Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)最新文献_第9页

Extracting the speed of sound in quark-gluon plasma with ultrarelativistic lead-lead collisions at the LHC. 在大型强子对撞机上利用超相对论铅铅对撞提取夸克-胶子等离子体中的声速。

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad4b9b

{"title":"Extracting the speed of sound in quark-gluon plasma with ultrarelativistic lead-lead collisions at the LHC.","authors":"","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ad4b9b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ad4b9b","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions create a strongly interacting state of hot and dense quark-gluon matter that exhibits a remarkable collective flow behavior with minimal viscous dissipation. To gain deeper insights into its intrinsic nature and fundamental degrees of freedom, we determine the speed of sound in an extended volume of quark-gluon plasma using lead-lead (PbPb) collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV. The data were recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 0.607 nb-1. The measurement is performed by studying the multiplicity dependence of the average transverse momentum of charged particles emitted in head-on PbPb collisions. Our findings reveal that the speed of sound in this matter is nearly half the speed of light, with a squared value of0.241±0.002(stat)±0.016(syst)in natural units. The effective medium temperature, estimated using the mean transverse momentum, is219±8(syst)MeV. The measured squared speed of sound at this temperature aligns precisely with predictions from lattice quantum chromodynamic (QCD) calculations. This result provides a stringent constraint on the equation of state of the created medium and direct evidence for a deconfined QCD phase being attained in relativistic nuclear collisions.","PeriodicalId":74666,"journal":{"name":"Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)","volume":"87 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141428423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Symmetry-preserving quadratic Lindbladian and dissipation driven topological transitions in Gaussian states. 高斯态中的对称保全二次林德布拉甸和耗散驱动拓扑转变。

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad44d4

Liang Mao, Fan Yang, Hui Zhai

{"title":"Symmetry-preserving quadratic Lindbladian and dissipation driven topological transitions in Gaussian states.","authors":"Liang Mao, Fan Yang, Hui Zhai","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ad44d4","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6633/ad44d4","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamical evolution of an open quantum system can be governed by the Lindblad equation of the density matrix. In this paper, we propose to characterize the density matrix topology by the topological invariant of its modular Hamiltonian. Since the topological classification of such Hamiltonians depends on their symmetry classes, a primary issue we address is determining the requirement for the Lindbladian operators, under which the modular Hamiltonian can preserve its symmetry class during the dynamical evolution. We solve this problem for the fermionic Gaussian state and for the modular Hamiltonian being a quadratic operator of a set of fermionic operators. When these conditions are satisfied, along with a nontrivial topological classification of the symmetry class of the modular Hamiltonian, a topological transition can occur as time evolves. We present two examples of dissipation-driven topological transitions where the modular Hamiltonian lies in the AIII class withU(1) symmetry and the DIII class withoutU(1) symmetry. By a finite size scaling, we show that this density matrix topology transition occurs at a finite time. We also present the physical signature of this transition.","PeriodicalId":74666,"journal":{"name":"Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)","volume":"87 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141428425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Active many-particle systems and the emergent behavior of dense ant collectives. 活跃的多粒子系统和密集蚂蚁集体的突发行为。

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad49b4

C Anderson, A Fernandez-Nieves

引用次数: 0

Nucleic acid liquids. 核酸液体

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad4662

Gabrielle R Abraham, Aria S Chaderjian, Anna B N Nguyen, Sam Wilken, Omar A Saleh

引用次数: 0

Infrared neuromodulation-a review. 红外线神经调制 - 综述。

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad4729

Michelle Y Sander, Xuedong Zhu

引用次数: 0

Crystal structure and magnetism of actinide oxides: a review. 锕系元素氧化物的晶体结构和磁性：综述。

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad38cb

Binod K Rai, Alex Bretaña, Gregory Morrison, Rosalie Greer, Krzysztof Gofryk, Hans-Conrad Zur Loye

{"title":"Crystal structure and magnetism of actinide oxides: a review.","authors":"Binod K Rai, Alex Bretaña, Gregory Morrison, Rosalie Greer, Krzysztof Gofryk, Hans-Conrad Zur Loye","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ad38cb","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6633/ad38cb","url":null,"abstract":"In actinide systems, the 5felectrons experience a uniquely delicate balance of effects and interactions having similar energy scales, which are often difficult to properly disentangle. This interplay of factors such as the dual nature of 5f-states, strong electronic correlations, and strong spin-orbit coupling results in electronically unusual and intriguing behavior such as multi-k antiferromagnetic ordering, multipolar ordering, Mott-physics, mixed valence configurations, and more. Despite the inherent allure of their exotic properties, the exploratory science of even the more basic, binary systems like the actinide oxides has been limited due to their toxicity, radioactivity, and reactivity. In this article, we provide an overview of the available synthesis techniques for selected binary actinide oxides, including the actinide dioxides, sesquioxides, and a selection of higher oxides. For these oxides, we also review and evaluate the current state of knowledge of their crystal structures and magnetic properties. In many aspects, substantial knowledge gaps exist in the current body of research on actinide oxides related to understanding their electronic ground states. Bridging these gaps is vital for improving not only a fundamental understanding of these systems but also of future nuclear technologies. To this end, we note the experimental techniques and necessary future investigations which may aid in better elucidating the nature of these fascinating systems.","PeriodicalId":74666,"journal":{"name":"Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140320105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Acoustic manipulation of multi-body structures and dynamics. 多体结构和动力学的声学操纵。

