Medical review (Berlin, Germany)最新文献

{"title":"Peripheral mechanisms of chronic pain.","authors":"Qin Zheng,&nbsp;Xintong Dong,&nbsp;Dustin P Green,&nbsp;Xinzhong Dong","doi":"10.1515/mr-2022-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mr-2022-0013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acutely, pain serves to protect us from potentially harmful stimuli, however damage to the somatosensory system can cause maladaptive changes in neurons leading to chronic pain. Although acute pain is fairly well controlled, chronic pain remains difficult to treat. Chronic pain is primarily a neuropathic condition, but studies examining the mechanisms underlying chronic pain are now looking beyond afferent nerve lesions and exploring new receptor targets, immune cells, and the role of the autonomic nervous system in contributing chronic pain conditions. The studies outlined in this review reveal how chronic pain is not only confined to alterations in the nervous system and presents findings on new treatment targets and for this debilitating disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":" ","pages":"251-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2c/b2/mr-2-3-mr-2022-0013.PMC9381002.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40352580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxytocin and arginine vasopressin: a bridge between acupuncture and autism spectrum disorder.","authors":"Rong Zhang,&nbsp;Jisheng Han,&nbsp;Songping Han","doi":"10.1515/mr-2022-0001","DOIUrl":"10.1515/mr-2022-0001","url":null,"abstract":"In the Sui Dynasty (581–618) of China, Chao’s “On the Etiology of Diseases” described the “hun se” (muddleheaded) and “yu chi” (language delay) phenotypes, which are clinically manifested as a lack of speech and neurodevelopmental retardation in children (Figure 1). Since the first report of early infantile autism by Kanner in 1943 [1], the diagnosis of autism has undergone several revisions, and this broader group of disorders was renamed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 2013 [2]. The phenotypes of ASD extend beyond the classic form of autism described by Dr. Leo Kanner, as evidenced by the observation that an increasing number of peoplewith some autistic traits, including social and communication deficits and stereotyped repetitive behaviors, have normal intelligence. In recent years, the prevalence of ASD has reached 1 in 44 8-year-old children in the United States [3] and 1 in 143 6–12-year-old children in China [4]. As rapid advances in genetic research and neuroscience have clarified this disorder more than 200 highly plausible ASD-risk genes or copy number variants and environmental risk factors have been identified. These complex etiologies cause structural and functional brainwide alterations, resulting in abnormal cortical development, synaptic dysfunction, circuit-level brain dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, which can, in turn, lead to behavioral phenotypes in ASD. However, there is currently no true medication available for effectively treating ASD, and early behavior modification has long been regarded as the only effective treatment technique. There is still a long way to go in terms of new drug development, with aripiprazole and risperidone being the only FDA-approved medications for treating severe symptoms of ASD. Several other new drugs have failed in phase two or three clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"2 2","pages":"119-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/24/5f/mr-2-2-mr-2022-0001.PMC10471124.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10309490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive narrative review of real-world COVID-19 vaccines: viewpoints and opportunities.","authors":"Shelan Liu,&nbsp;Min Kang,&nbsp;Na Zhao,&nbsp;Yali Zhuang,&nbsp;Shijian Li,&nbsp;Tie Song","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mr-2021-0021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, people all over the world have been affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fighting against COVID-19 is the top priority for all the countries and nations. The development of a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine is considered the optimal way of ending the pandemic. Three hundred and 44 vaccines were in development, with 149 undergoing clinical research and 35 authorized for emergency use as to March 15 of 2022. Many studies have shown the effective role of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections as well as serious and fatal COVID-19 cases. However, tough challenges have arisen regarding COVID-19 vaccines, including long-term immunity, emerging COVID-19 variants, and vaccine inequalities. A systematic review was performed of recent COVID-19 vaccine studies, with a focus on vaccine type, efficacy and effectiveness, and protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants, breakthrough infections, safety, deployment and vaccine strategies used in the real-world. Ultimately, there is a need to establish a unified evaluation standard of vaccine effectiveness, monitor vaccine safety and effectiveness, along with the virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants; and determine the most useful booster schedule. These aspects must be coordinated to ensure timely responses to beneficial or detrimental situations. In the future, global efforts should be directed toward effective and immediate vaccine allocations, improving vaccine coverage, SARS-CoV-2 new variants tracking, and vaccine booster development.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"2 2","pages":"169-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f3/3a/mr-2-2-mr-2021-0021.PMC9274757.