African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacterial infections in hospitalized patients at a tertiary care hospital, southwest Nigeria","authors":"A. Adeyemo, B. Odetoyin, A. Onipede","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Clinical infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria constitute great burden to healthcare delivery with these resistant pathogens contributing largely to the magnitude and spread of antimicrobial resistance globally. Hence, knowledge of the risk factors for acquisition of infection caused by ESBL-producing bacteria is crucial to instituting prompt and appropriate treatment as well as prevention and control measures. This study investigated the risk factors associated with the prevalence of ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) infections among hospitalized patients in Uniosun Teaching Hospital (UTH), Osogbo, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: A total of 359 hospitalized patients with clinical infections from whose clinical samples we isolated non-duplicate GNB were consecutively recruited. GNB were isolated following aerobic cultures of appropriate clinical samples and MicrobactTMGNB 24E kit was used for species identification. All isolates were screened for ESBL production by the combination disc method. Relevant clinical and demographic information was obtained using a designed data collection form, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated risk factors. \u0000Results: Ninety-four (26.2%) of the 359 patients had ESBL-producing GNB isolated from their clinical samples, with a preponderance of Escherichia coli (26.6%, n=25/94), although the most frequent ESBL-producer was Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (100%, n=2/2) and least frequent was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.6%, n=1/39). The study indicated that male gender, age group >60 years and farming were socio-demographic factors associated with significantly higher prevalence of ESBL-producing GNB infection. Other independent risk factors significantly associated with high prevalence of ESBL GNB infections were; (i) admission into intensive care unit and male surgical ward, (ii) presence of invasive devices such as intravenous line, endotracheal tube and urinary catheter, (iii) underlying conditions such as diabetes mellitus and benign prostatic hyperplasia, and (iv) immunocompromised state. \u0000Conclusion: The information obtained from this study can serve as baseline data for designing strategy to prevent drug-resistant infections and transmission in our hospital. \u0000  \u0000French title: Facteurs de prévalence et de risque pour les infections de bactéries gram-négatives de la β-lactamase prolongées de la β-lactamase chez les patients hospitalisés dans un hôpital de soins tertiaires, au sud-ouest du Nigéria \u0000Contexte: Les infections cliniques causées par des bactéries de la β-lactamase de spectre prolongée (ESBL) constituent une grande charge à la livraison des soins de santé avec ces agents pathogènes résistants contribuant en grande partie à la magnitude et à la propagation de la résistance antimicrobienne mondiale. Par conséquent, la connaissance des facteurs de risque d'acquisition d'une infection causée par les bactéries produisant de","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91532563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular detection of vector-borne bacterial pathogens in dromedary camels from Algeria","authors":"A. Bessas, S. Zaidi, A. Noui, D. Hezil, S. Zenia, I. Bitam","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In Algeria, little focus was placed on camels as hosts of tick-borne bacterial diseases. Recent studies showed a high prevalence of tick infestation in dromedaries. Transmission of various pathogenic micro organisms to camels by ticks imposes considerable economic losses to livestock and greatly impact on human and animal health. The aim of our study was to investigate the occurrence of vector-borne zoonotic bacteria in camels from Algeria. \u0000Methodology: Blood samples were collected from 80 randomly selected camels in Laghouat province, southern Algeria. The samples were screened for Anaplasma spp, Bartonella spp, Rickettsia spp and Coxiella burnetii by qPCR. All positive samples were confirmed by standard PCR followed by sequencing. Data on age, sex, tick infestation and location of the camels were analyzed using the SPSS version 17.0 and association of these with vector-borne bacterial pathogens was determined using Chi-square (χ2) test. P value lower than 0.05 wasconsidered as indicative of significance. \u0000Results: Twenty five of the 80 (31.3%) camels were positive to at least one vector-borne bacterial pathogen with Anaplasma phagocytophilum (22.5%, 18/80) being the most prevalent species, followed by Anaplasma platys (7.5%, 6/80) and Bartonella dromedarii (2.5%, 2/80). Only one camel was co-infected with two pathogens. All samples tested negative for Rickettsia spp and Coxiella burnetii. None of the factors (age, sex, tick infestation and study sites) was significantly associated with prevalence of vector-borne bacteria in the camels (p>0.05). \u0000Conclusion: The present study is the first report of anaplasmosis and bartonellosis in \"Camelus dromedaries\" from Algeria. Our results highlighted the need for further investigations on tickborne pathogens of camels.