The review of international organizations最新文献_第5页

Empowering to constrain: Procedural checks in international organizations 从授权到制约：国际组织的程序性制约

The review of international organizations Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11558-024-09541-8

Katherine M. Beall

{"title":"Empowering to constrain: Procedural checks in international organizations","authors":"Katherine M. Beall","doi":"10.1007/s11558-024-09541-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-024-09541-8","url":null,"abstract":"Why would weak states accept rules which authorize strong states to take coercive action against them? I argue that, in some cases, this is a way of creating constraints over the exercise power in the form of procedural checks, or rules delineating the process through which power can legitimately be exercised. If stronger states become willing to exercise power against weak states in the absence of rules formally authorizing their behavior, this presents their actions as the new status quo. In response, weak states can attempt to re-establish constraints over the exercise of power by formally sanctioning unwanted actions, but doing so alongside procedural checks. To assess this argument, I examine the addition of a human rights suspension clause to the Lomé Convention, an aid and preferential trade agreement between the European Economic Community and the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) group of states. The ACP states accepted a suspension clause after nearly twenty years of arguing that such a clause was paternalistic and violated the norm of non-interference. Explanations for this decision that point to one-sided dominance of IOs by the strong or straightforward support for policies on the part of the weak cannot account for important dynamics, including continued objections to the practice of suspension by ACP states and the willingness of European states to accept and utilize procedural checks.","PeriodicalId":75182,"journal":{"name":"The review of international organizations","volume":"207 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140622841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Who adjusts? Exchange rate regimes and finance versus labor under IMF programs 谁来调整？国际货币基金组织计划下的汇率制度和金融与劳动

The review of international organizations Pub Date : 2024-04-13 DOI: 10.1007/s11558-024-09540-9

Saliha Metinsoy

引用次数: 0

Public support for withdrawal from international organizations: Experimental evidence from the US 公众对退出国际组织的支持：来自美国的实验证据

The review of international organizations Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1007/s11558-024-09539-2

Inken von Borzyskowski, Felicity Vabulas

{"title":"Public support for withdrawal from international organizations: Experimental evidence from the US","authors":"Inken von Borzyskowski, Felicity Vabulas","doi":"10.1007/s11558-024-09539-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-024-09539-2","url":null,"abstract":"The United States has helped create and lead many international organizations (IOs). Yet in the last six years, the US announced its withdrawal from several IOs including the World Health Organization, UNESCO, and the Universal Postal Union. Do Americans care about US withdrawals from IOs? When do Americans support withdrawing from IOs and support candidates who propose this? We argue that Americans’ support for multilateralism tends to divide along party lines, and that IO withdrawal can activate those preferences. We also argue that framing an IO withdrawal as benefiting US national interests can make Americans more likely to favor IO exit. Data from four US survey experiments during the 2016–2020 Trump administration support these arguments. Democrats tend to oppose IO withdrawals while Republicans tend to support them. Further, results show that IO withdrawal (and how it is framed) affects candidate choice and policy support. This suggests that announcing IO withdrawal can be used to rally domestic electoral support. Still, the data also show that a large proportion of the US public values remaining in IOs, even when IOs are imperfect or challenging. In these cases, we note that sunk cost fallacies, status quo bias, and loss aversion may pose friction points for supporting withdrawal. Our findings have important implications for research on public opinion about international cooperation, backlash against IOs, and their life cycles.","PeriodicalId":75182,"journal":{"name":"The review of international organizations","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140534616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The power of having powerful friends: Evidence from a new dataset of IMF negotiating missions, 1985-2020 拥有强大朋友的力量：来自1985-2020年国际货币基金组织谈判代表团新数据集的证据

The review of international organizations Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s11558-024-09537-4

