Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics最新文献

{"title":"Magnesium-Based Foams: Fabrication Methods and Properties","authors":"Naveen Kumar,&nbsp;Sugandha Aachhera,&nbsp;Jyoti Kumari,&nbsp;Devendra Prasad,&nbsp;Ajaya Bharti,&nbsp;R. A. Kapgate","doi":"10.1007/s11106-025-00492-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11106-025-00492-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Innovative applications such as lightweight structural and energy-absorbing uses have been found for magnesium-based foams due to their exceptional properties, such as low density, high specific strength, and excellent energy absorption. This review explores the influence of various space holder materials and manufacturing methods on the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties of magnesium-based foams. Key observations indicate that specific energy absorption is improved with certain space holders and manufacturing techniques, while corrosion resistance is significantly enhanced with higher space holder fractions. However, increasing porosity reduces thermal conductivity and peak compressive strength, highlighting the trade-offs in foam design. Comparisons among stir casting, powder metallurgy, and melt foaming methods reveal notable differences in density, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance. Stir casting produces Mg foams with a density of 1.57 g/cc and a porosity of 16.5%, offering moderate mechanical strength (peak compressive stress ~208 MPa) and corrosion resistance. Powder metallurgy yields highly porous foams (up to 84.5%) with lower density (0.28 g/cc) but reduced strength (~30 MPa) and corrosion resistance. Melt foaming balances porosity (44.6%) and strength (56.97 MPa), making it suitable for energy absorption, though corrosion resistance varies with processing conditions. Furthermore, thermal conductivity studies suggest that magnesium foams can be tailored for applications requiring thermal insulation. The results underscore the need for optimized manufacturing techniques and tailored space holder materials to achieve the desired balance of properties. Optimization can be achieved by carefully controlling porosity levels, selecting suitable space holder materials, and fine-tuning processing parameters, such as sintering temperature and infiltration conditions, to balance mechanical strength and thermal insulation. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the current advancements in magnesium foam research and outlines the pathways for developing next-generation magnesium foams for diverse industrial and biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":742,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics","volume":"63 11-12","pages":"640 - 653"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Information on the Annual Report of the Ukrainian Commission of Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamics (2024)","authors":"M. A. Turchanin,&nbsp;K. Ye. Korniyenko,&nbsp;T. Ya. Velikanova","doi":"10.1007/s11106-025-00500-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11106-025-00500-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2024, the Ukrainian Commission on Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamics, an integral component of the Alloy Phase Diagram International Commission (APDIC), comprising 18 representatives from 26 countries, commemorated its thirtieth anniversary. The exchange of scientific information and coordination of activities of the international scientific community, mainly in the field of phase diagrams and thermodynamics, promoting the application of phase diagrams in industry and fundamental science, and dissemination of the methodology of critical evaluation of scientific information in world science are among the priority tasks of the APDIC's activity.— As part of the annual report of the Ukrainian Commission, at the APDIC meeting on May 31, 2024, information was presented on the results of Ukrainian scientists' activities in this field for 2023. It is presented in the form of a table with data on the studied systems and obtained results, and a list of references to published papers. Scientists from the Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials (National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv), Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kyiv), and Donbas State Engineering Academy (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kramatorsk) provided relevant information to the Ukrainian Commission.</p>","PeriodicalId":742,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics","volume":"63 11-12","pages":"742 - 747"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Density, La and Si Content on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties, High-Temperature Oxidation of Sintering Ferritic Stainless Steel","authors":"Shuangfei Yan,&nbsp;Yi Cai,&nbsp;Chen Ou,&nbsp;Jiao Tian,&nbsp;Ziqi Liu,&nbsp;Rongsheng Wang,&nbsp;Jingguang Peng","doi":"10.1007/s11106-025-00494-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11106-025-00494-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are considered a high-efficiency technology for energy conversion. Ferritic stainless steel has become the preferred material for interconnects due to its proper coefficient of thermal expansion, ease of processing, and economy. This study aims to investigate the effects of density, La, and Si content on the mechanical, high-temperature oxidation, and electrical properties of powder metallurgy ferritic stainless steel used for SOFCs interconnects. Ferritic stainless steel water atomized powders with varying contents of La and Si were pressed at 600 and 700 MPa, and then