M. Castellaro, N. Peralta, María Agustina Tuzinkievicz, Germán Fariz
{"title":"Una Perspectiva Microsecuencial de la Interacción Sociocognitiva en Situaciones de Asimetría de Competencia","authors":"M. Castellaro, N. Peralta, María Agustina Tuzinkievicz, Germán Fariz","doi":"10.7764/psykhe.2021.35645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.2021.35645","url":null,"abstract":"En la literatura socioconstructivista sobre interacción sociocognitiva entre pares predomina un enfoque microanalítico estructural o transversal. Aquí se propone incorporar una perspectiva microsecuencial para analizar la interacción sociocognitiva entre pares, ocurrida en un contexto de asimetría de competencia. Dicha perspectiva se enfoca en la trayectoria de transformaciones y cambios ocurridos evento a evento. El objetivo es identificar microtransiciones regulares entre las unidades cognitivas aportadas por los compañeros/as, en díadas con asimetría de competencia de sexto y séptimo grado que resolvieron una tarea de comprensión de una tabla de frecuencias cruzadas. Participaron 43 díadas (86 sujetos, edad: X=12,29; DE=0,64), de escuelas oficiales de Rosario y zona de influencia (Argentina). La interacción fue codificada a partir de tres grupos de categorías según su función en la tarea: dirigidas a suresolución, a su organización o indirectamente vinculadas. Se realizó un análisis de probabilidades de transición entre todos los códigos. Las transiciones identificadas fueron organizadas según eran: comunes entre ambos/as sujetos o específicas desde uno/a hacia el otro/a; intrasubjetivas o intersubjetivas; activadas o inhibidas. Los resultados indican una fuerte activación de transiciones de carácter intersubjetivo cuando los códigos refieren a afirmaciones dirigidas a resolver la tarea, y esto se observa igualmente desde un sujeto al otro, más allá de la asimetría de competencia entre estos. También se identificaron transiciones dependientes de la asimetría, generalmente activadas o inhibidas a partir de intervenciones del sujeto más competente. El trabajo permite concluir acerca de la relevancia de un enfoque (micro) secuencial de la interacción sociocognitiva, en tanto los resultados aquí reportados no podrían haberse obtenido desde una perspectiva estructural clásica.","PeriodicalId":74611,"journal":{"name":"Psykhe : revista de la Escuela de Psicologia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75160163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"El Rol del Humor en la Praxis de la Psicoterapia: Perspectiva desde el Psicoterapeuta Constructivista Cognitivo","authors":"M. Muñoz, J. Duarte","doi":"10.7764/psykhe.2021.33419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.2021.33419","url":null,"abstract":"El humor en la psicología ha generado abundante literatura, destacando su potencial beneficio en la salud mental. Sin embargo, en Chile existe poca investigación teórico-empírica sobre este fenómeno en la práctica psicoterapéutica. Este artículo se enmarca en el estudio de la utilización del humor por parte de terapeutas constructivistas cognitivos, cuyo objetivo fue identificar, describir y analizar las funciones del humor y sus efectos en el proceso psicoterapéutico con pacientes adultos. Se utilizó metodología cualitativa de tipo descriptiva. La recolección de la información se realizó a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas a 12 terapeutas, siete mujeres y cinco hombres, entre ocho y treinta y nueve años de experiencia clínica en psicoterapia. Para el análisis, se utilizó la Teoría Fundamentada, a través de codificación abierta y axial. Los resultados señalan que no existe una única forma de entender el humor en la psicoterapia, existen condiciones esenciales para el uso del humor en terapia, existen propósitos específicos para su utilización y que su presencia generaría efectos en el terapeuta, el paciente y la relación terapéutica. Se formula una propuesta comprensiva de los procesos y relaciones entre los diferentes elementos resultantes de esta investigación, desde el punto de vista del terapeuta constructivista cognitivo. Se considera el humor como parte constitutiva de los seres humanos y que, bajo condiciones esenciales, puede ser incorporado en la psicoterapia como un mecanismo de cambio en los sistemas de significación de la experiencia del sujeto, lo que permite contribuir al progreso de la disciplina.","PeriodicalId":74611,"journal":{"name":"Psykhe : revista de la Escuela de Psicologia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76000062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carol Murray, Javier Mercado Guerra, Carlos Calderón, Joaquín Bahamondes
