Medical journal of Zambia最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence of Eye Diseases among Primary and Secondary School Learners in Kabwe District - Zambia","authors":"K. I. Muma","doi":"10.55320/mjz.49.1.1107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55320/mjz.49.1.1107","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the pattern and magnitude of eye diseases among primary and secondary school learners in Kabwe District in Zambia. \u0000Method: A cross-sectional study of 41 primary and secondary schools in Kabwe District. The examination included visual acuity (VA) testing, cycloplegic retinoscopy with subjective refinement if indicated, ocular motility testing, anterior segment and fundus examinations m visually impaired children. \u0000Results: There was an estimated total of 32,971 learners who were eligible to participate of which a total of23,915 (72.5%) were enrolled into the study. The prevalence of eye diseases was 8.3%, with allergic conjunctivitis 5.7% followed by refractive error 1.5% and the least was pengicular disorder at 0.008%. None of those with refractive errors had an eye examination in the past. Glaucoma was diagnosed in three learners (0.01 %). \u0000Conclusion: The survey found a moderate prevalence of eye diseases among the learners in Kabwe District with allergic conjunctivitis being the most prevalent cause followed by exceptionally low prevalence of refractive errors.","PeriodicalId":74149,"journal":{"name":"Medical journal of Zambia","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81510760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dental fear and its related factors among patients managed in a paediatric dental clinic of a university hospital in Tanzania","authors":"K. Sohal, Matilda Mtaya-Mlangwa, Sakina Essajee","doi":"10.55320/mjz.49.1.1100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55320/mjz.49.1.1100","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental fear and its related factors among patients managed in a pediatric dental clinic of a university hospital in Tanzania. \u0000Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out at the paediatric dental clinic of the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences(MUHAS) between November 2018 and April 2019. It included all paediatric dental patients aged between 6 and 12 years. A questionnaire used in this study captured information regarding patient's socio-demographic characteristics and the number of previous visits to the dental clinic. A fifteen-item Children's Fear Survey Schedule - Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) was used to assess the dental fear status in these pediatric patients. \u0000Results: A total of 223 paediatric dental patients aged between 6 years and 12 years were included in the study. The mean age of participants was 9.52 ± 1.74 years with a male to female ratio ofl: 1.04. The means CFSS-DS score was 31.1 ± 8.57. Fear scores were high for Injections (3.37 ± 1.13), a stranger's touch (2.81 ± 1.08) and choking (2.69 ± 0.99). The presence of dental fear was found to be significantly associated with the parents' education level (p=0.001) and previous dental visits (p < 0.001 ). \u0000Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the prevalence of paediatric dental fear was low among the participants of this study. The education level of parents and previous dental visits were determinants of dental fear in children. Injections, being touched by strangers, and choking were the common fear-provoking factors.","PeriodicalId":74149,"journal":{"name":"Medical journal of Zambia","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78809026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of socioeconomic status with adverse birth outcomes at the Women and Newborn Hospital of the University Teaching Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia","authors":"Agripa Lungu, L. Kasonka, B. Vwalika","doi":"10.55320/mjz.49.1.1098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55320/mjz.49.1.1098","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Low socioeconomic status has generally been associated with adverse birth outcomes worldwide. Adverse birth outcomes significantly contribute to perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide with some literatures showing conflicting results. At Women and New-born Hospital in Zambia, this relationship had remained unclear among women who experienced poor neonatal outcome; hence the study was done to explore this association between socioeconomic status and adverse birth outcomes. \u0000Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Secondary data from ZAPPS study that had been collected prospectively between August 2015 and September 201 7 was retrieved. Altogether, 1,450 participants' information was retrieved, out of which 1,084 data records were set out for analysis after excluding those not meeting eligibility criteria. Socioeconomic status was an explanatory variable which was estimated using the standardized wealth score derived from principal component analysis of 14 variables. The wealth quintiles were further categorised into poor and not poor. Response variables were low birth weight, preterm birth and small for gestation age. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis and p value< 0.05 was significant  \u0000Results: This study found the incidences of SGA, LBW and preterm births to be 164, 124 and 13 5 per 1000 live births respectively. In survival analysis, the proportion of babies who survived LBW among mothers who were poor was lower (82.9%) compared to babies born to rich mothers (87.5%) (p-value = 0.189). Furthermore, the proportion of babies who survived SGA for the poor was lower (79 .1 % ) compared to babies born to none poor mothers (85.8%) (p-value = 0.032) and preterm birth for the poor (78.4%) compared to babies born to mothers who were rich (83 .6%) (p-value = 0.022). In multiple Cox regression analysis socioeconomic status was not a significant risk factor for SGA ( aHR = 1.08; 95% CI; p=0.099), LBW and preterm birth (aHR = 1.17; 95% CI; p= l.41). However, male babies (aHR = 1.80; 95% CI; p=0.012), domestic violence or abuse during pregnancy (aHR = 3.48; 95% CI [1.59 - 7.34]; p = 0.002) and maternal anaemia (aHR = 2.1; 95% CI; p = 0.019) were risk factors for SGA while prior preterm birth ( aHR = 2.02; 95% CI; p = 0.002), HIV infection (aHR = 1.22; 95% CI; p = 0.040) and anaemia (aHR = 1.37; 95% CI; p = 0.009) were predictors of preterm delivery.  \u0000Conclusion: There was no statistically significant association between low socioeconomic status and adverse birth outcomes although being pregnant with a male baby, HIV infection, anaemia and prior preterm birth were significantly associated with SGAand preterm.","PeriodicalId":74149,"journal":{"name":"Medical journal of Zambia","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78356854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraordinarily Low Prevalence of Refractive Error and Visual Impairment in Primary and Secondary School Learners in Kabwe District, Zambia","authors":"K. I. Muma, Godfrey Mwelwa, Anne Buglass, F. Mwacalimba, David Mwitumwa, Chishimba Chibwe, Wendy Musonda, Foster Maambo, Beauty C. Mulonda, Moses Lisulo, Faith Labouschagne, Phyllis Moonga","doi":"10.55320/mjz.49.1.1103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55320/mjz.49.1.1103","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Kabwe District is largely an urban town in the Central Province of Zambia. We aimed to determine the prevalence of refractive errors and visual impairment in primary and secondary school learners in this District. \u0000Method: A cross-sectional survey of 41 primary and secondary schools in Kabwe District. The examination included visual acuity (VA) testing, cycloplegic retinoscopy with subjective refinement if indicated, ocular motility testing and anterior segment and fundus examinations in visually impaired children. \u0000Results: There was an estimated total of 32,971 learners who were eligible to participate of which 23,915 (72.5%) were enrolled into the survey. Of the 2,424 learners examined by the mobile ophthalmic team, 418 were refracted representing 17.2 %. Of the 418 learners refracted, 359 were diagnosed with refractive errors and prescribed spectacles. The mean spherical equivalent in the right eyes was 0.57 diopter (D) (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49 - 0.75), and the mean spherical equivalent in the left eyes was 0.59 (95% CI, 0.50 - 0.71). The prevalence of hyperopia was 0.9% (95% CI, 0.4 - 1.3; 207 subjects), and the prevalence of myopia was 0.5% (95% CI, 0.1-1.0; 119 subjects). The majority of learners (98.3%; 95% CI, 97.0 -99.0) had normal unaided binocular VA (at least 6/9 in their better eye). The overall prevalence of any visual impairment (presenting VA 6/9 in the better eye) was 1.7% (95% CI, 1.0 -2.5; 418 subjects) and the overall refractive error prevalence was 1.5% (95% CI, 1.0 -2.3; 359 subjects). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, age (P 0.001) was a significant predictor and female gender (P 0.06) was a borderline significant predictor of the presence of any visual impairment. \u0000Conclusions: Visual impairment is not a public health concern in this school-aged population in Kabwe District. The prevalence of uncorrected significant refractive errors among learners is not too high to justify a regular school eye screening programme in schools in Kabwe District.","PeriodicalId":74149,"journal":{"name":"Medical journal of Zambia","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80819944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Ending Fistula within a Decade Achievable for Zambia?","authors":"Eugine