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76712228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical study and evaluation of the antiviral activity of aqueous extracts of three medicinal plants; Xylopia aethiopica, Gliricidia sepium and Ocimum gratissimum used in Cote d'Ivoire","authors":"J.J.R. Bouagnon, G. Bolou, K. Guédé, D. Sanga, L.R. Koffi, C.D.R. N’Guessan, Y. Konan, E. V. Adjogoua, J. N’Guessan, A. Djaman, M. Dosso","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The present work is part of the exploration of new antiviral molecules to combat antimicrobial resistance. In purpose, this study determined the phytochemical analysis, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of extracts from three Ivorian medicinal plants; Gliricidia sepium, Ocimum gratissimum and Xylopia aethiopica against poliovirus 1, a non-enveloped RNA virus. \u0000Methodology: Aqueous extract of the three plants, which were identified at the herbarium of National Floristic Center Abidjan, was done using a previously described method. The precipitation or staining technique was used to highlight the chemical groups in the three extracts while the polyphenol content of each extract was assessed by the colorimetric method. Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity tests were performed in 96-well plates. Cytotoxicity of each extract on L20B (a genetically engineered mouse cell line) was determined by observation of the cell line carpet. Antiviral activity of three extracts against poliovirus type I was determined after 72 hours using an assay that measures inhibition of the cytopathic effect on cell culture. \u0000Results: The three plant extracts contain polyterpenes, sterols and polyphenols, flavonoids, catechetical tannins, saponosides and quinones but none of the extract contains gallic tannins. With the exception of O. gratissimum, alkaloids were found in extracts from the two other plants, and extract of G. sepium was richer in polyphenol than the other two extracts. The cell carpet of L20B after 72 hours contact period with three extracts remained intact at concentrations ranging from 2 to 1000 μg/ml. The aqueous extract of G. sepium showed higher antiviral activity on poliovirus 1 (74.569%) at 2µg/ml than the extracts of O. gratissimum (45.6112%) and X. aethiopica (44.5247%) after 72 hours of incubation. \u0000Conclusion: The extract of G. sepium showed potent antiviral activity against poliovirus 1 than that of O. gratissimum and X. aethiopica. This was justified by its higher polyphenol content than the two extracts.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80174715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin-B resistance among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria","authors":"T. Adé, J. Osiyemi, R. Aso, P. Akinduti, N. Sunmola","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Inducible antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive cocci is a significant public health challenge that is grossly underreported within Africa, especially Nigeria. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin-B (MLSB) resistance among clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: Clinical isolates were presumptively identified by Gram’s stain reaction and conventional biochemical tests such as catalase, coagulase, DNase, and mannitol fermentation. Phenotypic MLSB resistance was determined by placing clindamycin and erythromycin discs within 15 mm of each other and observing for a D-zone. Antibiotic sensitivity testing to selected antibiotics including cefoxitin for detection of methicillin resistance, was done using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. \u0000Results: Of the total 112 S. aureus isolates tested in the study, 31 (27.7%) were MLSB-resistant. MS phenotype (16.1%) was the most prevalent phenotype followed by constitutive MLSB (cMLSB) resistance (6.2%), and inducible MLSB (iMLSB) resistance (5.4%). All MLSB-resistant and sensitive S. aureus isolates were susceptible to linezolid, rifampin, tigecycline, and mupirocin while resistance rates of the MLSB resistant isolates (n=31) to other antibiotics were; tetracycline (58.1%), ciprofloxacin (48.4%), fusidic acid (41.9%), gentamicin (38.71%), cotrimoxazole (35.5%), fosfomycin (29.0%), and cefoxitin (70.9%). Comparatively, resistance rates of the MLSB-sensitive isolates (n=81) to other antibiotics are; tetracycline (70.4%), ciprofloxacin (39.5%), fusidic acid (22.2%), gentamicin (45.7%), cotrimoxazole (46.9%), fosfomycin (18.5%) and cefoxitin (34.6%). There was no significant difference in the antibiotic resistance rates between MLSB resistant and MLSB sensitive strains to the antibiotics (p>0.05) except to fusidic acid (p=0.0369) and cefoxitin (p<0.0001). There was also no significant difference in antibiotic resistance rates with respect to the three MLSB resistance phenotypes (p>0.05), except for fusidic acid which was significantly higher in cMLSB than other phenotypes (p=0.007). \u0000Conclusion: The introduction of MLSB resistance detection among Gram-positive cocci in routine microbiological practice can play an important role in monitoring inducible resistance and thereby preventing therapy failure. \u0000  \u0000French title: Prévalence de la résistance au macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramine-B parmi les isolats cliniques de Staphylo-coccus aureus à l'hôpital Universitaire de l'Université d'Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria \u0000Contexte: La résistance inductible aux antibiotiques chez les cocci à Gram positif est un défi de santé publique important qui est largement sous-déclaré en Afrique, en particulier au Nigeria. Par conséquent, le but de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence de la résistance au macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramine-B (MLSB) parmi les isolat","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90522725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteriological quality of community well water and public health concerns in Enugu urban, Nigeria","authors":"L. Obikpo, F. C. Onyia, I. M. Offe, C.M Ezeilo, C. Ezebialu, R. A. Afunwa","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Water is a basic necessity used by humans for both domestic and industrial uses. Next to air, water is essential to life. It takes up about 71% of the earth’s surface. The objective of this study is to determine the bacteriological quality of well water in Enugu urban, Nigeria \u0000Methodology: A total of 60 domestic wells were selected from Abakpa, Obiagu and Achara layouts in Engu urban, Nigeria by stratified random sampling method, with 20 wells selected from each area based on location of well sites and construction parameters. Water samples were collected from each well using a sterile 200ml plastic bottle for bacteriological analysis to estimate total bacteria count in colony forming unit (cfu)/ml, total coliform count in most probable number (mpn)/100ml, and faecal coliform count in most probable number (mpn)/100ml. Bacterial isolates were identified using Gram reaction and conventional biochemical tests including catalase and coagulase for Gram positive bacteria, and oxidase, citrate utilization, hydrogen sulfide, indole, urease, methyl red, Voges Proskauer, and sugar fermentation tests for Gram negative bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) of each isolate was performed by the disk diffusion method against selected antibiotics including penicillin G (10µg), ciprofloxacin (5µg), streptomycin (10µg), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (20/10µg), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (25µg), and result interpreted using the European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) break points. Comparative statistics of the data was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. \u0000Results: The well water in the three layouts were heavily contaminated as shown by comparatively high mean total bacteria counts of 0.8825±0.66x104 cfu/ml, 0.8435±0.6413x104 cfu/ml, and 0.8384±0.5948x104 cfu/ml for Abakpa, Obiagu and Achara layouts respectively (p=0.9714). The mean total coliform counts were 5.15±5.284, 5.45±4.31 and 5.05±4.763 mpn/100ml (p=0.8038), and the mean faecal coliform counts were 2.4±3.393, 2.65±2.796 and 2.05±2.35 mpn/100ml (p=0.9631) for Abakpa, Obiagu and Achara layouts respectively. A total of 50 pathogenic bacterial isolates were identified; Klebsiella pneumoniae 21 (43.8%), Escherichia coli 13 (30.0%), Proteus spp 6 (12.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6 (12.5%), and Staphylococcus aureus 2 (4.2%). The AST result shows that 75% of K. pneumoniae, E. coli, Proteus spp and S. aureus were resistant to all five antibiotics tested. \u0000Conclusion: These findings showed high faecal contamination of domestic well water sources, which poses a significant infection risk to the community. Proper water treatment measures and personal hygiene practices are recommended, and well sites should be located at a safe distance from septic tanks, pit latrines, flowing gutters and refuse dump sites.