Medical review (Berlin, Germany)最新文献

{"title":"<i>A commentary on</i>: \"A pan-cancer single-cell transcriptional atlas of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells\" - tumor microenvironment: the Achilles heel of cancer.","authors":"Jingtao Wei,&nbsp;Zhaode Bu,&nbsp;Jiafu Ji","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0032","DOIUrl":"10.1515/mr-2021-0032","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is a complicated disease. With the deepening of the research on the mechanism of tumor initiation, promotion and progression in recent years, researchers have gradually shifted their focus from tumor itself to TME. The concept of TME can be traced back to the relationship between tumor and inflammation and the theory of “seed and soil” in the latter half of the nineteenth century [1]. TME consists of non-malignant cells, vessels, lymph nodes, nerves, intercellular components, and metabolites located at the center, margin, or periphery of the tumor [1]. There is increasing evidence that cellular and non-cellular components of the TME can promote tumor initiation, growth, invasion, metastasis, and response to treatment. The TME is composed of three main cell types: immune cells, stromal cells (e.g. cancer-associated fibroblasts), vascular cells [2, 3]. For the past few years, the interaction between tumor cells and immune cells has been gradually recognized. Tumors are known to change markedly in terms of the quantity and phenotypes of immune and stromal cells in the TME [3]. TME is highly heterogeneous across different patients, and the plasticity of immune cells is an important part of tumor heterogeneity. The immunosuppression after immune evasion becomes a new hallmark of cancer [2]. The infiltration of immune cells in TME, located at the core or margin of tumor, the adjacent lymphoid organ or lymph nodes (also called tertiary lymphoid structures), is closely related to the prognosis of cancer [1]. Immune cells in TME can be divided into lymphocytes andmyeloid cells according to their diverse developmental lineages. Immunosuppressive myeloid cells are one of the major obstacles to cancer immunotherapy. At present, although several therapeutic approaches targeting myeloid cells are being tested in preclinical and clinical studies, the study of lymphocytes is relatively in-depth [4]. Tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes consist of all lymphocytic cell populations that have invaded the tumor tissue, including T cells, B cells, plasma cells and natural killer (NK) cells. T cell‐mediated adaptive immunity is considered to play a major role in anti‐tumor immunity [5]. According to function, immune cells can be classified as tumor-antagonizing and tumor-promoting immune cells. The tumor-antagonizing immune cells mainly consist of effector T cells (including CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and effector CD4+ T cells), NK cells, dendritic cells (DCs), M1-like macrophages and N1-like neutrophils [2]. The CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are considered to be the major subset of lymphocytes that kill cancer cells. NK cells are also one important subset of tumor-antagonizing immune cells that mediate the immunosurveillance of tumor [2]. On the other hand, T regulatory cells (Tregs) are able to inhibit the immune response mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, by suppressing T cell proliferation, antigen presentation, and cytokine production [6]. The recent single-cell sequencing ","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"1 2","pages":"126-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d5/9d/mr-1-2-mr-2021-0032.PMC10388764.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10314709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polygenic risk scores: the future of cancer risk prediction, screening, and precision prevention.","authors":"Yuzhuo Wang,&nbsp;Meng Zhu,&nbsp;Hongxia Ma,&nbsp;Hongbing Shen","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0025","DOIUrl":"10.1515/mr-2021-0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that the genetic architecture of cancers are highly polygenic and enabled researchers to identify genetic risk loci for cancers. The genetic variants associated with a cancer can be combined into a polygenic risk score (PRS), which captures part of an individual's genetic susceptibility to cancer. Recently, PRSs have been widely used in cancer risk prediction and are shown to be capable of identifying groups of individuals who could benefit from the knowledge of their probabilistic susceptibility to cancer, which leads to an increased interest in understanding the potential utility of PRSs that might further refine the assessment and management of cancer risk. In this context, we provide an overview of the major discoveries from cancer GWASs. We then review the methodologies used for PRS construction, and describe steps for the development and evaluation of risk prediction models that include PRS and/or conventional risk factors. Potential utility of PRSs in cancer risk prediction, screening, and precision prevention are illustrated. Challenges and practical considerations relevant to the implementation of PRSs in health care settings are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"1 2","pages":"129-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/de/4b/mr-1-2-mr-2021-0025.PMC10471106.