The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society最新文献

{"title":"Time taken to perform a rapid sequence intubation within a simulated prehospital environment.","authors":"C Vincent-Lambert,&nbsp;R Loftus","doi":"10.7196/SAJCC.2019.v35i2.368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/SAJCC.2019.v35i2.368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) involves inducing unconsciousness and paralysis in rapid succession in order to facilitate endotracheal tube placement. RSI has recently been introduced to the scope of practice of South African prehospital emergency care practitioners (ECPs). Despite this, there remains limited evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of RSI within this context. While in-hospital studies have shown that it can take 20 minutes or more to perform an RSI, little is known about the time taken to perform the procedure in the prehospital setting.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To measure the time taken to perform an RSI in a simulated prehospital environment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sample of final-year ECP students were video-recorded performing RSIs on a mannequin within a simulated prehospital environment. Data were gathered through an analysis of the recordings, allowing for the capturing of times taken to complete each of the phases of a RSI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A mean time of 15 minutes 5 seconds was recorded to complete the procedure. This was shorter than times reported for in-hospital studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RSI is a potentially harmful procedure if improperly performed and has the potential to create delays in transport that may not always be in the patient's best interest. With a mean time of 15 minutes 5 seconds, the performance of RSI by ECP students in the simulated prehospital environment was faster than expected. Further research is recommended to explore the relationship between the performances observed in this mannequin-based study with those in authentic prehospital settings.</p><p><strong>Contributions of the study: </strong>This study adds to a currently limited body of knowledge surrounding the performance of out-of-hospital anaesthesia by emergency care practitioners in the African context. The study highlights the fact that while prehospital rapid sequence intubation may be a lifesaving procedure, anaesthetising patients in an uncontrolled prehospital environment is not without risk. An important consideration that needs to be taken into account when making a decision on whether or not to perform the procedure within the prehospital setting is the potential delay this might have on transport time and arrival at the receiving facility.</p>","PeriodicalId":75194,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.7196/SAJCC.2019.v35i2.368","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9705652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-frequency oscillatory ventilation in a tertiary paediatric intensive care unit in an academic hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa.","authors":"S Cawood,&nbsp;B Rae,&nbsp;K D Naidoo","doi":"10.7196/SAJCC.2019.v35i2.396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/SAJCC.2019.v35i2.396","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) remains an option for the management of critically ill children when conventional mechanical ventilation fails. However, its use is not widespread, and there is wide variability reported with respect to how it is used.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe the frequency, indications, settings and outcomes of HFOV use among paediatric patients with a primary respiratory disorder admitted to a tertiary paediatric intensive care unit (PICU).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was a 2-year, single-centre, retrospective chart review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-four (32.7%) patients were managed with HFOV in the PICU during the study period. Thirty-three of the 34 patients had paediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Indications for HFOV were inadequate oxygenation in 17 patients (50%), and refractory respiratory acidosis in 15 patients (44.1%) (2 patients did not fit into either category). Approaches to the setting of HFOV varied considerably, particularly with respect to initial pressure around the airways. HFOV was effective at improving both oxygenation, with a median (interquartile range (IQR)) decrease in oxygenation index of 6.34 (5.0 - 9.5), and ventilation with a the median decrease in PaCO₂ of 67.6 (46.2 - 105.7) mmHg after 24 hours. Overall mortality was 29.4% in the HFOV group, which is consistent with other studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HFOV remains an effective rescue ventilatory strategy, which resulted in rapid and sustained improvement in gas exchange in patients with severe hypoxaemia and/or severe respiratory acidosis, particularly in the absence of extracorporeal support. However, the variability in practice and the adverse effects described highlight the need for future high-quality randomised controlled trials to allow for development of meaningful guidelines to optimise HFOV use.