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9840418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019.","authors":"Chensi Yao,&nbsp;Yingying Yang,&nbsp;Xiaolin Tong","doi":"10.1515/mr-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mr-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly since its outbreak in 2019, which constitutes a pandemic. As of March 28, 2022, there were 4,76,374,234 confirmed cases and 6,108,976 confirmed deaths globally, which seriously threatened human life and health [1]. COVID-19, declared a pandemic by TheWorld Health Organization (WHO), is one of thegreatest challenges theworldhas faced for centuries. In the face of the sudden disease outbreak, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which has developed over thousands of years, has achieved remarkable progress in the global fight against the pandemic. With effective policies and measures, China has contributed “Chinese solutions”worth noting in the global response to the pandemic. Nowadays, the situation of pandemic prevention and is grim worldwide. We should promptly summarize the experience, learnings, and achievements of TCM in dealing with the current pandemic, and pay attention to the distinct advantages of TCM. Under the context of pandemic prevention and control, TCM should be involved in the early, comprehensive, and in-depth management of patients. Health policy guarantee mechanisms should be improved to implement practical strategies for the prevention and control of major emerging infectious diseases globally.","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":" ","pages":"115-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8a/0f/mr-2-2-mr-2022-0003.PMC9274758.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40613838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mass screening is a key component to fight against SARS-CoV-2 and return to normalcy.","authors":"Zhaomin Feng,&nbsp;Yi Zhang,&nbsp;Yang Pan,&nbsp;Daitao Zhang,&nbsp;Lei Zhang,&nbsp;Quanyi Wang","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mr-2021-0024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had highly transmissible and pathogenic, which caused serious economic loss and hazard to public health. Different countries have developed strategies to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic that fit their epidemiological situations, capacities, and values. Mass screening combined with control measures rapidly reduced the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically highlighted the essential role of diagnostics capacity in the control of communicable diseases. Mass screening has been increasingly used to detect suspected COVID-19 cases and their close contacts, asymptomatic case, patients attending fever clinics, high-risk populations, employees, even all population to identify infectious individuals. Mass screening is a key component to fight against SARS-CoV-2 and return to normalcy. Here we describe the history of mass screening, define the scope of mass screening, describe its application scenarios, and discuss the impact and challenges of using this approach to control COVID-19. We conclude that through a comprehension screening program and strong testing capabilities, mass screening could help us return to normalcy more quickly.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":" ","pages":"197-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ab/f8/mr-2-2-mr-2021-0024.PMC9274759.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40613837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MicroRNAs in cardiovascular diseases.","authors":"Huaping Li,&nbsp;Jiabing Zhan,&nbsp;Chen Chen,&nbsp;Daowen Wang","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0001","DOIUrl":"10.1515/mr-2021-0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, despite the wide diversity of molecular targets identified and the development of therapeutic methods. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small (about 22 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in the cytoplasm and play complicated roles in different CVDs. While miRNA overexpression in one type of cell protects against heart disease, it promotes cardiac dysfunction in another type of cardiac cell. Moreover, recent studies have shown that, apart from cytosolic miRNAs, subcellular miRNAs such as mitochondria- and nucleus-localized miRNAs are dysregulated in CVDs. However, the functional properties of cellular- and subcellular-localized miRNAs have not been well characterized. In this review article, by carefully revisiting animal-based miRNA studies in CVDs, we will address the regulation and functional properties of miRNAs in various CVDs. Specifically, the cell-cell crosstalk and subcellular perspective of miRNAs are highlighted. We will provide the background for attractive molecular targets that might be useful in preventing the progression of CVDs and heart failure (HF) as well as insights for future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"2 2","pages":"140-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7a/6b/mr-2-2-mr-2021-0001.PMC10471109.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10309489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular matrix in cancer progression and therapy.","authors":"Xiuxiu He, Byoungkoo Lee, Yi Jiang","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0028","DOIUrl":"10.1515/mr-2021-0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tumor ecosystem with heterogeneous cellular compositions and the tumor microenvironment has increasingly become the focus of cancer research in recent years. The extracellular matrix (ECM), the major component of the tumor microenvironment, and its interactions with the tumor cells and stromal cells have also enjoyed tremendously increased attention. Like the other components of the tumor microenvironment, the ECM in solid tumors differs significantly from that in normal organs and tissues. We review recent studies of the complex roles the tumor ECM plays in cancer progression, from tumor initiation, growth to angiogenesis and invasion. We highlight that the biomolecular, biophysical, and mechanochemical interactions between the ECM and cells not only regulate the steps of cancer progression, but also affect the efficacy of systemic cancer treatment. We further discuss the strategies to target and modify the tumor ECM to improve cancer therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"2 2","pages":"125-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/5d/60/mr-2-2-mr-2021-0028.PMC10471113.