Kunda","doi":"10.55320/mjz.49.1.1105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55320/mjz.49.1.1105","url":null,"abstract":"Commentary","PeriodicalId":74149,"journal":{"name":"Medical journal of Zambia","volume":"297 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72508347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-Cov-2 Infection and severe proximal myopathy secondary to dermatomyositis and overlap systemic sclerosis: A Case Report from Zambia","authors":"P. Mukomena, Wamundila Kawana, Malika Taufiq, Oliver Sutherland, Sally Trollip","doi":"10.55320/mjz.49.1.1106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55320/mjz.49.1.1106","url":null,"abstract":"Bckground: Myositis has been reported to be associated or triggered by viruses. Genetic and environmental factors are documented risk for myopathies. Viruses have also been shown to modify the clinical course of auto-immune diseases.We therefore report a case of SARS-Cov-2 infection in a 26-year-old female black Zambian patient with proximal myopathy. \u0000Case Presentation: We present the case of a 26-yearold chemical factory worker with severe acuterespiratory distress syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-cov-2) infection and proximal myopathy. She presented to a local private hospital with fever, weakness and flu-like symptoms after being exposed to a colleague diagnosed with SARS-cov-2 infection at the time Zambia declared the July 2021 third wave of SARS-cov-2pandemic. She also reported difficulties in climbing stairs, had Raynaud's phenomenon, proximal myopathy, classic dermatomyositis features, symptoms ofsystemic sclerosis, raisedcreatine phosphokinase (CPK), and a positive nasopharyngeal PCR test for SARS-Cov-2 infection.  \u0000Conclusions: We presented, for the first time in Zambia, the case of a patient with SARS-Cov-2 infection and severe proximal myopathy secondary to newly diagnosed dermatomyositis and overlap systemic sclerosis. The myopathy appeared to have been worsened by SARS-Cov-2 viral infection.","PeriodicalId":74149,"journal":{"name":"Medical journal of Zambia","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85113591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anogenital Condyloma Acuminata In A Toddler: The Dilemma Of Sexual Abuse Versus Non-Abuse.","authors":"M. Malumani, Owen Ngalamika","doi":"10.55320/mjz.49.1.1004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55320/mjz.49.1.1004","url":null,"abstract":"Condyloma acuminata, commonly known as genital warts, is a sexually transmitted infection. We have been seeing a surge in the paediatric population with no discernable thought of sexual abuse. this scenario begs for answers. HPV infection is a real burden in the Lower Middle-Income Countries, requiring the urgent attention it deserves. Soon or later we may be seeing HPV associated malignancies at a much younger age due to the double burden of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. A molecular epidemiological study on our patients or community is warranted.","PeriodicalId":74149,"journal":{"name":"Medical journal of Zambia","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75645854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and perspectives of health care providers towards clients with substance abuse at Solwezi General Hospital in Solwezi District","authors":"Fair Banji Mwiinga, Twaambo Mwiza, Elezia Mercy Banda","doi":"10.55320/mjz.48.4.936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55320/mjz.48.4.936","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Substance abuse is increasingly becoming a public health threat associated with varying health and social implications. Healthcare professionals are crucial in the management of substance abuse disorders, and their knowledge and perspectives towards substance abuse clients influences the care that these clients receive. Locally, there is scanty data on the knowledge and perspectives of health care providers towards substance abuse clients in Solwezi District. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess knowledge and perspectives of health care providers towards substance abuse clients at Solwezi General Hospital in Solwezi District. Materials & methods: A hospital-based cross sectional study was adopted for this study. Data collection was done using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire adapted from previous studies. The SPSS software version 20.0 for Windows was used for data analysis using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test for inference at the 0.05 level of significance. Results: The mean age of respondents was found to be 28.76 years. A female predominance over males was noted with a ratio of close to 5:1. Seventy-seven percent of respondents were Nurses by profession (77.3%), with the majority having attained Diploma as the highest level of education (60%). Overall, knowledge of substance abuse, screening tools and interventions