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"13 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78300710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Audit report: Baseline health facility assessment of quality assurance for malaria diagnosis in existing government hospital laboratories in Sokoto State, Nigeria","authors":"J. Ogboi, I. Ume, Z. Mohammed, A. Usman, A. Bashaar, C. Okoro, L. Lawal","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Quality laboratory services are needed to direct reasonable malaria case management through malaria microscopy and rapid diagnostic test. This study assessed the existing diagnostic capacities including laboratory structures and systems, human resource, skills and competences, using the standardized WHO/NMEP EQA assessment tool. \u0000Methodology: Data were collected by an assessment team using a standardized assessment instrument/checklist drawn from WHO/NMEP assessment tool and analyzed with Open Data Kit (ODK) and Open-source suite of tools on Android mobile devices from September 3-11, 2020. The use of ODK allowed data to be collated offline where internet services were poor or unavailable and uploaded thereafter. \u0000Results: Of the 24 laboratory facilities assessed, diagnostic services on malaria are routinely done with combined malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) and microscopy at 17 (65.0%) laboratories, microscopy only at 7 (27.0%)laboratories, while only mRDT was performed in 1 (3.8%) laboratory due to lack of functional microscopes, supplies, or trained personnel in microscopy. In the 24 facilities providing laboratory services, 16 (63.0 %) had one of the staff received basic malaria microscopy and mRDT training in the year prior to the assessment, and 23 (96.0%) of the laboratories had at least one functional electric binocular microscope. None of the laboratory had a good structured quality assurance/quality control procedure or standard operating procedures for either microscopy or mRDT. \u0000Conclusion: There were gaps in laboratory services due to lack of well-established quality control framework and ineffective communication system, which could have substantial impacts on the quality and accessibility of malaria diagnosis. These issues can be addressed by improving laboratory services. \u0000  \u0000French title: Évaluation de base par les établissements de santé de l'assurance qualité pour le diagnostic du paludisme dans les laboratoires hospitaliers gouvernementaux existants dans l'État de Sokoto, au Nigéria \u0000Contexte: Des services de laboratoire de qualité sont nécessaires pour diriger une prise en charge raisonnable des cas de paludisme grâce à la microscopie du paludisme et au test de diagnostic rapide. Cette étude a évalué les capacités de diagnostic existantes, y compris les structures et les systèmes de laboratoire, les ressources humaines, les aptitudes et les compétences, à l'aide de l'outil d'évaluation EQA standardisé de l'OMS/NMEP. \u0000Méthodologie: Les données ont été collectées par une équipe d'évaluation à l'aide d'un instrument d'évaluation/liste de contrôle standardisée tirée de l'outil d'évaluation de l'OMS/NMEP et analysées avec Open Data Kit (ODK) et une suite d'outils open source sur les appareils mobiles Android du 3 au 11 septembre 2020 L'utilisation d'ODK a permis de rassembler les données hors ligne lorsque les services Internet étaient médiocres ou indisponibles et de les télécharger par la suite. \u0000Résultats: Sur ","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"360 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77329192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) using microscopic observation drug susceptibility (MODS) assay in Lagos State, southwest Nigeria","authors":"O.T. George, O. Oduyebo","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nigeria has the second highest case of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) in Africa, estimated at 29,000 in 2015. The laboratory diagnosis of MDR TB in Nigeria is currently done using GeneXpert assay that generates results in less than two hours but can detect resistance to only rifampicin and has high-technology requirements. The objective of this study is to detect MDR TB using Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility (MODS) assay in Lagos State, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: A total of 80 patients who were positive for TB by GeneXpert in three Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) centres in Lagos were studied. Spot sputum samples were collected from each patient andtransported on ice-packs to Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) DOTS laboratory for decontamination. Culture and drug sensitivity test (DST) were performed on the pellets obtained by MODS assay in 24-well plates and examined with an inverted light microscope within 6 to 21 days of incubation at 35oC. \u0000Results: Of the 80 patients, males were 43 (53.8%) while females were 37 (46.2%), with mean age of 36.2±11.6years. Seventy-six (95.0%) of the patients had cough at presentation, 60 (75.0%) had not commenced anti-TB treatment, 15 (18.8%) were previously treated (PT) TB cases, and 14 (17.5%) were HIV positive. MODS assay detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in 52 (65.0%) patients across all the age groups but association between age groups and MTB detection by MODS assay was not significant (p=0.447). MODS assay detected MTB in 50 (83.3%) of 60 patients who had not commenced anti-TB drugs compared to 2 (10.0%) of 20 who had commenced anti-TB drugs at the time of sample collection (p<0.0001). Nine (60.0%) of 15 PT TB cases had MTB detected compared to 43 (66.2%) of 65 new cases of TB (p=0.7657). Nine of the 14 (64.3%) HIV positive patients were co-infected with MTB detected by MODS assay compared to 43 (65.2%) of 66 HIV negative patients (p=1.000). MDR TB was detected by MODS assay in 2 (2.5%) of the 80 patients (aged 30 and 38 years) who were previously identified as rifampicin resistant by GeneXpert assay (p=0.0003). The 2 MDR-TB cases were seen in the 15 PT (13.3%) cases, and in 1 of the 14 HIV (7.1%) positive patients. \u0000Conclusion: MODS assay detected MDR-TB among PT TB patients in Lagos, Nigeria at the rate of 2.5%. Hence, MODS assay is an effective, low-tech, liquid culture technique to accurately detect TB and MDR-TB simultaneously. \u0000  \u0000French title: Détection de la tuberculose multirésistante (TB-MDR) à l'aide d'un test d'observation microscopique de sensibilité aux médicaments (MODS) dans l'État de Lagos, au sud-ouest du Nigeria \u0000Contexte: Le Nigéria compte le deuxième cas le plus élevé de tuberculose multirésistante (TB-MDR) en Afrique, estimé à 29 000 en 2015. Le diagnostic en laboratoire de la TB-MDR au Nigeria est actuellement effectué à l'aide du test GeneXpert qui génère des résultats en moins de deux heures, mais peut détecter la résis","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77247875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of haematological parameters in HIV patients with co-infections of hepatitis B & C, and HIV-negative patients in Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"M. Erasmus, Nedie Patience Akani, Lawrence O. Amadi, J. O. Williams","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has continued to be a threat to global health with several deaths recorded despite the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Co-infection of hepatitis B and C is now one of the leading causes of death among HIV-infected patients due to some haematological abnormalities and immunological impairment. This study was conducted to compare some haematological parameters of HIV-infectedpatients with hepatitis B and C co-infections from three hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria \u0000Methodology: This was a comparative cross-sectional study of randomly recruited HIV-patients from antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic and HIV-negative patients from medical out-patient department (MOPD) of three different hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria. Socio-demographic information of each participant was obtained with a structured questionnaire. Four millilitres of blood were collected from each participant by venipuncture; 2 ml each were dispensed into ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) and plain bottles for estimation of full blood count (FBC), cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) serology. \u0000Results: A total of 375 participants (M:F ratio 1:1.5, age range 10-69 years) comprising 150 HIV patients on ART, 135 ART-naive HIV patients, and 90 HIV-negative patients (control) were recruited. Comparison of haematological parameters among HIV-negative (control), HIV-infected, and HIV/HBV/HCV, HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV co-infected patients showed significant increase (p<0.05) in mean lymphocyte count (%) of 36.69±13.25, 42.02±12.75, 46.53±8.36, 47.64±14.35, and 49.61±5.81, and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in mean neutrophil count (%) of 54.43±13.52, 46.33±13.04, 44.23±9.30, 41.66±12.94 and 40.86±7.56 respectively. The mean platelet count (109/L) in HIV-negative control, HIV-infected, and HIV/HCV, HIV/HBV and HIV/HBV/HCV co-infected patients showed significant decrease (p<0.05) of 235.25±109.52, 229.26±104.70, 152.25±56.64, 138.69±56.25, and 130.33±79.51, as well as a significant decrease in CD4 cell counts (cells/µl) of 803.40±211.24, 619.67±334.13, 590.63±312.20, 550.15±311.72, and 406.49±261.75 respectively. \u0000Conclusion: Alterations in the haematological parameters can lead to serious complications in HIV individuals co-infected with HBV and/or HCV. Therefore, HBV and HCV screening for every HIV-infected patient should be made mandatory in Nigeria. \u0000  \u0000French title: Analyse comparative des paramètres hématologiques chez les patients séropositifs co-infectés par les hépatites B et C et chez les patients séronégatifs dans l'État de Rivers, au Nigeria \u0000Contexte: Le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) a continué d'être une menace pour la santé mondiale avec plusieurs décès