Timothy F. Brady, Maria M. Robinson, Jamal R. Williams
{"title":"Noisy and hierarchical visual memory across timescales","authors":"Timothy F. Brady, Maria M. Robinson, Jamal R. Williams","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00276-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00276-2","url":null,"abstract":"Both in everyday life and in memory research, people tend to think that items are ‘held’ in mind, in the same way that a real-world object can be held in one’s hand. Inspired by this metaphor, traditional work on visual working memory and visual long-term memory focuses on understanding how many objects are remembered or forgotten, or held or lost, in particular circumstances. By contrast, newer computational and empirical work on visual memory focuses on the role of noise in memory representations — in which memories are thought to vary continually in ‘strength’ or ‘precision’ — as well as the role of the visual hierarchy and priors in structuring memory. In this Review, we merge these contemporary theories and evidence. We describe how fundamentally noisy memory representations are instantiated at different levels of the visual hierarchy and support both visual working memory and long-term memory. We also discuss how thinking of memory in this way can direct further research and illuminate the nature of cognitive function more broadly. Visual memory has traditionally been thought of as all-or-none, with items remembered perfectly or completely forgotten. In this Review, Brady and colleagues synthesize work that indicates that visual memory representations in working memory and long-term memory are not all-or-none but are instead noisy and hierarchical.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"3 3","pages":"147-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jes L. Matsick, Jude T. Sullivan, Emerson Todd, Mary Kruk, Jonathan E. Cook
{"title":"A social ecological approach to belonging in LGBTQ+ people","authors":"Jes L. Matsick, Jude T. Sullivan, Emerson Todd, Mary Kruk, Jonathan E. Cook","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00280-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00280-6","url":null,"abstract":"People who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer and other people who are sexual and gender minorities (denoted by the umbrella term LGBTQ+) experience more physical and mental health problems than cisgender or heterosexual people, in part due to excess stress of experiencing stigma. Although it is important to document negative events in the lives of LGBTQ+ people, it is also necessary to identify conditions that provide LGBTQ+ people with the opportunity to thrive. One key psychological factor that can promote prosperity and lessen the disparate health problems for LGBTQ+ people is a sense of belonging. In this Review, we summarize factors identified in the psychological science, public health and public policy literatures that influence belonging for LGBTQ+ people. We use a social ecological model to describe factors that enhance and detract from belonging at the individual, interpersonal, community and societal levels. Our multi-pronged approach encourages the flourishing of LGBTQ+ people as individuals while addressing structural forces that shape their psychosocial well-being. This Review is a resource for researchers, health practitioners and policymakers who seek to understand diverse factors of belonging based on sexual orientation and gender diversity. A sense of belonging can provide LGBTQ+ people with the opportunity to thrive and promote psychological well-being. In this Review, Matsick et al. summarize factors that influence belonging based on sexual orientation and gender diversity using a multi-pronged approach.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"3 3","pages":"181-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From the lab to a career in behavioural science","authors":"Teresa Schubert","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00286-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00286-0","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing individuals with doctoral degrees in psychology who pursued non-academic careers. We spoke with David Thomson about his journey from postdoctoral fellow to vice president of strategy at a management consulting firm.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"3 3","pages":"142-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139771025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Factors that amplify and attenuate egocentric mentalizing","authors":"Andrew R. Todd, Diana I. Tamir","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00277-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00277-1","url":null,"abstract":"Egocentrism is a hallmark of human mentalizing endeavours. People frequently use their own minds as a point of departure when generating inferences about the minds of others. Although this starting point is rarely the end point, self-referential information often persists in biasing social inferences. In this Review, we describe models that can account for egocentric mentalizing in adults. We then identify factors that amplify and attenuate egocentrism in reasoning about the content of other minds. Specifically, we consider features of mentalizing targets that determine the extent to which they are socially proximal versus distant and, therefore, the extent to which they activate self-information; features of mentalizers that influence their ability or motivation to override an egocentric default; and features that can be deliberately modified to attenuate egocentrism during mentalizing. Finally, we conclude with several open questions that point to promising directions for future research in this area. People frequently use their own minds as a point of departure when generating inferences about the minds of others, and such self-referential information often persists in biasing social inferences. In this Review, Todd and Tamir discuss features that amplify and attenuate egocentrism during mentalizing.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"3 3","pages":"164-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139578291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From the lab to a career in data science","authors":"Teresa Schubert","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00275-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00275-9","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing individuals with doctoral degrees in psychology who pursued non-academic careers. We spoke with Christiane Ahlheim about her journey from a postdoctoral research associate to a data scientist.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"3 2","pages":"67-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139578764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kathryn E. Lewandowski, Amy E. Pinkham, Tamsyn E. Van Rheenen
{"title":"Social cognition across the schizophrenia–bipolar disorder spectrum","authors":"Kathryn E. Lewandowski, Amy E. Pinkham, Tamsyn E. Van Rheenen","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00269-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00269-7","url":null,"abstract":"Impaired social cognition is a key symptom dimension in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and — to a lesser extent — in bipolar disorder, and is highly predictive of poor community functioning. However, careful characterization of social cognitive domains (including emotion processing, mentalizing, social perception and/or knowledge, and attributional style) is lacking, which hampers transdiagnostic comparison, obscures areas requiring further research and development, and limits development of targeted interventions. In this Review, we first describe the evidence for impaired social cognition on the schizophrenia–bipolar spectrum across social cognitive domains and illness phases. Next, we discuss the links between impairments in specific social cognitive domains (particularly mentalizing and emotion processing) and impaired community functioning and reduced quality of life. We then critically examine how domains are assessed and whether available assessment batteries are sensitive to social cognitive impairments in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and in bipolar disorder. Finally, we review interventions that target social cognition in schizophrenia–bipolar spectrum disorders and identify areas where systematic evaluation and widespread implementation into clinical practice are needed. Based on this information, we make recommendations for increased mechanistic understanding and intervention development to improve social cognition and quality of life for people diagnosed with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder. Impairments in social cognition are typical in schizophrenia–bipolar spectrum disorders. In this Review, Lewandowski and colleagues characterize impairments across social cognitive domains and illness phases including links with community functioning, and make recommendations for assessment and intervention.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"3 2","pages":"91-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139555388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Feature binding without cortex","authors":"Su Jin Kim","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00278-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00278-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"3 2","pages":"72-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139476142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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