Lauren L. Ferry, Alexandra O. Zeitz

{"title":"The power of having powerful friends: Evidence from a new dataset of IMF negotiating missions, 1985-2020","authors":"Lauren L. Ferry, Alexandra O. Zeitz","doi":"10.1007/s11558-024-09537-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-024-09537-4","url":null,"abstract":"When countries are confronted with a crisis and have no alternative but to turn to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), speed is of the essence. Why do some countries negotiate IMF loans more quickly than others? We introduce an original dataset on the timing and intensity of negotiations between the borrowing government and IMF staff for more than 700 IMF loans agreed between 1985 and 2020. Applying concepts from this special issue on the “Power of the Weak” (Snidal et al., 2024), we argue that although borrowing countries are in a weak position when they approach the IMF, they nonetheless sometimes achieve more rapid negotiations. In particular, we argue that borrowers can obtain speedier negotiations on the basis of their ties to major IMF shareholder states, specifically through shared membership in other international organizations and financial exposure. Importantly, we suggest that well-placed borrowers can hasten the conclusion of negotiations without compromising on the conditions attached to IMF programs. We use our original data and an illustrative case study of Côte d’Ivoire to support our claims.","PeriodicalId":75182,"journal":{"name":"The review of international organizations","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140197988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The sources of influence in multilateral diplomacy: Replaceability and intergovernmental networks in international organizations 多边外交的影响力来源：国际组织中的可替换性和政府间网络

The review of international organizations Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s11558-024-09536-5

{"title":"The sources of influence in multilateral diplomacy: Replaceability and intergovernmental networks in international organizations","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s11558-024-09536-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-024-09536-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> While international historians and policy practitioners regularly highlight the utility of multilateral diplomacy as a quintessential “strategy of the weak,” International Relations (IR) scholars have generally downplayed the impact of diplomatic choices. The tools within IR theory to assess the impact of diplomacy remain underdeveloped, contributing to an inability to account for a highly proximate source of international influence. This article argues for a theoretical reengagement with the subject of multilateral diplomacy and, using insights from Social Network Analysis, develops a Diplomatic Impact Framework. Building on the novel concept of replaceability, the article contributes theoretically to the literature on diplomacy, as well as on small and middle powers. This framework captures the fundamentally relational character of diplomacy, isolating analytically this form of structural power from the influence conferred by superior material or institutional resources. Drawing extensively on a multinational collection of diplomatic documents and first-hand accounts, this multidisciplinary article probes the plausibility of the framework through a detailed comparative case study of Canada’s diplomatic influence at the United Nations General Assembly throughout two international security crises: the Korean War and the Suez Crisis.","PeriodicalId":75182,"journal":{"name":"The review of international organizations","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140162121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effective climate clubs require ambition, leverage and insulation: Theorizing issue linkage in climate change and trade 有效的气候俱乐部需要雄心、杠杆和绝缘：气候变化与贸易中的问题联系理论化

The review of international organizations Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s11558-024-09535-6

Sam S. Rowan

{"title":"Effective climate clubs require ambition, leverage and insulation: Theorizing issue linkage in climate change and trade","authors":"Sam S. Rowan","doi":"10.1007/s11558-024-09535-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-024-09535-6","url":null,"abstract":"Many proposals advocate linking climate and trade policy to improve climate cooperation. Since climate mitigation is non-excludable, mitigation cannot be enforced through issue-specific reciprocity, but linking mitigation with trade penalties on non-participants could incorporate trade’s enforcement powers into a climate club. However, this perspective has overlooked the relationship between climate policy preferences and existing trade flows. Using a model of issue linkage in climate and trade motivated by findings from the domestic political economy of international trade, I show that the necessary conditions for climate clubs are exacting. Effective climate–trade clubs require members with high levels of climate policy ambition, export leverage over laggards, and insulation from trade retaliation. However, I show that these three attributes do not necessarily co-occur theoretically or empirically. States that support the club’s goals on one dimension may undermine them on another. The findings provide insights into institutional design, climate politics, and the constraints on issue linkage in international cooperation.","PeriodicalId":75182,"journal":{"name":"The review of international organizations","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140162163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

International constitutional advising: Introducing a new dataset 国际宪法咨询：引入新的数据集

The review of international organizations Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11558-024-09530-x

Hanna Lerner, David Futscher Pereira, Nina Schlager

{"title":"International constitutional advising: Introducing a new dataset","authors":"Hanna Lerner, David Futscher Pereira, Nina Schlager","doi":"10.1007/s11558-024-09530-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-024-09530-x","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the first systematic comparative study on the growing involvement of international organizations in national constitution making around the world. Over the past three decades, the emerging field of international constitutional advising has undergone an intense process of institutionalization and professionalization, mirroring the increasing role constitution making is playing in both national and international politics. Despite the vast scope of the phenomenon, the involvement of foreign constitutional advisors in domestic constitution-drafting or constitutional reforms has received little scholarly attention. This article takes the first steps towards addressing this lacuna empirically, by introducing a new dataset on 46 international organizations involved in 730 constitutional advising projects in 145 countries between 1989 and 2017. We classified the organizations based on their type, their headquarters’ location, the countries they target, the kind of advising activities they perform and the level of directness of the advising intervention. While generally, we find a significant correlation between more direct constitutional advising activities and larger relative changes in the quality of democracy and larger numbers of constitutional systems in a country, the article suggests avenues for more nuanced research to better understand constitutional advising’s impact.","PeriodicalId":75182,"journal":{"name":"The review of international organizations","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140032381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The power of the “weak” and international organizations 弱者 "的力量与国际组织

