ThrombosisPub Date : 2015-01-01Epub Date: 2015-07-29DOI: 10.1155/2015/175357
Ali Shafiq, Hamza Lodhi, Zaheer Ahmed, Ata Bajwa
{"title":"Is the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index Being Routinely Used in Clinical Practice?","authors":"Ali Shafiq, Hamza Lodhi, Zaheer Ahmed, Ata Bajwa","doi":"10.1155/2015/175357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/175357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background. The Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI) score can risk-stratify patients with PE but its widespread use is uncertain. With the PESI, we compared length of hospital stay between low, moderate, and high risk PE patients and determined the number of low risk PE patients who were discharged early. Methods. PE patients admitted to St. Joseph Mercy Oakland Hospital from January 2005 to August 2010 were screened. PESI score stratified acute PE patients into low (<85), moderate (86-105), and high (>105) risk categories and their length of hospital stay was compared. Patients with low risk PE discharged early (≤3 days) were calculated. Results. Among 315 PE patients, 51.7% were at low risk. No significant difference in hospital stay between low (7.11 ± 3 d) and moderate (6.88 ± 2.9 d) risk, p > 0.05, as well as low and high risk (7.28 ± 3.0 d), p > 0.05, was found. 9% of low risk patients were discharged ≤ 3 days. Conclusions. There was no significant difference in length of hospital stay between low and high risk groups and only a small number of low risk patients were discharged from the hospital early suggesting that risk tools like PESI may not have a widespread use. </p>","PeriodicalId":75222,"journal":{"name":"Thrombosis","volume":"2015 ","pages":"175357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4532959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34111163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ThrombosisPub Date : 2014-01-01Epub Date: 2014-02-06DOI: 10.1155/2014/649652
Joseph J Naoum, Nibal R Chamoun, Mitul S Patel, Tiffany K Street, Mazen Haydar, Jean Bismuth, Hosam F El-Sayed, Mark G Davies, Alan B Lumsden, Eric K Peden
{"title":"Elevated heparin-induced antibodies are more common in diabetic patients with vascular disease.","authors":"Joseph J Naoum, Nibal R Chamoun, Mitul S Patel, Tiffany K Street, Mazen Haydar, Jean Bismuth, Hosam F El-Sayed, Mark G Davies, Alan B Lumsden, Eric K Peden","doi":"10.1155/2014/649652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/649652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background. Hypercoagulable disorders can lead to deep vein thrombosis (DVT), arterial thrombosis or embolization, and early or recurrent bypass graft failure. The purpose of this study was to identify whether diabetes increased the likelihood of heparin-induced platelet factor 4 antibodies in at risk vascular patients. Methods. We reviewed clinical data on 300 consecutive patients. A hypercoagulable workup was performed if patients presented with (1) early bypass/graft thrombosis (<30 days), (2) multiple bypass/graft thrombosis, and (3) a history of DVT, pulmonary embolus (PE), or native vessel thrombosis. Relevant clinical variables were analyzed and compared between patients with diabetes (DM) and without diabetes (nDM). Results. 85 patients (47 women; age 53 ± 16 years, range 16-82 years) had one of the defined conditions and underwent a hypercoagulable evaluation. Screening was done in 4.7% of patients with early bypass graft thrombosis, 60% of patients were screened because of multiple bypass or graft thrombosis, and 35.3% had a previous history of DVT, PE, or native vessel thrombosis. Of the 43 patients with DM and 42 nDM evaluated, 59 patients (69%) had an abnormal hypercoagulable profile. An elevated heparin antibody level was present in 30% of DM and 12% of nDM patients (chi-squared test P < 0.04). Additionally, DM was associated with a higher likelihood of arterial complications while nDM was associated with a higher rate of venous adverse events (chi-squared test P < 0.003). Conclusions. Diabetes is associated with a higher likelihood of developing heparin-induced antibodies and an increased combined incidence of arterial complications that include early or multiple bypass/graft thrombosis. This finding may influence the choice of anticoagulation in diabetic patients at risk with vascular disease. </p>","PeriodicalId":75222,"journal":{"name":"Thrombosis","volume":"2014 ","pages":"649652"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2014/649652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32211226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ThrombosisPub Date : 2014-01-01Epub Date: 2014-12-17DOI: 10.1155/2014/302861
Brittany M Gouse, Amelia K Boehme, Dominique J Monlezun, James E Siegler, Alex J George, Katherine Brag, Karen C Albright, T Mark Beasley, Cindy Leissinger, Ramy El Khoury, Sheryl Martin-Schild
