting with no evidence of bone or liver disease among children under the age of 5. Typically, it will resolve spontaneously in a few months in the majority of cases. TH has been found to be associated with viral infections. Two cases of TH associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in toddlers have been previously reported.</p><p><strong>Case summary: </strong>A previously healthy 2-year-old boy presented with fever and positive real-time polymerase chain reaction for COVID-19. Prior to his illness, the patient had been in close contact with his grandfather, who later developed COVID-19. The physical examination on admission was unremarkable. He remained asymptomatic throughout 7 d of hospitalization. On the 5^th day of his illness, blood tests showed markedly elevated serum ALP (4178 U/L). Results from the simultaneous testing of the remaining liver profiles and metabolic bone panels were normal. Two months after discharge from the hospital, the patient continued to thrive well. The skeletal surveys revealed no significant abnormalities. The serum ALP declined into the normal range adjusted for his age. This evidence is consistent with the diagnosis of TH.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TH can occur in COVID-19-infected toddlers. Serial measurements of ALP levels have been shown to gradually decline into the normal range within a few months. Therefore, being aware of this transient abnormality will help clinicians to avoid additional unnecessary investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":75338,"journal":{"name":"World journal of clinical pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fd/ac/WJCP-12-237.PMC10518746.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41175651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}