Translational sports medicine最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence of Asthma among Norwegian Elite Athletes.","authors":"Helene Støle Melsom, Anders Randa, Jonny Hisdal, Julie Sørbø Stang, Trine Stensrud","doi":"10.1155/2022/3887471","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/3887471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Asthma is a common problem among elite athletes and represents a health risk interfering with the athlete's performance status. This study aimed to evaluate the asthma prevalence among Norwegian summer and winter elite athletes and asthma prevalence across sport categories. We also aimed to examine whether bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), lung function, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FE_NO), and allergy status differed between asthmatic and non-asthmatic elite athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Norwegian athletes qualifying for the Beijing Olympic Summer Games 2008 (<i>n</i> = 80) and the Vancouver Olympic Winter Games 2010 (<i>n</i> = 55) were included. The athletes underwent clinical respiratory examination including lung function measurement, methacholine bronchial challenge for assessment of BHR, FE_NO, and skin prick testing. Asthma was diagnosed based on respiratory symptoms and clinical examination including objective measurements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Asthma was more prevalent among winter athletes (50%) than summer athletes (20%). Thirty-three (52%) endurance athletes, 3 (6%) team sport athletes, and 7 (33%) technical sport athletes had medically diagnosed asthma. Significantly lower lung function (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and higher prevalence of severe BHR (<i>p</i> < 0.001) were found in asthmatic athletes compared with non-asthmatic athletes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Asthma is common among Norwegian elite athletes, with winter and endurance athletes showing the highest prevalence. Asthmatic athletes were characterized by lower lung function and more severe BHR compared with non-asthmatic counterparts. The high prevalence among winter and endurance athletes demonstrates a need for increased attention to prevent and reduce the prevalence of asthma among those athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11022777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42018227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra- and Inter-Rater Reliability of Processing Ultrasound Tissue Characterization Scans in Midportion Achilles Tendinopathy.","authors":"Marc Adriaan Paantjens, Pieter Herman Helmhout, Franciscus Jacobus Gerardus Backx, Meindert Thomas Annechien Willibrord Martens, Joeri Paulus Adrianus van Dongen, Eric Wilhelmus Petrus Bakker","doi":"10.1155/2022/9348298","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/9348298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC) is used to visualize and quantify the Achilles tendon structure. We investigated the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of UTC for quantifying the midportion tendon structure and the area of maximum degeneration (AoMD) in military personnel with midportion Achilles tendinopathy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>UTC scans of 50 patients (16-60 years) were processed twice by rater 1 and once by rater 2. First, the midportion tendon structure was quantified and subsequently the AoMD. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated for echo-types I, II, III, IV, aligned fibrillar structure (echo-types I + II), and disorganized tendon structure (echo-types III + IV).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For midportion tendon structure, all ICC values were excellent for intra-rater reliability (range: 0.97 to 0.99) and inter-rater reliability (range: 0.98 to 0.99). Regarding the AoMD, intra-rater reliability showed excellent ICC values for all echo-types (range: 0.94 to 0.98) except for echo-type II (0.85). Inter-rater reliability showed excellent ICC values for all echo-types (range: 0.92 to 0.98).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Processing of UTC scans is highly reliable in quantifying the midportion Achilles tendon structure and the AoMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11022779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45298971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Isometric and Functionally Based 4-Stage Progressive Loading Program in Achilles Tendinopathy: A 12-Month Pilot Study.","authors":"Thøger Persson Krogh, Thomas Theis Jensen, Merete Nørgaard Madsen, Ulrich Fredberg","doi":"10.1155/2022/6268590","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/6268590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a common musculoskeletal disorder, and its management remains challenging. <i>Hypothesis/Purpose</i>. By conducting a pilot study, we aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and clinical improvement of a new home-based 4-stage rehabilitation program with progressive loading including isometric exercises on a small scale prior to setting up a randomized controlled trial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten recreational athletes with chronic midportion AT were included. The primary outcome was change in VISA-A score after 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months. Secondary outcomes included tenderness on palpation of the tendon and ultrasonographic changes after 6 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Average VISA-A improvements of 26.9 points (<i>P</i>=0.004) and 35.4 points (<i>P</i>=0.006) were observed at 6- and 12-month follow-up, respectively. Tenderness on palpation of the tendon (0-10) was reduced from 5.5 to 2.5 (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Color Doppler ultrasound activity (0-4) was reduced by 50%, from an average of grade 2 to grade 1 (<i>P</i>=0.023). The hypoechoic cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon was reduced from an average of 29.1% to 8.5% (<i>P</i>=0.001). Tendon thickness showed no statistically significant change (<i>P</i>=0.415).