sintered at 1380°C for 3 h in a hydrogen atmosphere. The properties were evaluated in this study through metallographic observations, tensile tests, high-temperature oxidation tests, and area-specific resistance (ASR) measurements. The phases and microstructures were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicate that high density leads to improved oxidation resistance and electrical performance, with higher-density specimens exhibiting better oxidation mass gain and ASR values than lower-density specimens. The addition of La element improves the mechanical properties, antioxidant properties, and electrical properties of the material, and the addition of La element reduces the ASR of the specimen from 44.16 to 31.18 mΩ ∙ cm². The mechanical properties and oxidative mass gain of the specimen with low Si content are better than those of the specimen with high Si content. When the Si content is reduced from 0.7 to 0.1%, the ASR of the specimen decreases from 57.471 to 44.161 mΩ ∙ cm².</p>","PeriodicalId":742,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics","volume":"63 11-12","pages":"670 - 686"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of Si3N4–NbN Composite Powders","authors":"O. M. Myslyvchenko,&nbsp;R. V. Lytvyn,&nbsp;I. A. Polyakov,&nbsp;I. V. Kud,&nbsp;R. M. Mediukh,&nbsp;L. A. Krushynska,&nbsp;O. B. Zgalat-Lozynskyy","doi":"10.1007/s11106-025-00488-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11106-025-00488-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Technology for in situ synthesis of superfine Si₃N₄–NbN composite powders without the need for subsequent milling via solid-state interaction in the Si₃N₄–Nb reaction mixture was developed for the production of nitride ceramics by spark plasma sintering and hot pressing. The regularities of solid-state interaction during vacuum heat treatment of the β-Si₃N₄–27.4 wt.% Nb reaction powder mixture, calculated for the synthesis of higher niobium nitride by the 4Nb + Si₃N₄ = 4NbN + 3Si reaction, were analyzed. The interaction of the mixture components was studied under isothermal holding for 1 h at 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, and 1400°C. Solid-state interaction with Si₃N₄ was found to occur at 1000°C, resulting in the formation of a nitrogen solid solution in niobium (α-Nb). At 1100°C, the formation of lower nitride Nb₂N and lower silicide Nb₅Si₃ was observed. An increase in the temperature to 1200 and 1300°C led to a greater amount of Nb₅Si₃, whereas the amount of Nb₂N hardly changed. At 1400°C, the product contained a mixture of γ-Nb₅Si₃ and NbSi₂ silicides, while the lower nitride was absent. Thermodynamic calculations confirmed that the formation of higher niobium nitrides under these vacuum heat treatment conditions was thermodynamically unfavorable. Based on the established structural and phase regularities of solid-state interaction in the Si₃N₄–Nb mixture, a two-stage synthesis process was developed. This process was implemented in a single cycle consisting of vacuum heat treatment at 1000°C, followed by nitriding at 1200 and 1300°C. Nitriding at 1300°C yielded a powder composed of Si3N4 and a mixture likely containing three higher niobium nitrides of different polymorphic modifications. Using the developed synthesis process, experimental batches of Si₃N₄–20 vol.% NbN and Si₃N₄–10 vol.% NbN composite powders were produced. Analysis of the experimental batches showed that all synthesized powders possessed the required phase composition and were superfine. The particle size of the Si₃N₄–20 vol.% NbN powder ranged from 400 nm to 9 μm and that of the Si₃N₄–10 vol.% NbN powder ranged from 1.5 to 5 μm.</p>","PeriodicalId":742,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics","volume":"63 11-12","pages":"601 - 609"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of the Microstructure and Phase Composition of the Al–15 wt.% Fe Powder Alloy During Its Consolidation","authors":"S. Yu. Teslia,&nbsp;A. M. Stepanchuk","doi":"10.1007/s11106-025-00491-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11106-025-00491-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evolution of the microstructure and phase composition of the Al–15 wt.% Fe powder alloy during pressing and sintering was studied. The structure of the starting powders, produced by melt atomization, was found to be multiphase and consisted of a solid-solution α-Al matrix and Al₆Fe and Al₁₃Fe₄ intermetallic compounds. The presence of the metastable Al₆Fe phase was attributed to the high cooling rates in the powder production by melt atomization. The sintering of green compacts prepared from the alloy powders involved negative shrinkage, which increased with higher sintering temperature, holding time, and compaction pressure for the starting samples. A potential cause of this phenomenon is the transformation of the metastable Al₆Fe phase into Al₁₃Fe₄, having a greater specific volume. Under solid-state sintering conditions at 500–600°C, the structure of the compacted samples remained fine-grained and included both the metastable Al₆Fe and stable Al₁₃Fe₄ phases. This promoted favorable conditions for achieving enhanced mechanical properties through the precipitation strengthening effect. In contrast, sintering at 800°C, accompanied by the formation of a liquid phase, led to recrystallization and formation of predominantly coarse Al₁₃Fe₄ crystals. This microstructural evolution diminished the strengthening effect provided by fine intermetallic phases. It was demonstrated that a sintering temperature of 600°C was optimal for retaining the metastable Al₆Fe phase in the alloy structure, allowing its transformation to be avoided and ensuring a controlled