{"title":"Mitos de Violación en YouTube: Comentarios en el Caso de Antonia Barra","authors":"Carol Murray, Javier Mercado Guerra, Carlos Calderón, Joaquín Bahamondes","doi":"10.7764/psykhe.2021.43549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.2021.43549","url":null,"abstract":"Las redes sociales forman parte fundamental de la comunicación actual, permitiendo la participación de las personas en la construcción de las noticias mediante la expresión de sus opiniones. Este estudio explora la presencia de los mitos de violación en redes sociales en el caso de denuncia de violación y suicidio de Antonia Barra Parra, joven chilena de 21 años. Se utilizó el análisis temático en el marco de la fenomenología social para analizar comentarios publicados en cuatro videos de noticias, producidos por los canales de televisión abierta chilenos disponibles en la plataforma de YouTube. Se identificaron cuatro temas generales: relativo a ella, relativo a la violación, estereotipos y relativos al suicidio, los tres primeros se refieren a los mitos de violación y el cuarto al suicidio de la víctima. Este estudio evidencia que los mitos de violación descritos en la literatura están presentes en los discursos de la red social, mostrando una fuerte carga misógina y descalificatoria hacia la mujer. Además, emergen mitos de violación particulares, los que se relacionan con estereotipos asociados a la belleza hegemónica y al estatus social de la víctima y del agresor. Los contenidos relativos al suicidio muestran dos temas: comentarios que refuerzan los mitos de violación y comentarios que interpretan el suicidio como un acto que devela la agresión sexual. Los resultados sugieren que las redes sociales son un recurso valioso para estudiar cómo los individuos (re)producen la cultura de la violación en el análisis de casos de violencia sexual.","PeriodicalId":74611,"journal":{"name":"Psykhe : revista de la Escuela de Psicologia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72691911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influencia de la Espiritualidad y Religiosidad sobre la Felicidad en Adultos Mayores","authors":"Emilio Moyano-Díaz, Felipe Saldías-Ortega","doi":"10.7764/psykhe.2021.29435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.2021.29435","url":null,"abstract":"Existe un creciente cuerpo de investigación acerca de cómo la espiritualidad y religiosidad afectan la vida de las personas. Hay modelos para examinarlo en personas con cáncer, depresión o anorexia, siendo menos frecuente su modelación en población general o sana y, particularmente, en adultos mayores (AM). El objetivo del estudio fue identificar si la espiritualidad y la religiosidad predicen la felicidad de los AM. La muestra fue no probabilística, por conveniencia y disponibilidad, mediante el método de bola de nieve. Fueron 206 participantes (170 mujeres, 36 hombres) de Ñuble, una región del centro sur de Chile, de más de 60 años de edad (M = 70 años, DE = 6,86), quienes respondieron un cuestionario que incluyó datos sociodemográficos, la versión colombiana del Cuestionario de Espiritualidad de Parsian y Dunning, la versión española de la Escala de Orientación Religiosa \"Age Universal\" I-E-12 de Allport y Ross y la Escala de Felicidad para Adultos (EFPA) (Moyano-Díaz et al., 2018). Se observa que los AM presentan niveles medios de religiosidad, altos en espiritualidad y correlaciones significativas entre estas. Se prueban 3 modelos a través de regresión lineales con mediación para explicar felicidad, utilizando la religiosidad como variable predictora y la espiritualidad como mediadora. Se concluye que espiritualidad y religiosidad predicen la felicidad en AM, entre otros resultados.","PeriodicalId":74611,"journal":{"name":"Psykhe : revista de la Escuela de Psicologia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83792116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring the Relation Between Metacognition, Gender, and Personality in Colombian University Students","authors":"Antonio P. Gutiérrez de Blume, Diana Montoya","doi":"10.7764/psykhe.2021.30793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.2021.30793","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the relationship between objective and subjective measures of metacognition, personality traits of the Big Five (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness) and gender were examined. A convenience sample of 352 university students completed the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory, the Adjectives to Evaluate Personality instrument, and completed 3 domain-specific tests (vocabulary, probabilities, paper folding) along with confidence in performance judgments for each item on these tests. Through a combination of descriptive statistics, zero-order bivariate correlations, simultaneous multiple regression, and a multivariate analysis of covariance, findings indicate that objective and subjective measures of metacognition are weakly related and that subjective measures of metacognition were more strongly related to personality traits. Conscientiousness and openness were the only personality traits that positively predicted metacognition. Gender affected both subjective and objective measures of metacognition, even after controlling for university type (private, public) and perceptions of academic performance (high, low) such that males were more accurate and less biased in their monitoring than females only in mathematical reasoning and they reported higher awareness of