</p><p><strong>Contributions of the study: </strong>This study describes the use and outcomes of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in a South African paediatric intensive care unit, thus addressing a local knowledge gap and providing evidence of the continued efficacy of HFOV for severe hypoxaemia and refractory respiratory acidosis in settings without access to extracorporeal technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":75194,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.7196/SAJCC.2019.v35i2.396","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9388396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability of ultrasonic diaphragm thickness measurement in mechanically ventilated infants and children: A pilot study","authors":"M. Terhart, S. Hanekom, A. Lupton-Smith, B. Morrow","doi":"10.7196/SAJCC.201.V34I1.344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/SAJCC.201.V34I1.344","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Diaphragmatic atrophy in mechanically ventilated infants and children may be due to ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction, which could lead to extubation failure. Ultrasound may be used as a means by which diaphragmatic atrophy can be reliably identified. There are currently no data reporting on the use of ultrasound to monitor diaphragm atrophy in the paediatric population.  Objectives. To assess the inter- and intra-rater reliability of using ultrasound to measure diaphragm thickness in mechanically ventilated infants and children.  Method. Diaphragm thickness measurements were compared between two individual researchers for inter-rater reliability and between multiple measurements from a single researcher for intra-rater reliability. Measurements were compared using Intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland- Altman plots.  Results. Results indicated excellent reliability between measurements for both inter-and intra-rater reliability, with slightly better reliability for intra-rater compared with inter-rater reliability. Intraclass correlation coefficients for inter-rater reliability were between 0.77 and 0.98, and 0.94 for intra-rater reliability.  Conclusion. Ultrasound measurements of diaphragm thickness can be used to reliably measure diaphragm thickness in mechanically ventilated infants and children. This modality could therefore be used as a reliable outcome measure for future clinical research studies to establish the relationship between ventilator-induced diaphragmatic atrophy and children who are at risk for extubation failure.","PeriodicalId":75194,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society","volume":"49 3 1","pages":"52-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87691302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early mobilisation practices of patients in intensive care units in Zimbabwean government hospitals - a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Cathrine Tadyanemhandu, H. V. Aswegen, Ntsiea","doi":"10.7196/SAJCC.2017.V34I1.343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/SAJCC.2017.V34I1.343","url":null,"abstract":"Background\u0000Recent evidence shows that early mobilisation of patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) is feasible, safe and associated with improvement in patients' clinical outcomes. However, its successful implementation is dependent on several factors, which include ICU structure and organisational practices.\u0000\u0000\u0000Objectives\u0000To evaluate the structure and organisational practices of Zimbabwean government hospital ICUs and to describe early mobilisation practices of adult patients in these units.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000A cross-sectional survey was conducted in all government hospitals in Zimbabwe. Data collected included hospital and ICU structure, adult patient demographic data and mobilisation activities performed in the ICU during the 24 hours prior to the day of the survey.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000A total of five quaternary level hospitals were surveyed, with each hospital having one adult ICU. Four of the units were open-type ICUs. The majority of the units (n=3; 60%) reported that they had a permanent physiotherapist who covered their unit, but none of the physiotherapists worked solely in the ICU. The nurse-to-patient ratio across all units was 1:1. None of the units utilised a standardised sedation scoring system or a standardised outcome measure to assess patient mobility status. Only one ICU (20%) had a patient eligibility guideline for early mobilisation in place. Across the ICUs, 40 patients were surveyed. The median (interquartile range) age was 33 (23.3 - 38) years and 24 (60%) were mechanically ventilated. Indications for admission into the ICU included acute respiratory failure (n=12; 30%) and postoperative care (n=10; 25%). Mobilisation activities performed in the previous 24 hours included turning the patient in bed (n=39; 97.5%), sitting over the edge of the bed (n=10; 25%) and walking away from the bedside (n=2; 5%). The main reason listed for treatment performed in bed was patients being sedated and unresponsive (n=13; 32.5%).\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000Out-of-bed mobilisation activities were low and influenced by patient unresponsiveness and sedation, staffing levels and lack of rehabilitation equipment in ICU.","PeriodicalId":75194,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society","volume":"76 1","pages":"46-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83834908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early mobilisation practices of patients in intensive care units in Zimbabwean government hospitals - a cross-sectional study.","authors":"C Tadyanemhandu,&nbsp;H van Aswegen,&nbsp;V Ntsiea","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent evidence shows that early mobilisation of patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) is feasible, safe and associated with improvement in patients' clinical outcomes. However, its successful implementation is dependent on several factors, which include ICU structure and organisational practices.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the structure and organisational practices of Zimbabwean government hospital ICUs and to describe early mobilisation practices of adult patients in these units.