level of shrinkage during consolidation. The results may be useful for optimizing the technology for producing Al–Fe-based components with improved mechanical properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":742,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics","volume":"63 11-12","pages":"630 - 639"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Cold Rolling Deformation on the Microstructure and Mechanical Characteristics of Spray-Formed Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy","authors":"D. Saritha","doi":"10.1007/s11106-025-00490-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11106-025-00490-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effect of cold rolling deformation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the spray- formed and extruded Al–9.8Zn–2.3Mg–1.7Cu alloy is investigated using various analysis methods, including electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), tensile testing, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two test schemes (heat treatment and deformation) were developed. According to the first scheme (SCA, solution treatment + cold rolling + aging), the material was treated at 480°C for 90 min, then quenched with water at room temperature, after which it was subjected to 10% cold rolling deformation and aged at 120°C for 24 h. The second scheme (SA, solution treatment + aging) involved treating the samples with a solution and aging at the same parameters as in the first group. The outcomes specified that compared to the solution-aging treated samples, the percentage of sub-grain in the cold rolling deformation treated samples increased from 33% to 66%. At the same time, the typical grain size reduced from 4.67 μm to 4.37 μm. The precipitate are more dispersed in the cold rolling deformation-treated samples. The dispersed deposits restrict the dislocation movement and promote the consistency of dislocation dispersal. Furthermore, the mechanical characteristics of the alloy are significantly boosted by the cold rolling deformation. Compared to the solution and aging procedure, the cold rolling deformation increases the tensile strength, yield strength, and sample elongation to new highs, from 655 MPa, 617 MPa, and 12.8% to 709 MPa, 683 MPa, and 13.2%, respectively. Fine-grain, precipitation, and dislocation strengthening are the primary strengthening mechanisms in the alloy.</p>","PeriodicalId":742,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics","volume":"63 11-12","pages":"619 - 629"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aluminum-Based Amorphous Alloys and Composites Synthesized Via Powder Metallurgy Route: A Review","authors":"Ashutosh Sahu,&nbsp;N. Janardhan,&nbsp;Kiran Kumar Amireddy,&nbsp;Venkata Sushma Chinta,&nbsp;Lokeswar Patnaik,&nbsp;Lavish K. Singh","doi":"10.1007/s11106-025-00493-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11106-025-00493-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aluminum-based amorphous alloys and composites, which have tensile and compressive strengths approximately two to three times higher than those of crystalline Al alloys and composites, are very attractive for various potential industrial applications. However, the good glass formers in Al-based alloy systems are usually found away from the eutectic points in the phase diagram and thus exhibit poor glass-forming ability. Consequently, the glass-forming compositions require cooling rates of 10⁴–10⁶ K/s for synthesis via rapid quenching techniques, leading to dimensional restrictions in the micrometre to millimetre range. Synthesizing glassy powders and then consolidating them in the powder metallurgy (PM) route can improve the dimensions of these materials. Many researchers have made efforts to fabricate high-dimensional Al-based metallic glasses and composites with improved mechanical properties by using different PM routes. These research efforts require further review to enhance the development of Al-based glassy alloy systems for various potential applications. Researchers working on the development of high-specific-strength materials would benefit from such reviews. This review paper provides an in-depth examination of different techniques for fabricating Al-based metallic glasses and composites, their crystallization behavior, and mechanical properties. Suggestions for future research are provided to further enhance these materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":742,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics","volume":"63 11-12","pages":"654 - 669"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Copper–Iron Powder Material Under Thermomechanical Treatment","authors":"K. O. Gogaev,&nbsp;V. S. Voropaev,&nbsp;Y. O. Fedoran,&nbsp;Ya. I. Yevych,&nbsp;M. V. Minakov,&nbsp;M. I. Danylenko","doi":"10.1007/s11106-025-00489-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11106-025-00489-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The feasibility of producing composite powder ribbons in the Cu–Fe system by rolling was examined. Conventional techniques for producing Cu–Fe materials involve the melting of a copper– iron charge. Tehrefore, Cu–Fe composites commonly exhibit relatively low electrical conductivity under the combined effect of the high solubility of iron in copper at elevated temperatures and the slow diffusion kinetics of iron at lower temperatures. Powder metallurgy methods are an alternative to conventional techniques for producing copper–iron composites. They enable the synthesis of materials with the required chemical composition without reaching sintering temperatures that lead to a liquid phase, which prevents the formation of solid solutions