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10313105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital tongue image analyses for health assessment.","authors":"Jiacheng Xie,&nbsp;Congcong Jing,&nbsp;Ziyang Zhang,&nbsp;Jiatuo Xu,&nbsp;Ye Duan,&nbsp;Dong Xu","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0018","DOIUrl":"10.1515/mr-2021-0018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), as an effective alternative medicine, utilizes tongue diagnosis as a major method to assess the patient's health status by examining the tongue's color, shape, and texture. Tongue images can also give the pre-disease indications without any significant disease symptoms, which provides a basis for preventive medicine and lifestyle adjustment. However, traditional tongue diagnosis has limitations, as the process may be subjective and inconsistent. Hence, computer-aided tongue diagnoses have a great potential to provide more consistent and objective health assessments. This paper reviewed the current trends in TCM tongue diagnosis, including tongue image acquisition hardware, tongue segmentation, feature extraction, color correction, tongue classification, and tongue diagnosis system. We also present a case of TCM constitution classification based on tongue images.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"1 2","pages":"172-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a8/48/mr-1-2-mr-2021-0018.PMC10388765.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10314707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connections between metabolism and epigenetic modifications in cancer.","authors":"Guangchao Wang,&nbsp;Jingdong J Han","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0015","DOIUrl":"10.1515/mr-2021-0015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How cells sense and respond to environmental changes is still a key question. It has been identified that cellular metabolism is an important modifier of various epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone methylation and acetylation and RNA N⁶-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation. This closely links the environmental nutrient availability to the maintenance of chromatin structure and gene expression, and is crucial to regulate cellular homeostasis, cell growth and differentiation. Cancer metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic alterations are widely observed, and facilitate cancer development and progression. In cancer cells, oncogenic signaling-driven metabolic reprogramming modifies the epigenetic landscape via changes in the key metabolite levels. In this review, we briefly summarized the current evidence that the abundance of key metabolites, such as <i>S</i>-adenosyl methionine (SAM), acetyl-CoA, <i>α</i>-ketoglutarate (<i>α</i>-KG), 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), uridine diphospho-<i>N</i>-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and lactate, affected by metabolic reprogramming plays an important role in dynamically regulating epigenetic modifications in cancer. An improved understanding of the roles of metabolic reprogramming in epigenetic regulation can contribute to uncover the underlying mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming in cancer development and identify the potential targets for cancer therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"1 2","pages":"199-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c5/ff/mr-1-2-mr-2021-0015.PMC10388788.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10314708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tumor-associated macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils: biological roles, crosstalk, and therapeutic relevance.","authors":"Mingyi Shen,&nbsp;Yanhua Du,&nbsp;Youqiong Ye","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0014","DOIUrl":"10.1515/mr-2021-0014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumor-associated myeloid cells constitute a series of plastic and heterogeneous cell populations within the tumor microenvironment (TME), and exhibit different phenotypes and functions in response to various microenvironmental signals. In light of promising preclinical data indicating that myeloid-based therapy can effectively suppress tumor growth, a series of novel immune-based therapies and approaches are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. A better understanding of the diversity and functional roles of different myeloid cell subtypes and of how they are associated with TME remodeling may help to improve cancer therapy. Herein, we focus on myeloid cells and discuss how tumor cells can simultaneously reprogram these cells through tumor-derived factors and metabolites. In addition, we discuss the interactions between myeloid cells and other cells in the TME that have the potential to directly or indirectly regulate tumor initiation, invasion, or angiogenesis. We further discuss the current and future potential applications of myeloid cells in the development of focused therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"1 2","pages":"222-243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/14/d2/mr-1-2-mr-2021-0014.PMC10388790.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10313103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding metabolic reprogramming in tumor microenvironment.","authors":"Shaokun Shu, Ying Xu, Qimin Zhan","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0037","DOIUrl":"10.1515/mr-2021-0037","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"1 2","pages":"111-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7f/d2/mr-1-2-mr-2021-0037.PMC10388741.