{"title":"New Thrombotic Events in Ischemic Stroke Patients with Elevated Factor VIII.","authors":"Brittany M Gouse, Amelia K Boehme, Dominique J Monlezun, James E Siegler, Alex J George, Katherine Brag, Karen C Albright, T Mark Beasley, Cindy Leissinger, Ramy El Khoury, Sheryl Martin-Schild","doi":"10.1155/2014/302861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/302861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background. Heightened levels of Factor VIII (FVIII) have been associated with both arterial and venous thrombosis. While elevated FVIII is common during acute ischemic stroke (AIS), whether elevated FVIII confers an increased risk for recurrent thrombotic events (RTEs) following AIS has not been previously explored. Methods. Consecutive AIS patients who presented to our center between July 2008 and September 2013 and had FVIII measured during admission were identified from our stroke registry. Baseline characteristics and the occurrence of RTE (recurrent or progressive ischemic stroke, DVT/PE, and MI) were compared in patients with and without elevated FVIII levels. Results. Of the 298 patients included, 203 (68.1%) had elevated FVIII levels. Patients with elevated FVIII had higher rates of any in-hospital RTE (18.7% versus 8.4%, P = 0.0218). This association remained after adjustment for baseline stroke severity and etiology (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.01, P = 0.0013). Rates of major disability were also higher in patients who experienced a RTE (17.8% versus 3.2%, P < 0.0001). Conclusion. A significantly higher frequency of in-hospital RTEs occurred in AIS patients with elevated FVIII. The occurrence of such events was associated with higher morbidity. Further study is indicated to evaluate whether FVIII is a candidate biomarker for increased risk of RTEs following AIS. </p>","PeriodicalId":75222,"journal":{"name":"Thrombosis","volume":"2014 ","pages":"302861"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2014/302861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32967530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study of associated genetic variants in Indian subjects reveals the basis of ethnicity related differences in susceptibility to venous thromboembolism.","authors":"Babita Kumari, Swati Srivastava, Tathagat Chatterjee, Rig Vardhan, Tarun Tyagi, Neha Gupta, Anita Sahu, Khem Chandra, Mohammad Zahid Ashraf","doi":"10.1155/2014/182762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/182762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genetic variants linked with the susceptibility of individuals to VTE are well known; however, the studies explaining the ethnicity based difference in susceptibility to VTE are limited. Present study assesses mutations in six candidate genes contributing to the etiology of VTE in Indian subjects. The study comprised 93 VTE patients and 102 healthy controls. A PCR-RFLP based analysis was performed for nine mutations in the following genes associated with VTE: favtor V Leiden (FVL), prothrombin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), fibrinogen-beta, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and methylene tetrahydrofolatereductase (MTHFR). All the subjects were found to be monomorphic for FVL 1691G/A, prothrombin 20210G/A and TFPI -536C/T mutations. The mutation in the MTHFR gene (677C/T) was observed only in patients. Contrarily, higher frequency of mutation in the PAI-1 -844G/A and the fibrinogen-β -455G/A was observed in controls in comparison to the patients. This study suggests that the PAI-1 -844G/A and fibrinogen-β -455G/A could be protective variants against VTE in Indians. While MTHFR 677C/T mutation was found to be associated, in contrast to other populations, the established genetic variants FVL 1691G/A, prothrombin 20210G/A, and TFPI -536C/T may not be associated with VTE in Indians thus revealing the basis of ethnicity related differences in susceptibility of Indians to VTE. </p>","PeriodicalId":75222,"journal":{"name":"Thrombosis","volume":"2014 ","pages":"182762"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2014/182762","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32775716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ThrombosisPub Date : 2014-01-01Epub Date: 2014-12-30DOI: 10.1155/2014/714218
H Asadi, B Yan, R Dowling, S Wong, P Mitchell
{"title":"Advances in medical revascularisation treatments in acute ischemic stroke.","authors":"H Asadi, B Yan, R Dowling, S Wong, P Mitchell","doi":"10.1155/2014/714218","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2014/714218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urgent reperfusion of the ischaemic brain is the aim of stroke treatment and there has been ongoing research to find a drug that can promote vessel recanalisation more completely and with less side effects. In this review article, the major studies which have validated the use and safety of tPA are discussed. The safety and efficacy of other thrombolytic and anticoagulative agents such as tenecteplase, desmoteplase, ancrod, tirofiban, abciximab, eptifibatide, and argatroban are also reviewed. Tenecteplase and desmoteplase are both plasminogen activators with higher fibrin affinity and longer half-life compared to alteplase. They have shown greater reperfusion rates and improved functional outcomes in preliminary studies. Argatroban is a direct thrombin inhibitor used as an adjunct to intravenous tPA and showed higher rates of complete recanalisation in the ARTTS study with further studies which are now ongoing. Adjuvant thrombolysis techniques using transcranial ultrasound are also being investigated and have shown higher rates of complete recanalisation, for example, in the CLOTBUST study. Overall, development in medical therapies for stroke is important due to the ease of administration compared to endovascular treatments, and the new treatments such as tenecteplase, desmoteplase, and adjuvant sonothrombolysis are showing promising results and await further large-scale clinical trials. </p>","PeriodicalId":75222,"journal":{"name":"Thrombosis","volume":"2014 ","pages":"714218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4293866/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32993869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ThrombosisPub Date : 2014-01-01Epub Date: 2014-10-12DOI: 10.1155/2014/306018
