The arabidopsis book最新文献

{"title":"Vascular patterning.","authors":"Simon Turner, Leslie E Sieburth","doi":"10.1199/tab.0073","DOIUrl":"10.1199/tab.0073","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":" ","pages":"e0073"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243335/pdf/tab.0073.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genes and proteins for solute transport and sensing.","authors":"Uwe Ludewig, Wolf B Frommer","doi":"10.1199/tab.0092","DOIUrl":"10.1199/tab.0092","url":null,"abstract":"Transport processes are required for nutrient acquisition, translocation in the plant and for compartmentation within the cells. The weed Arabidopsis occurs in many environmentally distinct locations around the world, and a significant proportion of the genome of this small plant encodes membrane proteins, especially transport proteins and putative sensors that cope with these conditions. Many of these proteins are homologous to transporters from other organisms including bacteria, fungi and animals. This chapter provides an overview of the components and mechanisms responsible for solute transport and sensing. Described are the basic principles of transport processes and the transporters of the pump and carrier classes found in Arabidopsis. Transport of the most prominent solutes that are taken up and distributed within the plant such as nitrogenous compounds (ammonium, nitrate, amino acids, peptides) and carbohydrates such as sugars (sucrose, glucose) or sugar alcohols (e.g. mannitol) are discussed in some detail. \u0000 \u0000General characteristics of transport processes \u0000Cellular plasma membranes demark the interface between life and death: they protect the highly structured and organized plant cellular interior, the cytosol, from the hostile external environment. This creates a compartment which permits biochemical reactions to be carried out within a protected domain. Such a barrier, however, aside from its protective role, must at the same time allow passage of nutrients and solutes to allow cellular functions to proceed. Acquisition of ions, transfer of metabolites and excretion of waste products, but also transport of chemoattractants, kayromones (chemicals that convey information about interactions), hormones and substances that help mobilizing nutrients (e.g. protons, organic acids and phytosiderophores), establish homeostasis between the interior and the exterior. Furthermore, the plasma membrane represents the interface to the environment and thus must play a crucial role in relaying information about the external environment. Depending on the position of a cell in the plant, this may either be the soil, or the cell wall space as the interface to adjacent or distant cells of the same or a different organism (e.g. pathogenic or symbiotic bacteria and fungi). \u0000 \u0000The plasma membrane itself is composed of membrane lipids and integral and peripheral proteins (for a detailed discussion see Gennis, 1989). Protein composition within the plasma membrane can vary in wide ranges between 20% and 80% (dry weight). Furthermore membranes may contain carbohydrates in the form of glycolipids or glycoproteins. In the aqueous environment of living cells, the hydrophobic hydrogen-carbon tails of membrane lipids avoid water contact and, although lacking attracting forces, self-assemble and cluster together into an energy minimized state. The polar headgroups orient to the surrounding water on both sides, whereas the hydrophobic tails orient towards each other on ","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":" ","pages":"e0092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1199/tab.0092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The oxylipin pathway in Arabidopsis.","authors":"Robert A Creelman, Rao Mulpuri","doi":"10.1199/tab.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Oxylipins are acyclic or cyclic oxidation products derived from the catabolism of fatty acids which regulate many defense and developmental pathways in plants. The dramatic increase in the volume of publications and reviews on these compounds since 1997 documents the increasing interest in this compound and its role in plants. Research on this topic has solidified our understanding of the chemistry and biosynthetic pathways for oxylipin production. However, more information is still needed on how free fatty acids are produced and the role of beta-oxidation in the biosynthetic pathway for oxylipins. It is also becoming apparent that oxylipin content and composition changes during growth and development and during pathogen or insect attack. Oxylipins such as jasmonic acid (JA) or 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid modulate the expression of numerous genes and influence specific aspects of plant growth, development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Although oxylipins are believed to act alone, several examples were presented to illustrate that JA-induced responses are modulated by the type and the nature of crosstalk with other signaling molecules such as ethylene and salicylic acid. How oxylipins cause changes in gene expression and instigate a physiological response is becoming understood with the isolation of mutations in both positive and negative regulators in the jasmonate signaling pathway and the use of cDNA microarrays.","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":" ","pages":"e0012"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1199/tab.0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions Between Xanthomonas Species and Arabidopsis thaliana.","authors":"C Robin Buell","doi":"10.1199/tab.0031","DOIUrl":"10.1199/tab.0031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Unlabelled: </strong>Arabidopsis has been well studied as a model plant for plant pathogen interactions. While a large portion of the literature has been devoted to interactions between Arabidopsis and Pseudomonas and Peronospora species, a small cadre of researchers have been making inroads on the response of Arabidopsis to Xanthomonas. Differential responses of Arabidopsis accessions to isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris include tolerance, a hypersensitive response, resistance without a hypersensitive response and disease which is characterized by chlorosis and necrosis. Loci that govern the recognition of X. c. campestris have been identified and are the focus of on-going positional cloning efforts. Signaling and other downstream molecules involved in manifestation of resistance to Xanthomonas have been investigated resulting in the identification of many components of the resistance response. Parallel to the characterization of the host response, molecular and genomic efforts focused on the pathogen have the potential to reveal the mechanisms by which this bacterium can invade and colonize host tissues.