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted in all government hospitals in Zimbabwe. Data collected included hospital and ICU structure, adult patient demographic data and mobilisation activities performed in the ICU during the 24 hours prior to the day of the survey.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of five quaternary level hospitals were surveyed, with each hospital having one adult ICU. Four of the units were open-type ICUs. The majority of the units (<i>n</i>=3; 60%) reported that they had a permanent physiotherapist who covered their unit, but none of the physiotherapists worked solely in the ICU. The nurse-to-patient ratio across all units was 1:1. None of the units utilised a standardised sedation scoring system or a standardised outcome measure to assess patient mobility status. Only one ICU (20%) had a patient eligibility guideline for early mobilisation in place. Across the ICUs, 40 patients were surveyed. The median (interquartile range) age was 33 (23.3 - 38) years and 24 (60%) were mechanically ventilated. Indications for admission into the ICU included acute respiratory failure (<i>n</i>=12; 30%) and postoperative care (<i>n</i>=10; 25%). Mobilisation activities performed in the previous 24 hours included turning the patient in bed (<i>n</i>=39; 97.5%), sitting over the edge of the bed (<i>n</i>=10; 25%) and walking away from the bedside (<i>n</i>=2; 5%). The main reason listed for treatment performed in bed was patients being sedated and unresponsive (<i>n</i>=13; 32.5%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Out-of-bed mobilisation activities were low and influenced by patient unresponsiveness and sedation, staffing levels and lack of rehabilitation equipment in ICU.</p>","PeriodicalId":75194,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society","volume":"34 1","pages":"46-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9256537/pdf/nihms-1820411.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40569583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient- and family-centred care practices of emergency nurses in emergency departments in the Durban area, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","authors":"J. Almaze, J. De Beer","doi":"10.7196/317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/317","url":null,"abstract":"Background . Admission of a loved one to an emergency/critical care unit can result in role conflict, high levels of stress, interruption of normal routines and potential changes in relationships among family members (FMs). Other potential stressors that FMs can be exposed to are deterioration in the condition of the patient, an uncertain outcome for the patient, pain and suffering experienced by the patient, the unfamiliar environment, and the large amount of high-tech equipment. An approach to support FMs during this crisis period is patient- and family-centred care (PFCC). Objectives . To describe PFCC practices of emergency nurses in emergency departments (EDs) in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Province, South Africa. Methods . A descriptive survey was done among 44 emergency nurses (enrolled and registered nurses) from four EDs in the Durban area of KZN. The Self-Assessment Inventory Tool was used and adapted for a resource-constrained setting. Results . The majority of emergency nurses (84%) acknowledged the importance of family participation in patient care, 87% reported that FMs were provided with information in a timely manner, and 77% indicated that they had the necessary skills to provide care to FMs. Conclusions . The study showed that the majority of emergency nurses in EDs in the Durban area of KZN provided PFCC. The findings demonstrate that although PFCC is a challenge, nurses in EDs acknowledge the importance of this model of care.","PeriodicalId":75194,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society","volume":"92 1","pages":"59-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79554212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nurses’ knowledge about and attitudes toward organ donation in state and private hospitals in Johannesburg, South Africa","authors":"Kim Crymble, H. Etheredge, J. Fabian, P. Gaylard","doi":"10.7196/322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/322","url":null,"abstract":"Background . Nurses are intricately involved in organ donation; however, the referral of donors appears to be declining in Johannesburg, South Africa (SA). This may be due to barriers in the referral process. Objectives . The objectives of this study were to explore nurses’ knowledge of the organ donation process and to explore personal beliefs and attitudes around organ donation. Methods . A quantitative, self-administered questionnaire was completed by nurses in Johannesburg, SA. Results. A total of 273 nurses participated, of whom most were female and <50 years old. The majority of participants (64.2%) reported positive attitudes, and 63.2% stated that their personal beliefs about organ donation did not influence the advice they gave to patients. However, only 36.8% felt confident referring potential donors and 35.8% felt that referral was within their scope of practice. Most participants (84.5%) felt that it was the doctor’s responsibility to refer donors, but 80.3% noted that they would refer donors themselves if there was a mandatory referral protocol. Only 61% of nurses were aware that there was access to a transplant procurement coordinator through their hospitals; however, there was uncertainty regarding the role of the coordinator. Conclusion . There is an urgent need to clarify the role of nurses in the process of organ donor referral in SA. Although nurses felt positive about organ donation, they expressed