Anahita Dua, Jennifer A Heller, Bhavin Patel, Sapan S Desai
{"title":"Variability in the Management of Superficial Venous Thrombophlebitis across Practitioners Based in North America and the Global Community.","authors":"Anahita Dua, Jennifer A Heller, Bhavin Patel, Sapan S Desai","doi":"10.1155/2014/306018","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2014/306018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Introduction. This study aimed to compare management patterns of patients with SVT among healthcare practitioners based in North America versus those in the global community. Methods. A 17-question, multiple choice survey with questions regarding SVT diagnosis and management strategies was provided to practitioners who attended the American Venous Forum (AVF) meeting in 2011. Results. There were 487 practitioners surveyed with 365 classified as North American (US or Canada) and 122 (56 Europe, 25 Asia, 11 South America, and 7 Africa) representing the global community. The key difference seen between the groups was in the initial imaging study used in patients presenting with SVT (P = 0.046) and physicians in the US ordered fewer bilateral duplex ultrasounds and more unilateral duplex ultrasounds (49.6% versus 58.2%, 39.7% versus 34.4%). In the US cohort, phlebologists and vascular surgeons constituted 82% (n = 300) of the specialties surveyed. In the global community, SVT was managed by phlebologists or vascular surgeons 44% (n = 54) of the time. Surgical management was highly variable between groups. Conclusion. There is currently no consensus between or among practitioners in North America or globally as to the surgical management of SVT, duration of follow-up, and anticoagulation parameters. </p>","PeriodicalId":75222,"journal":{"name":"Thrombosis","volume":"2014 ","pages":"306018"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4209791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32793178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ThrombosisPub Date : 2014-01-01Epub Date: 2014-02-11DOI: 10.1155/2014/832752
John Palios, Ioannis Paraskevaidis
{"title":"Thromboembolism Prevention via Transcatheter Left Atrial Appendage Closure with Transeosophageal Echocardiography Guidance.","authors":"John Palios, Ioannis Paraskevaidis","doi":"10.1155/2014/832752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/832752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an independent risk factor for stroke. Anticoagulation therapy has a risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. The use of percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) closure devices is an alternative to anticoagulation therapy. Echocardiography has a leading role in LAA closure procedure in patient selection, during the procedure and during followup. A comprehensive echocardiography study is necessary preprocedural in order to identify all the lobes of the LAA, evaluate the size of the LAA ostium, look for thrombus or spontaneous echo contrast, and evaluate atrial anatomy, including atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale. Echocardiography is used to identify potential cardiac sources of embolism, such as atrial septal aneurysm, mitral valve disease, and aortic debris. During the LAA occlusion procedure transeosophageal echocardiography provides guidance for the transeptal puncture and monitoring during the release of the closure device. Procedure-related complications can be evaluated and acceptable device release criteria such as proper position and seating of the occluder in the LAA, compression, and stability can be assessed. Postprocedural echocardiography is used for followup to assess the closure of the LAA ostium. This overview paper describes the emerging role of LAA occlusion procedure with transeosophageal echocardiography guidance as an alternative to anticoagulation therapy in patients with AF. </p>","PeriodicalId":75222,"journal":{"name":"Thrombosis","volume":"2014 ","pages":"832752"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2014/832752","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32211227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ThrombosisPub Date : 2014-01-01Epub Date: 2014-10-02DOI: 10.1155/2014/753780
Luiz Carlos Porcello Marrone, João Pedro Farina Brunelli, Ricardo Lutzky Saute, Gustavo Henrique Tomasi, Bianca Cecchele Madeira, William Alves Martins, Robson Dupont Rohr, Ana Paula Heck, Luiz Ricardo Botton, Marilia Martins de Castro, Rodrigo Bodanese, Luiz Carlos Bodanese, Antônio Carlos Huf Marrone, Jaderson Costa da Costa