enregistrés malgré l'introduction de la thérapie antirétrovirale hautement active (HAART). La co-infection par l'hépatite B et l'hépatite C est aujourd'hui l'une des principales ca","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"235 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88683192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of procalcitonin as a biomarker of bacterial sepsis in adult population in a tertiary healthcare facility in Lagos, Nigeria","authors":"C.N. Idakari, A. Efunshile, I. Akase, C. Osuagwu, P. Oshun, O. Oduyebo","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Prompt antibiotic treatment of sepsis improves the outcome, but dependence on clinical diagnosis for empiric therapy leads to overuse of antibiotics which in turn promotes the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Blood culture takes time and molecular diagnosis may not be available or affordable. The use of procalcitonin (PCT) as a biomarker to guide antibiotic therapy in adults is less established compared to children. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the usefulness of PCT as a biomarker to aid early commencement of antibiotics among adult patients with sepsis in a tertiary healthcare facility in Lagos, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: Three hundred patients with clinical diagnosis of sepsis made by the managing physicians were recruited for the study. Criteria used for clinical diagnosis of sepsis include tachycardia, tachypnea, fever or hypothermia and presence of leukocytosis, bandemia or leucopenia. The patients were selected using systematic consecutive sampling methods. A sepsis work-up including quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA), white blood cell count (WCC), aerobic blood culture and estimation of serum PCT levels were done for all the participants. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows version 25.0. Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values, accuracy and likelihood ratio of PCT against blood culture, WCC and qSOFA score were determined. Association between variables was measured using Fisher exact test (with Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval). P-value ˂0.05 was considered statistically significant. \u0000Results: There were 127 (42.3%) males and 173 (53.7%) females with the mean age of 44.9±14.5 years. Majority (96.2%, n=75/78) of the patients who were culture positive for bacterial pathogens had PCT level ≥10ng/ml, which showed statistically significant association of bacteraemia with PCT level (OR=1362.5, 95% CI=297.9-6230.5, p˂0.0001). At PCT cut-off value of 0.5ng/ml, the negative predictive value of 100% almost confirms absence of systemic bacterial infection. The high sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value,accuracy and likelihood ratio of 94.9%, 98.6%, 96.2%, 98.2%, 97.7%, and 69.9 respectively recorded at PCT level of 10ng/ml indicates that this cut-off level is strongly diagnostic of systemic bacterial infection. \u0000Conclusion: In this study, we observed that PCT levels were significantly higher in patients with positive culture (bacteraemia) and PCT was able to differentiate bacterial sepsis from non-bacterial infections. The findings of this study support the usefulness of PCT as a biomarker for early diagnosis of systemic bacterial infections in adult patients. \u0000  \u0000French title: Évaluation de la procalcitonine en tant que biomarqueur de la septicémie bactérienne chez la population adulte dans un établissement de soins de santé tertiaires à Lagos, au Nigeria \u0000Contexte: Un traitement ant","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73164698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of the roles of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules in infections","authors":"B. Adegboro, O. Kolawole, O. Lawani, F. Folahan, A. Seriki","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus is a group of genes located on the short arm of chromosome 6 in human that code for proteins on the cell surface. They have important roles in immune response by the cells of immune system. Using a comprehensive search method on Google Scholar and PubMed databases, literatures on MHC published in English until 2021 were searched with the terms; “MHC”, “HLA”, “MHC antigen presentation” and “MHC roles in infections”. Relevant publications were identified, screened for duplicates and selected per eligibility. The review highlights the different haplotypes of the MHC that either enhance or depress the body immune system to some important viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. The possibility of utilizing this knowledge in genetic engineering and immunomodulation, to prevent infectious diseases and cancers, are discussed.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"203 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75559141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}