their knowledge and regulation of cognition than their female counterparts. Findings support the need to better understand how personality traits and gender affect self-regulated learning skills like metacognition to improve educational practices.","PeriodicalId":74611,"journal":{"name":"Psykhe : revista de la Escuela de Psicologia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79992966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ASSY-I Screening: A Suicidality Scale for Argentinean Young Students","authors":"Aixa Galarza, Mercedes Fernández Liporace, Claudia Castañeiras, Agustín Freiberg-Hoffmann","doi":"10.7764/psykhe.2021.28249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.2021.28249","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed at deepening into the internal structure's analysis of the Argentinean Scale of Suicidality, Youth version—ASSY-I Screening—. The 6-factor model obtained in a previous exploratory factor study was tested via confirmatory factor analysis, and further compared with an alternative second-order model. The factorial invariance was examined using the self-perceived gender as a splitting variable. The factors' internal consistency was analysed in the whole sample and in two subsamples comprising exclusively men and women. The scores' stability-reliability was examined using a test-retest analysis. The sample was composed of 632 students with ages between 13 and 21 years old (M = 17.88, SD = 2.16; 64.08% women, 35.92% men). Results showed evidence favouring the robustness of the ASSY-I model as well as the likelihood of generalising it across groups in the local population of young students. Findings are discussed regarding further uses of the scale in the professional field.","PeriodicalId":74611,"journal":{"name":"Psykhe : revista de la Escuela de Psicologia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78620682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ľubor Pilárik, Matúš Grežo, Lesby Johanna Lora Carrillo
{"title":"The Role of Framing Effect and Social Value Orientation in Cooperation in Repeated Social Dilemmas","authors":"Ľubor Pilárik, Matúš Grežo, Lesby Johanna Lora Carrillo","doi":"10.7764/psykhe.2020.25227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.2020.25227","url":null,"abstract":"The research in the area of framing effect has thoroughly addressed the question whether individuals cooperate more in negatively framed situations than in positively framed situations. However, so far, the studies brought inconsistent results. In the present study, it is hypothesized that the effect of framing on cooperative behavior depends on person's social value orientation. 79 Slovak university students (19 men, 60 women) divided into five small social groups were presented with a decomposed game to measure their social value orientation. Then, they cooperated in 9 repeated decisions within 2 different social dilemmas about the distribution of the financial resources. After each decision, either negatively or positively framed information was provided about how the groups' financial resources were affected. The results of the semi-robust two-way MANOVA showed that framing effect did not significantly affect cooperation, but social value orientation did. Importantly, social value orientation did not moderate the effect of framing on cooperation. The findings indicate the need for further examination of other possible factors, such as emotions, that may moderate or mediate the effect of framing on cooperation.","PeriodicalId":74611,"journal":{"name":"Psykhe : revista de la Escuela de Psicologia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","volume":"556 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85719286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptación Argentina de Dos Escalas de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional en Adultos Emergentes Universitarios","authors":"Y. Michelini, J. Godoy","doi":"10.7764/psykhe.2020.2258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.2020.2258","url":null,"abstract":"Las dificultades en la regulación de emociones (i.e., desregulación emocional) negativas y positivas subyacen a conductas riesgosas en adultos emergentes universitarios. La Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional (DERS) y la Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación de Emociones Positivas (DERS-P) son instrumentos ampliamente usados para medir desregulación emocional; sin embargo, no poseen versiones en español con propiedades psicométricas consistentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la DERS y DERS-P en adultos emergentes universitarios argentinos. Por medio de un muestreo no probabilístico accidental, se evaluó una muestra de 392 participantes (64,54% mujeres) de 18 a 28 años (M = 21,40, DE = 2,24) de 2 universidades públicas de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios que se realizaron a la estructura factorial original de la DERS y DERS-P mostraron ajustes aceptable y excelente, respectivamente. Para ambas escalas, se observaron valores de consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach y confiabilidad compuesta) satisfactorios. La DERS y la DERS-P presentaron evidencia de validez convergente con estrategias poco adaptativas y divergente con estrategias adaptativas de regulación emocional cognitiva (medidas con el CERQ). Además, presentaron evidencia de validez concurrente con Urgencia Positiva y Urgencia Negativa (medidas con la escala UPPS-P) y con Afecto Positivo y Afecto Negativo (medidos con la PANAS). Extender estos resultados en muestras de estudiantes de distintas carreras universitarias incluyendo la examinación de la confiabilidad test-retest contribuiría a la validación de la DERS y la DERS-P en adultos emergentes universitarios de Argentina.","PeriodicalId":74611,"journal":{"name":"Psykhe : revista de la Escuela de Psicologia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88896051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jorge Pinto, Edgar H Vogel, M. Aylwin, Johanna Kreither
{"title":"ERPs Studies of Short- and Long-Term Habituation in Humans: A Systematic Review","authors":"Jorge Pinto, Edgar H Vogel, M. Aylwin, Johanna Kreither","doi":"10.7764/psykhe.2021.36885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.2021.36885","url":null,"abstract":"Habituation is a type of learning that consists of a decrease in the response to a repetitive stimulus. The traditional view is that habituation comprises two processes: a transitory one called short-term habituation (STH), promoted by stimulus presentations at short intervals, and a more durable one called long-term habituation (LTH), promoted by more spaced repetitions. Due to the importance of time in this distinction and in an attempt to elucidate its underlying mechanisms, several studies have sought to relate habituation to brain activity through the analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs). We performed a systematic review of studies on habituation of ERPs in humans using the PRISMA methodology. A total of 175 articles were evaluated for eligibility and 145 were included. Most of the studies focused on short-term effects, demonstrating habituation in a range of ERP components such as P50, P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3. These studies revealed that STH occurs with intervals ranging from 75 ms to 4 s with an optimal of 500 ms, but it does not with intervals greater than 10 s. There are also some studies showing that the P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3 components exhibit LTH with inter-stimulus intervals between 3 and 10 seconds, but the evidence is yet insufficient to establish a secure conclusion with respect to LTH. We propose that future studies should use a wider range of inter-stimulus intervals with tests of both short-and long-term habituation so that the specific neurophysiological components of each type of habituation could be determined.","PeriodicalId":74611,"journal":{"name":"Psykhe : revista de la Escuela de Psicologia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80668417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Felipe Alfaro, C. San Martín, Mario A. Laborda, Gonzalo Míguez
{"title":"The Effect of Extinction Cues on Response Recovery: A Meta-Analysis","authors":"Felipe Alfaro, C. San Martín, Mario A. Laborda, Gonzalo Míguez","doi":"10.7764/psykhe.2021.38063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.2021.38063","url":null,"abstract":"A cue presented during Pavlovian extinction may help the recovery of the extinction memory, for which is called an extinction cue (EC). Pavlovian conditioning has been useful as a model of different behavior disorders and extinction as a model for their treatment. Extinguished responses may be recovered under different circumstances, akin to a relapse. Hence, it is important to strengthen extinction memory retrieval. There is contradictory evidence of the effectiveness of ECs to this end. There is also little information about the magnitude of response recovery prevention when using ECs. The magnitude of the ECs effect on response recovery was analyzed by a meta-analysis that considered possible sources of variance in the EC effect. The included studies were gathered mainly through scientific database search engines. Selection criteria included experiments that used a Pavlovian extinction and recovery procedure with an EC test. Effect size was calculated for each relevant experiment. Thirty-seven studies were included. These analyses showed that there is a robust effect of an extinction cue in reducing response recovery, d = 0.71, 95% CI [0.58, 0.85]. This effect is higher when a spontaneous recovery procedure is used and when the experiment is done with non-human animals. Interestingly, the type of control group did not affect the effect size. These results are robust under different statistical analyses, although a publication bias was detected.","PeriodicalId":74611,"journal":{"name":"Psykhe : revista de la Escuela de Psicologia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79578194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}