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Following the 4-stage rehabilitation program for AT based on isometric training and progressive loading, we observed improvement in both VISA-A score and ultrasonography in a group of athletes who had previously failed to benefit from standard AT rehabilitation. The study was feasible in terms of high adherence to the program and with no observed safety issues. The results of this pilot study support a further assessment of this specific approach for rehabilitation in a future randomized controlled trial.</p>","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11022783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46001754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The health effects of 14 weeks of physical activity in a real-life setting for adults with intellectual disabilities","authors":"Laurits Munk Højberg, E. W. Helge, J. Pingel, J. Wienecke","doi":"10.1101/2022.05.17.22272069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.17.22272069","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) have a reduced physical health compared to the general population, and one of the main contributors is inactivity. Aim: To investigate how 14 weeks of physical activity (PA) in a real-life setting affects cardiovascular fitness, body composition and bone health of adults with ID. Methods: Adults with ID were recruited into a PA-group or a control group (CON). The PA-group participated in 14 weeks of PA. Body composition, cardiovascular fitness and bone health were assessed before and after the intervention. Outcomes & results: Cardiovascular fitness and body composition improved from pre to post within the PA-group: Heart rates (HR) during the last 30 seconds of two increments of a treadmill test, were reduced (3.2 km/h: -4.4 bpm, p<0.05; 4.8 km/h: -7.5 bpm, p<0.001) and fat mass was reduced (-1.02 kg, p<0.05). Between-group differences in favour of the PA-group, were observed in whole body bone mineral density (BMD) (0.024 g/cm2, p<0.05) and in BMD of the left femur neck (0.043 g/cm2, p<0.05). Conclusions & Implications: Fourteen weeks of PA increase cardiovascular fitness, reduced fat mass and improved BMD in the weight-bearing skeleton in the PA-group. Increased and regular PA seems to be a promising tool to promote physical health in adults with ID.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44560460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Hormones and Satellite Cell Regulation in Women.","authors":"Mikkel Oxfeldt, Line Barner Dalgaard, Jean Farup, Mette Hansen","doi":"10.1155/2022/9065923","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/9065923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent years have seen growing scholarly interest in female physiology in general. Moreover, particular attention has been devoted to how concentrations of female sex hormones vary during the menstrual cycle and menopausal transition and how hormonal contraception and hormonal therapy influence skeletal muscle tissue. While much effort has been paid to macro outcomes, such as muscle function or mass, rather less attention has been paid to mechanistic work that may help explain the underlying mechanism through which sex hormones regulate skeletal muscle tissue. Evidence from animal studies shows a strong relationship between the female sex hormone estrogen and satellite cells (SCs), a population of muscle stem cells involved in skeletal muscle regulation. A few human studies investigating this relationship have been published only recently. Thus, the purpose of this study was to bring an updated review on female sex hormones and their role in SC regulation. First, we describe how SCs regulate skeletal muscle maintenance and repair and introduce sex hormone signaling within the muscle. Second, we present evidence from animal studies elucidating how estrogen deficiency and supplementation influence SCs. Third, we present results from investigations from human trials including women whose concentrations of female hormones differ due to menopause, hormone therapy, hormonal contraceptives, and the menstrual cycle. Finally, we discuss research and methodological recommendations for future studies aiming at elucidating the link between female sex hormones and SCs with respect to aging and training.</p>","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11022763/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43718628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS) into Danish.","authors":"Julie Sandell Jacobsen, Rasmus Oestergaard Nielsen, Emma Louise Godfrey","doi":"10.1155/2022/4547350","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/4547350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS) is a self-administrated questionnaire designed to measure adherence to prescribed home-based exercises in a British population. In a Danish context, no reliable and valid questionnaires are available to measure exercise adherence. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the EARS into Danish following international guidelines and to provide insights about construct validity in a Danish population with longstanding hip pain. The EARS was translated and cross-culturally adapted into Danish using a forward-backward method. The understanding and interpretability of the EARS were evaluated with semistructured interviews in 24 patients with longstanding hip pain due to hip dysplasia (22 females; median age 30 (IQR 24-37)). These patients were prescribed home-based exercises. Using Spearman's correlation, construct validity was evaluated by assessing if the Danish version of EARS was correlated with completed exercise sessions and self-reported pain and sport/recreation function. The EARS was translated and cross-culturally adapted into Danish following minor adjustments. The EARS was statistically significantly correlated to completed exercise sessions (<i>p</i>=0.005), self-reported pain (<i>p</i>=0.005), and sport/recreation function (<i>p</i> < 0.03). In patients with longstanding hip pain, the Danish EARS seems suitable to measure adherence to prescribed exercises; however, further evaluation of measurement properties may be needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11022764/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47304778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance Training Interventions for Lower Limb Tendinopathies: A Scoping Review of Resistance Training Reporting Content, Quality, and Scientific Implementation.","authors":"Ian Burton, Aisling McCormack","doi":"10.1155/2022/2561142","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/2561142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objectives of this scoping review were as follows: (1) to describe what exercises and intervention variables are used in resistance training interventions for lower limb tendinopathy,  (2) to assess the completeness of reporting as assessed by the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) and the Toigo and Boutellier framework, and (3) to assess the implementation of scientific resistance training principles. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Library databases. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case series, case reports, and observational studies that reported using resistance exercises for lower limb tendinopathies were considered for inclusion, with 194 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Completeness of the reporting of exercise descriptors and programme variables was assessed by the CERT and the Toigo and Boutellier framework. Reporting of exercise descriptor items from the Toigo and Boutellier framework ranged from 0 to 13, with an average score of 9/13, with only 9 studies achieving a full 13/13. Reporting of items from the CERT ranged from 0 to 18, with an average score of 13/19. No study achieved a full 19/19; however, 8 achieved 18/19. Scoring for resistance training principles ranged from 1 to 10, with only 14 studies achieving 10/10. Eccentric heel-drops were the most common exercise (75 studies), followed by isotonic heel raises (38), and single-leg eccentric decline squats (27). The reporting of exercise descriptors and intervention content was high across studies, with most allowing exercise replication, particularly for Achilles and patellar tendinopathy. However, reporting for some tendinopathies and content items such as adherence was poor, limiting optimal translation to clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11023730/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45964152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shoulder Lesions Do Not Increase Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Glenohumeral Instability: An Exploratory Study.","authors":"Jonathan S Yu, David M Dare, Daniel Edon, Alec L Sinatro, Dylan C Sarver, Scott Rodeo, Joshua S Dines, Christopher L Mendias","doi":"10.1155/2022/4220356","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/4220356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Circulating protein biomarkers have demonstrated utility as a diagnostic tool in predicting musculoskeletal disease severity, but their utility in the evaluation of shoulder lesions associated with shoulder instability is unknown. Thus, the purpose of this exploratory study was to determine whether preoperative biomarkers of cartilage turnover and inflammation are associated with specific shoulder lesions in shoulder instability. Thirty-three patients (29.9 ± 9.4 years of age, 4.5 ± 4.7 dislocations) undergoing surgical treatment for shoulder instability were assessed for the presence or absence of associated shoulder lesions. Biomarkers including cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), C-reactive protein (HS-CRP), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1<i>β</i> (MIP-1b) were collected at the time of surgery. Patients with Hill-Sachs lesions had a 31% increase in COMP plasma levels (<i>p</i>=0.046). No other significant differences were observed for COMP, HS-CRP, IL-8, and MIP-1b with any shoulder lesion including Hill-Sachs lesions, capsular injuries, bony Bankart