{"title":"Cardioembolic sources in stroke patients in South of Brazil.","authors":"Luiz Carlos Porcello Marrone, João Pedro Farina Brunelli, Ricardo Lutzky Saute, Gustavo Henrique Tomasi, Bianca Cecchele Madeira, William Alves Martins, Robson Dupont Rohr, Ana Paula Heck, Luiz Ricardo Botton, Marilia Martins de Castro, Rodrigo Bodanese, Luiz Carlos Bodanese, Antônio Carlos Huf Marrone, Jaderson Costa da Costa","doi":"10.1155/2014/753780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/753780","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background. Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability in Brazil and around the world. Cardioembolism is responsible for nearly 30% of the origins of ischemic stroke. Methods. We analyzed data of 256 patients with cardioembolic ischemic stroke (according to TOAST classification) who were admitted into the Hospital São Lucas-PUCRS from October 2011 to January 2014. The cardioembolic subtype was divided into six subgroups: arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, septal abnormalities, and intracardiac injuries. The prevalence of the most important cardiovascular risk factors and medications in use for prevention of systemic embolism by the time of hospital admission was analyzed in each patient. Results. Among 256 patients aged 60.2 +/- 6.9 years, 132 males, arrhythmias were the most common cause of cardioembolism corresponding to 50.7%, followed by valvular heart disease (17.5%) and coronary artery disease (16%). Hypertension (61.7%) and dyslipidemia (43.7%) were the most common risk factors. Less than 50% of patients with arrhythmias were using oral anticoagulants. Conclusions. Identifying the prevalence of cardioembolic stroke sources subgroups has become an increasingly important role since the introduction of new oral anticoagulants. In this study, arrhythmias (especially atrial fibrillation) were the main cause of cardioembolism. </p>","PeriodicalId":75222,"journal":{"name":"Thrombosis","volume":"2014 ","pages":"753780"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2014/753780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32775717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ThrombosisPub Date : 2013-11-15DOI: 10.1155/2015/126975
S. Yentz, Oluwatoyosi A. Onwuemene, B. Stein, E. Cull, B. McMahon
{"title":"Clinical Use of Anti-Xa Monitoring in Malignancy-Associated Thrombosis","authors":"S. Yentz, Oluwatoyosi A. Onwuemene, B. Stein, E. Cull, B. McMahon","doi":"10.1155/2015/126975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/126975","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is preferred for malignancy-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE). Many providers monitor LMWH with anti-Xa levels, despite little validation on correspondence with patient outcome. Methods. This is a retrospective, single institution study of anti-Xa measurement in malignancy-associated thrombosis. Cases were identified using the Electronic Data Warehouse, and inclusion was confirmed by two independent reviewers. Malignancy type, thrombotic history, measurement rationale and accuracy, clinical context, and management changes were evaluated. Results. 167 cases met inclusion criteria. There was no clear rationale for anti-Xa testing in 56%. Impaired renal function (10%), documented or suspected recurrent thrombosis despite anticoagulation (9%), and bleeding (6%) were the most common reasons for testing. Incorrect measurement occurred in 44%. Renal impairment was not a significant impetus for testing, as 70% had a GFR > 60. BMI > 30 was present in 40%, and 28% had a BMI < 25. Clinical impact was low, as only 11% of patients had management changes. Conclusions. Provider education in accuracy and rationale for anti-Xa testing is needed. Our study illustrates uncertainty of interpretation and clinical impact of routine anti-Xa testing, as management was affected in few patients. It is not yet clear in which clinical context providers should send anti-Xa levels.","PeriodicalId":75222,"journal":{"name":"Thrombosis","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88599588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ThrombosisPub Date : 2013-01-01Epub Date: 2013-11-04DOI: 10.1155/2013/346752
Tsuyoshi Kaneko, Sary F Aranki
{"title":"Anticoagulation for prosthetic valves.","authors":"Tsuyoshi Kaneko, Sary F Aranki","doi":"10.1155/2013/346752","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2013/346752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Implantation of prosthetic valve requires consideration for anticoagulation. The current guideline recommends warfarin on all mechanical valves. Dabigatran is the new generation anticoagulation medication which is taken orally and does not require frequent monitoring. This drug is approved for treatment for atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism, but the latest large trial showed that this drug increases adverse events when used for mechanical valve anticoagulation. On-X valve is the new generation mechanical valve which is considered to require less anticoagulation due to its flow dynamics. The latest study showed that lower anticoagulation level lowers the incidence of bleeding, while the risk of thromboembolism and thrombosis remained the same. Anticoagulation poses dilemma in cases such as pregnancy and major bleeding event. During pregnancy, warfarin can be continued throughout pregnancy and switched to heparin derivative during 6-12 weeks and >36 weeks of gestation. Warfarin can be safely started after 1-2 weeks of discontinuation following major bleeding episode. </p>","PeriodicalId":75222,"journal":{"name":"Thrombosis","volume":"2013 ","pages":"346752"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2013/346752","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31925464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}