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10313107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmission dynamics model and the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic: applications and challenges.","authors":"Jinxing Guan,&nbsp;Yang Zhao,&nbsp;Yongyue Wei,&nbsp;Sipeng Shen,&nbsp;Dongfang You,&nbsp;Ruyang Zhang,&nbsp;Theis Lange,&nbsp;Feng Chen","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mr-2021-0022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since late 2019, the beginning of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, transmission dynamics models have achieved great development and were widely used in predicting and policy making. Here, we provided an introduction to the history of disease transmission, summarized transmission dynamics models into three main types: compartment extension, parameter extension and population-stratified extension models, highlight the key contribution of transmission dynamics models in COVID-19 pandemic: estimating epidemiological parameters, predicting the future trend, evaluating the effectiveness of control measures and exploring different possibilities/scenarios. Finally, we pointed out the limitations and challenges lie ahead of transmission dynamics models.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"2 1","pages":"89-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/da/fa/mr-2-1-mr-2021-0022.PMC9047651.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9180959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary dynamics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genomes.","authors":"Zhaohui Qian,&nbsp;Pei Li,&nbsp;Xiaolu Tang,&nbsp;Jian Lu","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mr-2021-0035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused immense losses in human lives and the global economy and posed significant challenges for global public health. As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, has evolved, thousands of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) have been identified across the viral genome. The roles of individual SNVs in the zoonotic origin, evolution, and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have become the focus of many studies. This review summarizes recent comparative genomic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses (SC2r-CoVs) found in non-human animals, including delineation of SARS-CoV-2 lineages based on characteristic SNVs. We also discuss the current understanding of receptor-binding domain (RBD) evolution and characteristic mutations in variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2, as well as possible co-evolution between RBD and its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). We propose that the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and host RNA editing mechanisms might have partially resulted in the bias in nucleotide changes during SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Finally, we outline some current challenges, including difficulty in deciphering the complicated relationship between viral pathogenicity and infectivity of different variants, and monitoring transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between humans and animals as the pandemic progresses.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"2 1","pages":"3-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/81/84/mr-2-1-mr-2021-0035.PMC9047652.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10286504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infection in Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic.","authors":"Yutong Wang,&nbsp;Ke Zheng,&nbsp;Wenjing Gao,&nbsp;Jun Lv,&nbsp;Canqing Yu,&nbsp;Lan Wang,&nbsp;Zijun Wang,&nbsp;Bo Wang,&nbsp;Chunxiao Liao,&nbsp;Liming Li","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mr-2021-0034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the presence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) asymptomatic infections detected, their proportion, transmission potential, and other aspects such as immunity and related emerging challenges have attracted people's attention. We have found that based on high-quality research, asymptomatic infections account for at least one-third of the total cases, whereas based on systematic review and meta-analysis, the proportion is about one-fifth. Evaluating the true transmission potential of asymptomatic cases is difficult but critical, since it may affect national policies in response to COVID-19. We have summarized the current evidence and found, compared with symptomatic cases, the transmission capacity of asymptomatic individuals is weaker, even though they have similar viral load and relatively short virus shedding duration. As the outbreak progresses, asymptomatic infections have also been found to develop long COVID-19. In addition, the role of asymptomatic infection in COVID-19 remains to be further revealed as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants continue to emerge. Nevertheless, as asymptomatic infections transmit the SARS-CoV-2 virus silently, they still pose a substantial threat to public health. Therefore, it is essential to conduct screening to obtain more knowledge about the asymptomatic infections and to detect them as soon as possible; meanwhile, management of them is also a key point in the fight against COVID-19 community transmission. The different management of asymptomatic infections in various countries are compared and the experience in China is displayed in detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"2 1","pages":"66-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0b/e4/mr-2-1-mr-2021-0034.PMC9047649.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9232660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Welcome to your new journal: <i>Medical Review</i>.","authors":"Qimin Zhan","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0030","DOIUrl":"10.1515/mr-2021-0030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74151,"journal":{"name":"Medical review (Berlin, Germany)","volume":"1 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ad/ae/mr-1-1-mr-2021-0030.PMC10388774.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10674622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}