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10302999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>A commentary on</i>: \"A pan-cancer single-cell transcriptional atlas of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells\" - tumor microenvironment: the Achilles heel of cancer.","authors":"Jingtao Wei,&nbsp;Zhaode Bu,&nbsp;Jiafu Ji","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0032","DOIUrl":"10.1515/mr-2021-0032","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is a complicated disease. With the deepening of the research on the mechanism of tumor initiation, promotion and progression in recent years, researchers have gradually shifted their focus from tumor itself to TME. The concept of TME can be traced back to the relationship between tumor and inflammation and the theory of “seed and soil” in the latter half of the nineteenth century [1]. TME consists of non-malignant cells, vessels, lymph nodes, nerves, intercellular components, and metabolites located at the center, margin, or periphery of the tumor [1]. There is increasing evidence that cellular and non-cellular components of the TME can promote tumor initiation, growth, invasion, metastasis, and response to treatment. The TME is composed of three main cell types: immune cells, stromal cells (e.g. cancer-associated fibroblasts), vascular cells [2, 3]. For the past few years, the interaction between tumor cells and immune cells has been gradually recognized. Tumors are known to change markedly in terms of the quantity and phenotypes of immune and stromal cells in the TME [3]. TME is highly heterogeneous across different patients, and the plasticity of immune cells is an important part of tumor heterogeneity. The immunosuppression after immune evasion becomes a new hallmark of cancer [2]. The infiltration of immune cells in TME, located at the core or margin of tumor, the adjacent lymphoid organ or lymph nodes (also called tertiary lymphoid structures), is closely related to the prognosis of cancer [1]. Immune cells in TME can be divided into lymphocytes andmyeloid cells according to their diverse developmental lineages. Immunosuppressive myeloid cells are one of the major obstacles to cancer immunotherapy. At present, although several therapeutic approaches targeting myeloid cells are being tested in preclinical and clinical studies, the study of lymphocytes is relatively in-depth [4]. Tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes consist of all lymphocytic cell populations that have invaded the tumor tissue, including T cells, B cells, plasma cells and natural killer (NK) cells. T cell‐mediated adaptive immunity is considered to play a major role in anti‐tumor immunity [5]. According to function, immune cells can be classified as tumor-antagonizing and tumor-promoting immune cells. The tumor-antagonizing immune cells mainly consist of effector T cells (including CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and effector CD4+ T cells), NK cells, dendritic cells (DCs), M1-like macrophages and N1-like neutrophils [2]. The CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are considered to be the major subset of lymphocytes that kill cancer cells. NK cells are also one important subset of tumor-antagonizing immune cells that mediate the immunosurveillance of tumor [2]. On the other hand, T regulatory cells (Tregs) are able to inhibit the immune response mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, by suppressing T cell proliferation, antigen presentation, and cytokine production [6]. The recent single-cell sequencing ","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"1 2","pages":"126-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d5/9d/mr-1-2-mr-2021-0032.PMC10388764.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10314709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polygenic risk scores: the future of cancer risk prediction, screening, and precision prevention.","authors":"Yuzhuo Wang,&nbsp;Meng Zhu,&nbsp;Hongxia Ma,&nbsp;Hongbing Shen","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0025","DOIUrl":"10.1515/mr-2021-0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that the genetic architecture of cancers are highly polygenic and enabled researchers to identify genetic risk loci for cancers. The genetic variants associated with a cancer can be combined into a polygenic risk score (PRS), which captures part of an individual's genetic susceptibility to cancer. Recently, PRSs have been widely used in cancer risk prediction and are shown to be capable of identifying groups of individuals who could benefit from the knowledge of their probabilistic susceptibility to cancer, which leads to an increased interest in understanding the potential utility of PRSs that might further refine the assessment and management of cancer risk. In this context, we provide an overview of the major discoveries from cancer GWASs. We then review the methodologies used for PRS construction, and describe steps for the development and evaluation of risk prediction models that include PRS and/or conventional risk factors. Potential utility of PRSs in cancer risk prediction, screening, and precision prevention are illustrated. Challenges and practical considerations relevant to the implementation of PRSs in health care settings are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"1 2","pages":"129-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/de/4b/mr-1-2-mr-2021-0025.PMC10471106.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10313105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital tongue image analyses for health assessment.","authors":"Jiacheng Xie,&nbsp;Congcong Jing,&nbsp;Ziyang Zhang,&nbsp;Jiatuo Xu,&nbsp;Ye Duan,&nbsp;Dong Xu","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0018","DOIUrl":"10.1515/mr-2021-0018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), as an effective alternative medicine, utilizes tongue diagnosis as a major method to assess the patient's health status by examining the tongue's color, shape, and texture. Tongue images can also give the pre-disease indications without any significant disease symptoms, which provides a basis for preventive medicine and lifestyle adjustment. However, traditional tongue diagnosis has limitations, as the process may be subjective and inconsistent. Hence, computer-aided tongue diagnoses have a great potential to provide more consistent and objective health assessments. This paper reviewed the current trends in TCM tongue diagnosis, including tongue image acquisition hardware, tongue segmentation, feature extraction, color correction, tongue classification, and tongue diagnosis system. We also present a case of TCM constitution classification based on tongue images.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"1 2","pages":"172-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a8/48/mr-1-2-mr-2021-0018.PMC10388765.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10314707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}