for substance abuse was good. Variations in respondents’ perception of which health care provider was responsible for the assessment and management of substance abuse clients were noted. Priority on substance abuse cases was found to be low in 51% of the respondents, and several barriers to effective management of substance abuse were identified including lack of knowledge (41.4%), lack of manpower (20%), lack of specialized facilities (10%) and poor patient cooperation (16%). Statistically significant associations were found between respondent’s knowledge and interest to work with substance abuse clients; as well as between respondent’s education and priority placed on substance abuse cases. Conclusion: Health care providers exhibited adequate knowledge about substance abuse. However, low priority over substance abuse cases was reported, and attributed to a number of factors. This therefore calls for more training in substance abuse, particularly assessment and management of substance abuse clients in order to optimize health services rendered to substance abuse clients. Key words: Substance abuse, Clients, Knowledge, Perspectives, Health care providers","PeriodicalId":74149,"journal":{"name":"Medical journal of Zambia","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75039178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of extended – spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) gene among gram-negative bacilli bacteria causing community acquired urinary tract infection among females in southwestern Nigeria","authors":"T. Ajani, C. Elikwu, M. Ajani, C. Anaedobe, T. Oluwasola","doi":"10.55320/mjz.48.4.725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55320/mjz.48.4.725","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) is commoner in females and mainly caused by Gram Negative bacilli. The emergence of Extended – spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) has made its treatment difficult especially in the community because of limited therapeutic options. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing Gram negative bacilli causing UTI among females in Babcock University Community; evaluate the associated risk factors and to determine the prevalence of the associated genes among the ESBL isolates. \u0000Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of which 200 female participants with clinical UTI were recruited in Babcock University Community. Pretested interviewer–based structured questionnaire was used to obtain the socio-demographic and risk factors. Mid-stream urine was also collected for evaluation of ESBL- producing Gram-negative bacilli.  DNA extraction was done for ESBL positive isolates and SHV, TEM, CTX-M and OXA ESBL genes were detected by PCR. SPSS Version 23.0 was used for data analysis. \u0000Results: The 200-urine samples tested from the participants yielded 33-Gram negative bacilli isolates. Out of these 33 isolates, 17/33(51.5%) were ESBL-producers giving prevalence rate of 8.5% among the participants. The distribution of the ESBL genes among the ESBL isolates was as follows: SHV 12/17(70.6%), TEM 4/17(23.5%), CTX-M 3/17(17.6%) and OXA 5/17(29.4%). No associated risk factors were found. \u0000Conclusion: All the four types of ESBL genes evaluated were present among the participants. Routine screening for ESBL for Community acquired UTI is necessary to curb treatment failure.","PeriodicalId":74149,"journal":{"name":"Medical journal of Zambia","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88723487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Catamenial Pneumothorax: Role Of Serial Chest Radiographs In The Diagnosis Of ARare Entity .","authors":"B. Chinene","doi":"10.55320/mjz.48.4.943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55320/mjz.48.4.943","url":null,"abstract":"Catamenial Pneumothorax is generally considered to be a rare entity. The lack of a clear cause means that diagnosis and treatment is challenging.  The objective of this case report is to increase awareness and highlight the role of serial chest radiographs in improving the diagnosis of the pathology. A 33-year-old mother of two presented at the radiology department with a history of recurrent right-sided chest pain that corresponded with her menstrual period. Previous chest radiographs performed in the preceding six months all showed the presence of a right-sided pneumothorax, with associated pleural effusion. In considering the patient’s age, spontaneous pneumothorax occurring in conjunction with the menstrual cycle, and in the absence of other respiratory diseases, a diagnosis of catamenial pneumothorax was made. The patient was commenced on oral contraceptive pills (oestrogen-progestogen) and she recovered.","PeriodicalId":74149,"journal":{"name":"Medical journal of Zambia","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88964880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}