in the Cu–Fe system. The influence of rolling parameters and subsequent densifying deformation on the properties of the powder materials was analyzed. Thermomechanical processing parameters were proposed to provide an optimal combination of mechanical properties in the rolled composite products. The mechanical properties of Cu–Fe powder sheet material produced by powder metallurgy were determined not only by the ratio of components but also by the content of oxide impurities in the starting powders. The reduction in the ductility of the rolled ribbons with increasing rolling strain was found to be associated with the accumulation of deformation-induced defects within iron particles and at the copper–iron interface. To mitigate the negative impact on the conductivity of solid solutions near interparticle contacts, the sintering and annealing temperatures for Cu–Fe composite ribbons should be maintained within the range 600–850°C.</p>","PeriodicalId":742,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics","volume":"63 11-12","pages":"610 - 618"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Approaches for Producing Nanocrystalline and Fine-Grained ZrO2-Based Powders (Review) II. Wet Chemistry Methods: Hydrothermal, Solvothermal, and Supercritical Water Synthesis","authors":"O. V. Dudnik,&nbsp;S. M. Lakiza,&nbsp;I. O. Marek,&nbsp;V. P. Red’ko,&nbsp;A. O. Makudera,&nbsp;O. K. Ruban","doi":"10.1007/s11106-025-00483-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11106-025-00483-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The third part of the review describes wet chemistry methods that involve the application of pressure to the starting solutions. The synthesis of nanocrystalline powders from both unstabilized ZrO₂ and ZrO₂-based systems is discussed. The influence of acidic and alkaline environments on powder morphology is examined. Crystallization under hydrothermal conditions promotes the formation of hierarchical m-ZrO₂ nanorods. The properties of m-ZrO₂ powders produced by the reflux method and by hydrothermal synthesis in acidic and alkaline environments are compared. Hydrothermal homogeneous precipitation in the presence of urea is considered. Microwave heating is identified as an effective approach to increase the crystallinity of hydrothermally synthesized powders and to shorten the reaction time. The process of depositing ZrO₂ coatings on ZrB₂ powders and the hydrothermal corrosion method are described. In the solvothermal (glycothermal) method, organic compounds are used. The advantages of this method include the production of high-purity monodisperse powders. Spherical or rounded particles, nanorods, interconnected nanorods, and nanosheets are synthesized using this approach. Hydrothermal synthesis in supercritical conditions utilizes the properties of water at its critical point (374°C and 22.1 MPa), which facilitates uniform nucleation of primary nanoparticles. The particle morphology and size distribution are found to be influenced by parameters such as reaction temperature, pressure, time, precursor concentration, and pH. The powders synthesized with the methods reviewed are employed in the design of humidity and gas sensors, photocatalysts, functional materials for optical and medical applications, solid oxide fuel cells, thermal barrier coatings, and materials for the automotive industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":742,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics","volume":"63 9-10","pages":"532 - 548"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Structure and Properties of IV–VI Group Transition Metal Carbonitride Films and Coatings (Review)","authors":"A. A. Onoprienko","doi":"10.1007/s11106-025-00482-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11106-025-00482-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Films/coatings of IV–VI group transition metal carbonitrides (TMCNs) were the subject of examination due to prominent properties characteristic of corresponding binary transition metal carbides and nitrides. The papers reviewed below concern the experimental and theoretical study of the structure, chemical bonding, mechanical (hardness, elastic modulus, wear resistance, tribology) and optical properties, thermal stability, and resistance to oxidation of transition metal carbonitrides in dependence on the deposition methods and conditions, composition, and thermal treatment. It has been shown that TMCN films can exist in two forms: as a solid solution with C and N atoms occupying the interstitial sites, and as a nanocomposite consisting of nanocrystalline TMCN phase embedded into an amorphous a-C or a-CN matrix. The first-principle calculations showed that the valence electron concentration (VEC), defined as the number of valence electrons per formula unit, is a significant indicator of the structural, thermodynamic and mechanical properties of TM carbonitrides. The overall results indicate a narrow region between VEC = 9 and 10, with TMCNs being ductile but demonstrating high hardness, mechanical, and thermal stability. As such, they are expected to exhibit the highest toughness. Experimental study confirmed the theoretical predictions and showed that the TMCN films/coatings exhibit rather high mechanical properties and low coefficients of friction, retain their structure upon annealing, and show high oxidation resistance. So, the films/coatings of IV–VI transition metal carbonitrides are promising materials for various technology applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":742,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics","volume":"63 9-10","pages":"506 - 531"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}