</p><p><strong>Abbreviations: </strong>colony forming units (CFU), Columbia (Col-0), days post inoculation (dpi), hypersensitive response (HR), Landsberg erecta (Ler), pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (Xcc).</p>","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":" ","pages":"e0031"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243383/pdf/tab.0031.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Arabidopsis to Study Interactions between Parasitic Angiosperms and Their Plant Hosts.","authors":"Y Goldwasser, J H Westwood, J I Yoder","doi":"10.1199/tab.0035","DOIUrl":"10.1199/tab.0035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parasitic plants invade host plants in order to rob them of water, minerals and nutrients. The consequences to the infected hosts can be debilitating and some of the world's most pernicious agricultural weeds are parasitic. Parasitic genera of the Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae directly invade roots of neighboring plants via underground structures called haustoria. The mechanisms by which these parasites identify and associate with host plants present unsurpassed opportunities for studying chemical signaling in plant-plant interactions. Seeds of some parasites require specific host factors for efficient germination, thereby insuring the availability of an appropriate host root prior to germination. A second set of signal molecules is required to induce haustorium development and the beginning of heterotrophy. Later stages in parasitism also require the presence of host factors, although these have not yet been well characterized. Arabidopsis is being used as a model host plant to identify genetic loci associated with stimulating parasite germination, haustorium development, and parasite support. Arabidopsis is also being employed to explore how host plants respond to parasite attack. Current methodologies and recent findings in Arabidopsis - parasitic plant interactions will be discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":" ","pages":"e0035"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243330/pdf/tab.0035.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salt tolerance.","authors":"Liming Xiong, Jian-Kang Zhu","doi":"10.1199/tab.0048","DOIUrl":"10.1199/tab.0048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studying salt stress is an important means to the understanding of plant ion homeostasis and osmo-balance. Salt stress research also benefits agriculture because soil salinity significantly limits plant productivity on agricultural lands. Decades of physiological and molecular studies have generated a large body of literature regarding potential salt tolerance determinants. Recent advances in applying molecular genetic analysis and genomics tools in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana are shading light on the molecular nature of salt tolerance effectors and regulatory pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":" ","pages":"e0048"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243379/pdf/tab.0048.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular and developmental biology of inorganic nitrogen nutrition.","authors":"Nigel M Crawford,&nbsp;Brian G Forde","doi":"10.1199/tab.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Unique among the major mineral nutrients, inorganic N is available to plants in both anionic and cationic forms (NO3− and NH4+, respectively). The relative abundance of these two ions in natural soils is highly variable and to a large degree depends on the relative rates of two microbial processes: mineralisation (the release of NH4+ from organic N) and nitrification (the conversion of NH4+ to NO3−) (Marschner, 1995). In well-aerated soils nitrification is rapid, so that NH4+ concentrations are low and NO3− is the main N source, but in waterlogged or acidic soils nitrification is inhibited and NH4+ accumulates. Most plants (including Arabidopsis) seem to be able to use either form of N, although exceptions to this rule are known (e.g. Kronzucker et al., 1997). \u0000 \u0000Nitrogen's importance in plant biology extends far beyond its role as a nutrient. It is now clear that several different N compounds, including NO3−, NH4+ and some of the products of their assimilation, exert strong regulatory effects on both metabolic and developmental pathways (Redinbaugh and Campbell, 1991; Crawford, 1995; Forde and Clarkson, 1999; Stitt, 1999; Zhang and Forde, 2000; Coruzzi and Bush, 2001; Coruzzi and Zhou, 2001). Both the biochemical and the regulatory aspects of inorganic N nutrition with emphasis on Arabidopsis will be considered in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":" ","pages":"e0011"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1199/tab.0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ArabidopsisChitinases: a Genomic Survey.","authors":"Paul A Passarinho,&nbsp;Sacco C de Vries","doi":"10.1199/tab.