The arabidopsis book最新文献

{"title":"The Powdery Mildew Disease of Arabidopsis: A Paradigm for the Interaction between Plants and Biotrophic Fungi.","authors":"Cristina Micali,&nbsp;Katharina Göllner,&nbsp;Matt Humphry,&nbsp;Chiara Consonni,&nbsp;Ralph Panstruga","doi":"10.1199/tab.0115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The powdery mildew diseases, caused by fungal species of the Erysiphales, have an important economic impact on a variety of plant species and have driven basic and applied research efforts in the field of phytopathology for many years. Although the first taxonomic reports on the Erysiphales date back to the 1850's, advances into the molecular biology of these fungal species have been hampered by their obligate biotrophic nature and difficulties associated with their cultivation and genetic manipulation in the laboratory. The discovery in the 1990's of a few species of powdery mildew fungi that cause disease on Arabidopsis has opened a new chapter in this research field. The great advantages of working with a model plant species have translated into remarkable progress in our understanding of these complex pathogens and their interaction with the plant host. Herein we summarize advances in the study of Arabidopsis-powdery mildew interactions and discuss their implications for the general field of plant pathology. We provide an overview of the life cycle of the pathogens on Arabidopsis and describe the structural and functional changes that occur during infection in the host and fungus in compatible and incompatible interactions, with special emphasis on defense signaling, resistance pathways, and compatibility factors. Finally, we discuss the future of powdery mildew research in anticipation of the sequencing of multiple powdery mildew genomes. The cumulative body of knowledge on powdery mildews of Arabidopsis provides a valuable tool for the study and understanding of disease associated with many other obligate biotrophic pathogen species.</p>","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":"6 ","pages":"e0115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1199/tab.0115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polar auxin transport and asymmetric auxin distribution.","authors":"Marta Michniewicz, Philip B Brewer, Ji Í Friml","doi":"10.1199/tab.0108","DOIUrl":"10.1199/tab.0108","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":"5 ","pages":"e0108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243298/pdf/tab.0108.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Protein Phosphatases and Protein Kinases of Arabidopsis thaliana.","authors":"Huachun Wang, David Chevalier, Clayton Larue, Sung Ki Cho, John C Walker","doi":"10.1199/tab.0106","DOIUrl":"10.1199/tab.0106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":"5 ","pages":"e0106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243368/pdf/tab.0106.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arabidopsis-insect interactions.","authors":"Remco M P Van Poecke","doi":"10.1199/tab.0107","DOIUrl":"10.1199/tab.0107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":"5 ","pages":"e0107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243410/pdf/tab.0107.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fruit development in Arabidopsis.","authors":"Adrienne H K Roeder,&nbsp;Martin F Yanofsky","doi":"10.1199/tab.0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0075","url":null,"abstract":"Luscious cherries, sweet peaches, creamy avocados, and tropical papayas are just a few of the tasty treats that come to mind when we think of fruit. Indeed, fruit come in all shapes and sizes, from gigantic pumpkins to the tiny fruit of the duckweed Wolffia angusta, which are as small as a grain of salt. Fruit range in texture from soft and fleshy to dry and papery with each design optimized for a different seed dispersal strategy. Fleshy fruit are often sweet, brightly colored, and are generally adapted to be eaten by vertebrates, which carry the seeds to a new location before depositing them in a pile of fertilizer. In contrast, wind, water, and the force generated by the opening of the seedpod commonly distribute the seeds of dry fruit. Of course there are many exceptions, such as the spiked, barbed, dry fruit that snag a ride by adhering to the fur of passing animals. Dry fruit are classified as either dehiscent, in which the walls of the ovary open to release the seeds into the environment, or indehiscent, in which the seeds remain enclosed in the fruit and the fruit is shed from the plant. Many important crops including peas, beans, lentils, soybeans and canola have dehiscent fruit. \u0000 \u0000Both crops with fleshy fruit and with dehiscent fruit are of such importance to agriculture and the human diet that fruit have been the focus of extensive research in recent years. Research on fleshy fruit has focused primarily on tomato and great progress has been made in understanding the genes that control the size and ripening of tomato fruit (for reviews see Giovannoni, 2004; Tanksley, 2004; Adams-Phillips, et al., 2004). Research on dehiscent fruit has focused on Arabidopsis thaliana, which will be the focus of this chapter (for additional reviews see Dinneny and Yanofsky, 2004; Ferrandiz, et al., 1999; Bowman et al., 1999). \u0000 \u0000In this chapter, we will first discuss wild-type fruit development and then turn to the genes and hormones that are known to regulate fruit formation in Arabidopsis. Specifically, we will examine the genes that are involved in specifying the development of the different tissue types within the fruit, the genes that control the formation of axes within the fruit, and the processes that regulate fruit development after fertilization (see Table 1 for a list of genes involved in fruit development). The fruit is arguably the most complex plant organ and its development is just beginning to be understood, making fruit development a ripe field for many years to come. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Table 1. \u0000 \u0000Genes involved in fruit development \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u00001.1 Wild-type Fruit Structure \u0000The fruit is defined as the mature ovary (and, in some types of fruit, additional floral tissues) that forms a specialized structure designed to protect the seeds while they develop and disperse them at maturity. The fruit develops from the gynoecium after fertilization. The gynoecium is the female reproductive structure including the ovary and is usually formed from one or more fus","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":" ","pages":"e0075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1199/tab.0075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Storage reserve mobilisation and seedling establishment in Arabidopsis.","authors":"Steven Penfield,&nbsp;Helen M Pinfield-Wells,&nbsp;Ian A Graham","doi":"10.1199/tab.0100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0100","url":null,"abstract":"During seed development large quantities of carbon, nitrogen and minor nutrients are stored from the mother plant. These will fuel post-germinative seedling establishment until chloroplast and root development are complete and photosynthesis can begin. Around 70% of our food comes from seeds, and much of the rest comes from animals fed on seeds, so seed storage reserves are of central importance to human existence (Bewley and Black, 1994). \u0000 \u0000Carbon storage in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG) is a ubiquitous feature of seed plants, even in cereals that store the majority of their carbon as starch. During Arabidopsis seed development starch accumulates transiently but is eventually converted to TAG, which is stored in organelles known as liposomes, or oil bodies. Cells of the embryo and endosperm are packed full of oil bodies (Figure 1), which comprise up to 45% of the dry weight of the mature Arabidopsis seed (O'Neill et al., 2003). TAG accumulation depends on the action of genes that promote embryo identity and seed dormancy such as LEAFY COTYLE-DON1, FUSCA3 and ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3, and requires the activity of the Apetala2 transcription factor WRINKLED1, which regulates carbon flow through glycolysis in the developing seed (Focks and Benning, 1998; Cernac and Benning, 2004). The close relationship of Arabidopsis to major and emerging oilseed crops makes the study of Arabidopsis fatty acid metabolism especially relevant, and the current state of the art knowledge gained from Arabidopsis underpins modern attempts to engineer plants to produce neutraceutical polyunsaturated fatty acids, to improve oil crops for biodiesel production, and for the provision of oil to replace dwindling and increasingly expensive petrochemical supplies (Thelen and Ohlrogge, 2002; see www.oilcrop.com). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Figure 1. \u0000 \u0000Transmission electron micrographs of imbibed Arabidopsis seeds showing embryo and endosperm cells packed with lipid or oil bodies. Abbreviations: LB, lipid bodies; Nu, nucleus; SPV, storage protein vacuole. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000This chapter will describe the pathways required for the breakdown and mobilisation of seed oil in Arabidopsis. This requires the hydrolysis of TAG by lipases and subsequent s-oxidation of the resultant fatty acids in the peroxisome. This produces acetyl-CoA, which is converted to citrate and then either used for respiration, or through the glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis is converted into soluble sugars to support metabolism and growth (Figure 2). The activity of these pathways is tightly coordinated with the control of seed dormancy and germination. However, in Arabidopsis it has been shown that, in the final stages of seed maturation, seed oil content actually falls, indicating that reserve mobilisation begins prior to germination (Baud et al., 2002). This correlates with the appearance of transcripts for key genes in s-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle (Schmid et al., 2005). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Figure 2. \u0000 \u0000An overview of the major meta","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":" ","pages":"e0100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1199/tab.0100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A molecular portrait of Arabidopsis meiosis.","authors":"Hong Ma","doi":"10.1199/tab.0095","DOIUrl":"10.1199/tab.0095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Unlabelled: </strong>Meiosis is essential for eukaryotic sexual reproduction and important for genetic diversity among individuals. Efforts during the last decade in Arabidopsis have greatly expanded our understanding of the molecular basis of plant meiosis, which has traditionally provided much information about the cytological description of meiosis. Through both forward genetic analysis of mutants with reduced fertility and reverse genetic studies of homologs of known meiotic genes, we now have a basic knowledge about genes important for meiotic recombination and its relationship to pairing and synapsis, critical processes that ensure proper homolog segregation. In addition, several genes affecting meiotic progression, spindle assembly, chromosome separation, and meiotic cytokinesis have also been uncovered and characterized. It is worth noting that Arabidopsis molecular genetic studies are also revealing secrets of meiosis that have not yet been recognized elsewhere among eukaryotes, including gene functions that might be unique to plants and those that are potentially shared with animals and fungi. As we enter the post-genomics era of plant biology, there is no doubt that the next ten years will see an even greater number of discoveries in this important area of plant development and cell biology.</p><p><strong>Abbreviations: </strong>DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DSB, double strand break; DSBR, double strand break repair; SC, synaptonemal complex; TEM, transmission electron microscopy.</p>","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":"4 ","pages":"e0095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243380/pdf/tab.0095.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9566170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochrome signaling mechanism.","authors":"Haiyang Wang, Xing Wang Deng","doi":"10.1199/tab.0074.1","DOIUrl":"10.1199/tab.0074.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243403/pdf/tab.0074.1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Arabidopsis cytoskeletal genome.","authors":"Richard B Meagher, Marcus Fechheimer","doi":"10.1199/tab.0096","DOIUrl":"10.1199/tab.0096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the past decade the first Arabidopsis genes encoding cytoskeletal proteins were identified. A few dozen genes in the actin and tubulin cytoskeletal systems have been characterized thoroughly, including gene families encoding actins, profilins, actin depolymerizing factors, α-tubulins, and β-tubulins. Conventional molecular genetics have shown these family members to be differentially expressed at the temporal and spatial levels with an ancient split separating those genes expressed in vegetative tissues from those expressed in reproductive tissues. A few members of other cytoskeletal gene families have also been partially characterized, including an actin-related protein, annexins, fimbrins, kinesins, myosins, and villins. In the year 2001 the Arabidopsis genome sequence was completed. Based on sequence homology with well-characterized animal, fungal, and protist sequences, we find candidate cytoskeletal genes in the Arabidopsis database: more than 150 actin-binding proteins (ABPs), including monomer binding, capping, cross-linking, attachment, and motor proteins; more than 200 microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs); and, surprisingly, 10 to 40 potential intermediate filament (IF) proteins. Most of these sequences are uncharacterized and were not identified as related to cytoskeletal proteins. Several Arabidopsis ABPs, MAPs, and IF proteins are represented by individual genes and most were represented as as small gene families. However, several classes of cytoskeletal genes including myosin, eEF1α, CLIP, tea1, and kinesin are part of large gene families with 20 to 70 potential gene members each. This treasure trove of data provides an unprecedented opportunity to make rapid advances in understanding the complex plant cytoskeletal proteome. However, the functional analysis of these proposed cytoskeletal proteins and their mutants will require detailed analysis at the cell biological, molecular genetic, and biochemical levels. New approaches will be needed to move more efficiently and rapidly from this mass of DNA sequence to functional studies on cytoskeletal proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":"2 ","pages":"e0096"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243305/pdf/tab.0096.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9569895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary N-assimilation into Amino Acids in Arabidopsis.","authors":"Gloria M Coruzzi","doi":"10.1199/tab.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Citation: Coruzzi G.M. (2003) Primary N-assimilation into Amino Acids in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis Book 2:e0010. doi:10.1199/tab.0010 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000elocation-id: e0010 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Published on: September 30, 2003","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":" ","pages":"e0010"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1199/tab.0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}