The review of international organizations Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1007/s11558-024-09531-w

Duncan Snidal, Thomas Hale, Emily Jones, Claas Mertens, Karolina Milewicz

{"title":"The power of the “weak” and international organizations","authors":"Duncan Snidal, Thomas Hale, Emily Jones, Claas Mertens, Karolina Milewicz","doi":"10.1007/s11558-024-09531-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-024-09531-w","url":null,"abstract":"By nearly every measure, power in the international system is concentrated, meaning that most states lack significant power resources. And yet international relations theory tends to focus on the behavior of great powers. This special issue instead explores the strategies that “weak” states use in the context of international organizations both to advance their interests and to resist pressure from stronger states. We define weakness as a relative lack of power across one or more dimensions. While the literature, to the extent it has focused on weak actors, has too often defined weakness solely in material terms, we adopt a broader conception that builds on the influential typology of power by Barnett and Duvall (Barnett and Duvall, 2005a, Barnett and Duvall, International Organization 59, 39–75, 2005b). A multidimensional conceptualization of power allows analysts to show how actors that are weak in one dimension (often material power) may be stronger on other dimensions, giving them greater capacity for action than is often recognized. From this framework we create a typology of “strategies of the weak” that emphasizes the agency of weaker actors to make the most of their positions. The contributions to the special issue, summarized here, illuminate and substantiate many of these strategies across a diverse range of international organizations, understood as both forums and actors. As the articles show, these alternative theoretical mechanisms help explain how and why seemingly weak states sometimes fare better than a simplistic assessment of their material capabilities might suggest. By deepening our understanding of weakness and how it influences state behavior, the volume advances our theoretical understanding of how power is built, wielded, and resisted in and through international organization.","PeriodicalId":75182,"journal":{"name":"The review of international organizations","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139994634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Re-contracting intergovernmental organizations: Membership change and the creation of linked intergovernmental organizations 重新签订合同的政府间组织：成员变化和建立联系的政府间组织

The review of international organizations Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1007/s11558-024-09533-8

Andrew Lugg

{"title":"Re-contracting intergovernmental organizations: Membership change and the creation of linked intergovernmental organizations","authors":"Andrew Lugg","doi":"10.1007/s11558-024-09533-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-024-09533-8","url":null,"abstract":"How do intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) evolve? Cooperation through IGOs is difficult to maintain, as membership dynamics change dramatically over time, leading to dissatisfaction with the status quo. This paper argues that IGO members states create new affiliated bodies, which I call linked intergovernmental organizations (LIGOs), to “re-contract” their cooperation. This helps IGOs adapt to changing membership dynamics, including the addition of new members and shifting constellations of power and preference. LIGOs are particularly useful for weak or formerly weak states seeking to alter the institutional status quo. Several features of LIGOs incentivize their creation: (1) they bypass difficult-to-enact reforms at existing IGOs; (2) flexible design features increase the voice of dissatisfied constituencies; and (3) they are politically viable for dissatisfied and status quo members of IGOs. To test my argument, I analyze original data on 1,200 LIGOs created between 1945 and 2012. Multivariate statistical analyses show that LIGOs are created in response to shifting membership environments that create demands for change at existing IGOs. I complement the quantitative analysis with case studies of two significant LIGOs: The International Development Agency (IDA) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). My theory suggests a dramatic rethinking of how international cooperation evolves and has broad implications for global governance in an increasingly multipolar world.","PeriodicalId":75182,"journal":{"name":"The review of international organizations","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139938923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The only living guerrillero in New York: Cuba and the brokerage power of a resilient revisionist state 纽约唯一活着的游击队员：古巴与顽强的修正主义国家的经纪力量

The review of international organizations Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11558-024-09532-9

Rafael Mesquita

引用次数: 0