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad43f9

Melody X Lim, Bryan VanSaders, Heinrich M Jaeger

{"title":"Acoustic manipulation of multi-body structures and dynamics.","authors":"Melody X Lim, Bryan VanSaders, Heinrich M Jaeger","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ad43f9","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6633/ad43f9","url":null,"abstract":"Sound can exert forces on objects of any material and shape. This has made the contactless manipulation of objects by intense ultrasound a fascinating area of research with wide-ranging applications. While much is understood for acoustic forcing of individual objects, sound-mediated interactions among multiple objects at close range gives rise to a rich set of structures and dynamics that are less explored and have been emerging as a frontier for research. We introduce the basic mechanisms giving rise to sound-mediated interactions among rigid as well as deformable particles, focusing on the regime where the particles' size and spacing are much smaller than the sound wavelength. The interplay of secondary acoustic scattering, Bjerknes forces, and micro-streaming is discussed and the role of particle shape is highlighted. Furthermore, we present recent advances in characterizing non-conservative and non-pairwise additive contributions to the particle interactions, along with instabilities and active fluctuations. These excitations emerge at sufficiently strong sound energy density and can act as an effective temperature in otherwise athermal systems.","PeriodicalId":74666,"journal":{"name":"Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140856161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Learning dynamical models of single and collective cell migration: a review. 学习单细胞和集体细胞迁移的动力学模型：综述。

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad36d2

David B Brückner, Chase P Broedersz

{"title":"Learning dynamical models of single and collective cell migration: a review.","authors":"David B Brückner, Chase P Broedersz","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ad36d2","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6633/ad36d2","url":null,"abstract":"Single and collective cell migration are fundamental processes critical for physiological phenomena ranging from embryonic development and immune response to wound healing and cancer metastasis. To understand cell migration from a physical perspective, a broad variety of models for the underlying physical mechanisms that govern cell motility have been developed. A key challenge in the development of such models is how to connect them to experimental observations, which often exhibit complex stochastic behaviours. In this review, we discuss recent advances in data-driven theoretical approaches that directly connect with experimental data to infer dynamical models of stochastic cell migration. Leveraging advances in nanofabrication, image analysis, and tracking technology, experimental studies now provide unprecedented large datasets on cellular dynamics. In parallel, theoretical efforts have been directed towards integrating such datasets into physical models from the single cell to the tissue scale with the aim of conceptualising the emergent behaviour of cells. We first review how this inference problem has been addressed in both freely migrating and confined cells. Next, we discuss why these dynamics typically take the form of underdamped stochastic equations of motion, and how such equations can be inferred from data. We then review applications of data-driven inference and machine learning approaches to heterogeneity in cell behaviour, subcellular degrees of freedom, and to the collective dynamics of multicellular systems. Across these applications, we emphasise how data-driven methods can be integrated with physical active matter models of migrating cells, and help reveal how underlying molecular mechanisms control cell behaviour. Together, these data-driven approaches are a promising avenue for building physical models of cell migration directly from experimental data, and for providing conceptual links between different length-scales of description.","PeriodicalId":74666,"journal":{"name":"Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140190477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Charge density waves in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. 二维过渡金属二卤化物中的电荷密度波。

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad36d3

Jinwoong Hwang, Wei Ruan, Yi Chen, Shujie Tang, Michael F Crommie, Zhi-Xun Shen, Sung-Kwan Mo

引用次数: 0

The surface force balance: direct measurement of interactions in fluids and soft matter. 表面力平衡：直接测量流体和软物质中的相互作用。

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad2b9b

Hannah J Hayler, Timothy S Groves, Aurora Guerrini, Astrid Southam, Weichao Zheng, Susan Perkin

{"title":"The surface force balance: direct measurement of interactions in fluids and soft matter.","authors":"Hannah J Hayler, Timothy S Groves, Aurora Guerrini, Astrid Southam, Weichao Zheng, Susan Perkin","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ad2b9b","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6633/ad2b9b","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last half-century, direct measurements of surface forces have been instrumental in the exploration of a multitude of phenomena in liquid, soft, and biological matter. Measurements of van der Waals interactions, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, structural forces, depletion forces, and many other effects have checked and challenged theoretical predictions and motivated new models and understanding. The gold-standard instrument for these measurements is thesurface force balance(SFB), orsurface forces apparatus, where interferometry is used to detect the interaction force and distance between two atomically smooth planes, with 0.1 nm resolution, over separations from about 1 µm down to contact. The measured interaction forcevs.distance gives access to the free energy of interaction across the fluid film; a fundamental quantity whose general form and subtle features reveal the underlying molecular and surface interactions and their variation. Motivated by new challenges in emerging fields of research, such as energy storage, biomaterials, non-equilibrium and driven systems, innovations to the apparatus are now clearing the way for new discoveries. It is now possible to measure interaction forces (and free energies) with control of electric field, surface potential, surface chemistry; to measure time-dependent effects; and to determine structurein situ. Here, we provide an overview the operating principles and capabilities of the SFB with particular focus on the recent developments and future possibilities of this remarkable technique.","PeriodicalId":74666,"journal":{"name":"Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139934597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0