lesions, and SLAP lesions. In conclusion, inflammatory biomarkers including HS-CRP, IL-8, and MIP-1b were not associated with specific shoulder lesions, while biomarkers of cartilage turnover (COMP) were only elevated in Hill-Sachs lesions. These findings suggest that these biomarkers may have limited utility as prognostic indicators in patients with shoulder instability, though large-scale and longitudinal studies are still necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11022782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48450096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of the Instigator Rule on Fighting in the National Hockey League.","authors":"Cole Morrissette, Forrest L Anderson, Thomas A Fortney, Liana Tedesco, Venkat Boddapati, Hasani Swindell, David Trofa, Charles A Popkin","doi":"10.1155/2022/7024766","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/7024766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fighting is often considered an essential part of professional hockey. Increased ticket sales, a means to self-regulate other dangerous gameplay, and helping teams win are a few of the reasons that fighting advocates provide for retaining fighting in the NHL. However, fighting trends have changed over the past 50 years. Given the recent data on concussions and player safety, an in-depth analysis of fighting is required to understand if fighting has a place in the future of the NHL.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seasonal statistical team data on NHL teams from the 1967 to 2019 seasons were collected and analyzed using publicly available databases. Specific outcome variables of interest related to fighting, penalties, the final team record for a given season, and final standing were recorded. The data were divided into subgroups according to \"era of play\" and before/after the implementation of the instigator rule. The trends in fighting, seasonal outcomes, and other minor penalties were assessed to determine the trends in fighting over the past 50 years, the relationship between fighting and winning, and the impact of the instigator rule.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fights per game decreased significantly after the implementation of the instigator rule (0.71 to 0.51 fights per game, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in fights per game when comparing Stanley Cup champions to nonplayoff teams in either the modern era (0.36 vs. 0.42, <i>p</i> = 0.43) or the expansion era (0.45 vs. 0.51, <i>p</i> = 0.49). Only two Stanley Cup champions (the Flyers 1974-1975 and the Ducks 2006-2007) led the league in fighting. A multivariate regression analysis comparing fights per game and points earned per season divided by the number of games played revealed a statistically significant inverse relationship (coefficient = -0.16, <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our analysis demonstrates that the Instigator rule achieved its intended effect to decrease the number of fights per game. In the current era of professional hockey, there is no compelling evidence that a team with more fights per game will achieve greater seasonal success. These results continue to cast doubt on the belief that fighting is a necessary strategy for winning games at the NHL level.</p>","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11022766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45570152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Exercise Training Intensity on VO₂max in Healthy Adults: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.","authors":"Emmet Crowley, Cormac Powell, Brian P Carson, Robert W Davies","doi":"10.1155/2022/9310710","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/9310710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate systematic reviews and meta-analyses that have examined the effect of exercise training on VO₂max in healthy individuals at different intensities. Five databases were searched: EBSCOhost, MEDLINE/PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Eligibility criteria for selecting reviews included systematic reviews and meta-analyses of healthy adults that examined the effect of lower intensity training (LIT) and/or high intensity training (HIT) on VO₂max. Eleven reviews met the eligibility criteria. All reviews were of moderate-to-very strong methodological quality. The included reviews reported data from 179 primary studies with an average of 23 ± 10 studies per review. All reviews included in this overview showed that exercise training robustly increased VO₂max at all intensities. Three meta-analyses that compared LIT versus HIT protocols on VO₂max reported small/moderate beneficial effects for HIT over LIT; however, the beneficial effects of HIT on VO₂max appear to be moderated by training variables other than intensity (e.g., training impulse, interval length, training volume, and duration) and participants' baseline characteristics (e.g., age and fitness levels). Overall, evidence from this overview suggests that the apparent differences between LIT and HIT protocols on VO₂max were either small, trivial, or inconclusive, with several methodological considerations required to standardise research designs and draw definitive conclusions.</p>","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11022784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41436529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}