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) belong to relatively large gene families subdivided in classes that suggest class-specific functions. They are commonly induced upon the attack of pathogens and by various sources of stress, which led to associating them with plant defense in general. However, it is becoming apparent that most of them display several functions during the plant life cycle, including taking part in developmental processes such as pollination and embryo development. The number of chitinases combined with their multiple functions has been an obstacle to a better understanding of their role in plants. It is therefore important to identify and inventory all chitinase genes of a plant species to be able to dissect their function and understand the relations between the different classes. Complete sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome has made this task feasible and we present here a survey of all putative chitinase-encoding genes accompanied by a detailed analysis of their sequence. Based on their characteristics and on studies on other plant chitinases, we propose an overview of their possible functions as well as modified annotations for some of them.</p>","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":" ","pages":"e0023"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1199/tab.0023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phosphate transport and homeostasis in Arabidopsis.","authors":"Yves Poirier,&nbsp;Marcel Bucher","doi":"10.1199/tab.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for all living organisms. It serves various basic biological functions as a structural element in nucleic acids and phospholipids, in energy metabolism, in the activation of metabolic intermediates, as a component in signal transduction cascades, and the regulation of enzymes. \u0000 \u0000Of the major nutrients, P is the most dilute and the least mobile in soil. High sorbing capacity for P in the soil (e.g. sorbtion to metal oxides), P mineralization (e.g. calcium phosphates such as apatite), and/or fixation of P in organic soil matter (by converting soluble P into organic molecules) result in low availability of this macronutrient for uptake into plants (Marschner, 1995). P is absorbed by plants as orthophosphate (Pi, inorganic phosphate). Pi concentration in the soil solution hardly reaches 10 µM and may even drop to submicromolar levels at the root/soil interface, where Pi uptake by plants and root surface-colonizing microorganisms leads to the generation of a zone of Pi depletion around the root cylinder that is maintained due to slow diffusion of Pi from regions distant to the root surface (Figure 1). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Fig. 1. \u0000 \u0000A transverse section through the tip of a primary root. The dotted line indicates the outer border of the P depletion zone. The arrow indicates the direction of growth. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000In industrialized countries, low P availability in agricultural soils is compensated by a high input of P fertilizer to guarantee high crop productivity and yield. Water run-off, soil erosion and leakage in highly fertilized agricultural soils may cause environmental problems such as eutrophication of lakes and rivers. As forecasted by Tilman et al. (2001), during the next 50 years, which is likely to be the final period of rapid agricultural expansion, demand for food by global population will be a major driver of global environmental change. Conversion of natural ecosystems to agriculture by 2050 will be accompanied by an approximate 2.5-fold increase in nitrogen- and P- driven eutrophication of terrestrial, freshwater, and near-shore marine ecosystems. Modern agricultural soils are almost universally maintained at high fertilization. Selection of new cultivars is usually made under such conditions and will not normally distinguish between plants varying in nutrient efficiency (Stevens and Rick, 1986). To alleviate the forecasted adverse negative effects of agricultural expansion, scientists have started to use classical breeding strategies and biotechnology to improve crop plants, based on the current knowledge and aiming at an improved crop yield with a lower input of fertilizer, thus protecting the environment. \u0000 \u0000In contrast, in many developing tropical countries, subsistence farmers can not buy enough fertilizer due to limited financial capacities or poor infrastructure (Sanchez et al., 1997). As a consequence, P deprivation dramatically limits crop yield and is one of the reasons for poverty and malnutrition. I","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":" ","pages":"e0024"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1199/tab.0024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptional regulation: a genomic overview.","authors":"José Luis Riechmann","doi":"10.1199/tab.0085","DOIUrl":"10.1199/tab.0085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The availability of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence allows a comprehensive analysis of transcriptional regulation in plants using novel genomic approaches and methodologies. Such a genomic view of transcription first necessitates the compilation of lists of elements. Transcription factors are the most numerous of the different types of proteins involved in transcription in eukaryotes, and the Arabidopsis genome codes for more than 1,500 of them, or approximately 6% of its total number of genes. A genome-wide comparison of transcription factors across the three eukaryotic kingdoms reveals the evolutionary generation of diversity in the components of the regulatory machinery of transcription. However, as illustrated by Arabidopsis, transcription in plants follows similar basic principles and logic to those in animals and fungi. A global view and understanding of transcription at a cellular and organismal level requires the characterization of the Arabidopsis transcriptome and promoterome, as well as of the interactome, the localizome, and the phenome of the proteins involved in transcription.</p>","PeriodicalId":74946,"journal":{"name":"The arabidopsis book","volume":" ","pages":"e0085"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243377/pdf/tab.0085.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30434128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}