uncertainties about referring potential donors. However, if a clear protocol for referral was introduced, the majority of nurses noted that they would willingly follow it. We advocate for the development and implementation of a nationally endorsed protocol for donor referral and for the training of nurses in organ donation in SA.","PeriodicalId":75194,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society","volume":"32 1","pages":"52-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75777586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectrum of microbial growth and antimicrobial usage in an intensive-care unit of a tertiary-care hospital in Trinidad, West Indies","authors":"S. Bidaisee, S. Hariharan, D. Chen","doi":"10.7196/284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/284","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Intensive-care units (ICUs) are a source of multidrug-resistant organisms, owing to the indiscriminate usage of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs. In such settings, one must be aware of the spectrum of microbes and pattern of antibiotic usage. Objectives . To evaluate the spectrum, susceptibility and resistance patterns of microbes found in ICU patients in a tertiary-care teaching hospital in Trinidad, and to quantify antimicrobial usage. Methods . All adult patients (≥15 years of age) admitted to the ICU for ≥48 h who developed nosocomial infections conforming to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria were included. Demographic data and clinical data, including specimens sent, isolates grown, antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance patterns, the usage of antimicrobials and patient outcomes, were recorded. Variables such as age, admission white blood cell count, duration of first antibiotic used, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, organ support and total comorbidities were analysed. Antimicrobial usage was quantified as the defined daily dosage per 1 000 patient-days. Results . A total of 153 patients with 287 microbiological specimens were studied. The mean patient age was 48.4 years, and the mean ICU length of stay was 7.9 days. The most common admitting diagnoses were sepsis and multiple trauma. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate from blood and central venous lines, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from tracheal aspirates and wound swabs. Non-survivors had significantly higher age, leucocyte count and organ support requirements, and shorter lengths of stay. Cefuroxime was the most-used antimicrobial in the unit. Conclusion. The usage pattern of antimicrobials did not correlate with susceptibility in most instances. There is a need to improve antimicrobial usage by implementing antimicrobial-stewardship programmes to establish an  antimicrobial protocol and guidelines for usage in the ICU.","PeriodicalId":75194,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society","volume":"63 1","pages":"39-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84781408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abstracts of scientific presentations at the 2017 Annual National Congress of the Critical Care Society of Southern Africa","authors":"B. Morrow","doi":"10.7196/349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/349","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75194,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society","volume":"20 1","pages":"67-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81717407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the role of the ICU nurse in the antimicrobial stewardship team at a private hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","authors":"J. Rout, P. Brysiewicz","doi":"10.7196/331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/331","url":null,"abstract":"Background . Care of the critically ill patient has become increasingly challenging, with a rising incidence of resistant pathogens resulting in the ineffectiveness of many antibiotics. Severe infection is associated with prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, and increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) aims to prevent resistance and protect patients and the wider community by promoting correct antimicrobial use. The current AMS literature has failed to describe the role of the ICU nurse in this important initiative. Objective . To explore the perceptions of AMS team members regarding the role of the ICU nurse in the AMS team. Methods . Using a qualitative research approach, purposive sampling was used to identify participants in an ICU. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 participants, including ICU shift-leader nurses, nursing management, surgeons, anaesthetists, physicians, microbiologists and pharmacists. Data were analysed and categorised using content analysis. The study was conducted in a general ICU in the private healthcare sector in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Results. Participants representing various disciplines of the AMS team felt that the role of the ICU nurse within the team was an important part of the AMS programme. Four categories that emerged from the data are discussed: organisational, advocacy, clinical and collaborative roles. Conclusion . The role of the ICU nurse was found to be essential to the success of AMS in the ICU. These findings provide implications for practice, which, if recognised and supported by all healthcare stakeholders from ICU and hospital management, could improve AMS in this acute care area.","PeriodicalId":75194,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society","volume":"71 1","pages":"46-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89220826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}