Medical history. Supplement最新文献_第5页

Medicine and the Querelle des Femmes in Early Modern Spain 近代早期西班牙的医学和女性法典

Medical history. Supplement Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300072410

Mónica Bolufer

{"title":"Medicine and the Querelle des Femmes in Early Modern Spain","authors":"Mónica Bolufer","doi":"10.1017/S0025727300072410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300072410","url":null,"abstract":"Among the forms of knowledge that express and at the same time shape world views and social standards, scientific discourse, like religious discourse, has played a key part in producing an appearance of truth, appealing to “nature” as incontrovertible evidence. Throughout history, medicine has helped to theorize and justify gender differences and inequalities by naturalizing them, that is, by basing the attribution of social functions and hierarchies on a set of physical, moral and intellectual inclinations and aptitudes, supposedly rooted in nature, which doctors declared themselves to be the persons most authorized to disclose and interpret. Indeed, in various ages and societies scientific discourses (particularly medical discourse) have persistently wondered about the meaning of gender difference and inequality, and in doing so they projected the conventions, expectations and prejudices of their own time on to their questions and responses, and on to the attitudes and results of their research and practice.1 The influence of medical science became particularly intense in European culture and society in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as the secularization of thinking reduced the preponderant role of providentialist explanations in favour of others based on “reason” and “evidence”, and the medical profession experienced an increase in its social prestige and power. Since medieval times, however, medical or philosophical explanations of classical origin and the Christian tradition based on the Bible and theological authorities had been the main pillars that supported theories about the different “nature”, functions and authority which corresponded to men and women in society.2 And therefore, in what they wrote for their professional colleagues or for a broader range of readers, doctors had an important influence on the societies in which they lived. They shaped the thinking, social practices and ways in which people understood and experienced their own bodies, their identity and their relation with others; on the one hand, by formulating and disseminating theoretical thinking about the sexually differentiated body, its influence on the moral and intellectual plane, and its connection with social organization, and on the other, by providing practical advice about how to lead one’s life which echoed those ideas and helped to spread them. In the Hispanic monarchy and the rest of Europe, the theories of humours formulated in Greek philosophy and medicine which had survived during the Middle Ages remained in force during the early modern centuries as a result of the influence of Galen’s work and the revival of the Hippocratic texts due to humanism.3 Their principles concerning gender difference are well known: men and women possess different degrees of the basic qualities (hot or cold, dry or moist), men being hotter and drier and women comparatively moister and colder.4 The greater heat of men supposedly makes it possible for their bl","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"86 - 106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0025727300072410","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57089917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Health and medicine in Hapsburg Spain: agents, practices, representations. Introduction. 西班牙哈布斯堡王朝的卫生和医药:代理人、实践、陈述。介绍。

Medical history. Supplement Pub Date : 2009-01-01

Harold J Cook

引用次数: 0

Michael Foster and Thomas Henry Huxley, Correspondence, Letters 53 through 75, 1865–1895 迈克尔·福斯特和托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎，通信，信件53至75,1865-1895

Medical history. Supplement Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300072203

T. Huxley

引用次数: 0

Michael Foster and Thomas Henry Huxley, Correspondence, Letters 20 through 52, 1865–1895 迈克尔·福斯特和托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎，通信，信件20至52,1865-1895

Medical history. Supplement Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300072197

T. Huxley, M. Foster, Georgina Gregory Edmunds

引用次数: 0

Medical Ideals in the Sephardic Diaspora: Rodrigo de Castro’s Portrait of the Perfect Physician in early Seventeenth-Century Hamburg 散居在外的西班牙系犹太人的医学理想:罗德里戈·德·卡斯特罗对17世纪早期汉堡完美医生的描绘

Medical history. Supplement Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300072422

J. Arrizabalaga

{"title":"Medical Ideals in the Sephardic Diaspora: Rodrigo de Castro’s Portrait of the Perfect Physician in early Seventeenth-Century Hamburg","authors":"J. Arrizabalaga","doi":"10.1017/S0025727300072422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300072422","url":null,"abstract":"As is well known, there were no formal systems of medical ethics until the end of the eighteenth century. Yet at least from the composition of the Hippocratic Oath, western scholarly debates, particularly among doctors, on the foundations of good medical practice and behaviour produced written works. These works simultaneously reflected and contributed to setting customary rules of collective behaviour—medical etiquette—that were reinforced by pressure groups who, while they could not always judge and sentence offenders, sanctioned them with disapproval. Most early modern works on medical~ etiquette were dominated by the question of what constituted a good medical practitioner, with the emphasis sometimes on the most suitable character of a physician, sometimes on professional behaviour.1 The medical literary genre of the perfect physician appears to have been popular in the early modern Iberian world, and the frequent involvement of converso practitioners in writing about it has often been associated with the peculiarities of their profes sional posi t ion in the territories under the Spanish monarchy.2 Among the most outstanding examples of this medical genre are a couple of printed works written by two Portuguese Jewish physicians who were almost exactly contemporary with each other, namely Henrique Jorge Henriques (c.1555–1622)3 and Rodrigo de Castro (c.1546–1627).4 Despite similarities, their images of the ideal medical practitioner appear to have been modified somewhat by each author’s differing life experiences and career, as I will show later on. De Castro’s life and works have been treated in a very limited and rather traditional way by historians, mostly according to the patterns of disciplinary history both medical and medical-ethical as well as of Jewish national history.5 Indeed, he has repeatedly been introduced as one of the founding fathers of modern gynaecology and obstetrics, as a medical ethicist well ahead of his time and, in particular, as an outstanding example of a singular, almost idiosyncratic excellence, that has supposedly characterized the professional practice of Jewish physicians throughout history.6 The present essay is an attempt to approach De Castro’s intellectual agenda in the context of the Sephardic medical diaspora, by exploring the portrait of the perfect physician that he drew in his Medicus-politicus. His views on the ideal medical practitioner need to be placed in the social context of the early modern European medical world and, specifically, in that of early seventeenth-century Hamburg.7 In order to understand better De Castro’s views, I will outline the vicissitudes of his life, beginning with his medical training at Salamanca University in about the mid-1560s. As we will see, far from any essentialist view about identities (Jewish or otherwise), De Castro’s intellectual profile was a typical example of the mutual fluid exchange of identities between the “new Christians” and the “new Jews”. Th","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"107 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0025727300072422","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57089926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

La Mayson pour Distiller des Eaües at El Escorial: Alchemy and Medicine at the Court of Philip II, 1556–1598 La Mayson pour Distiller des ea<e:1>在El Escorial: 1556-1598年菲利普二世宫廷的炼金术和医学

Medical history. Supplement Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300072380

M. R. Bueno

{"title":"La Mayson pour Distiller des Eaües at El Escorial: Alchemy and Medicine at the Court of Philip II, 1556–1598","authors":"M. R. Bueno","doi":"10.1017/S0025727300072380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300072380","url":null,"abstract":"In 1593 the Irishman, Richard Stanyhurst, one of the most controversial figures of Elizabethan letters, wrote to his friend Sir Francis Englefield from the town of El Escorial near Madrid, commenting on his activities at the court of the elderly Philip II. The letter, dated 2 August, begins with various personal matters before moving on to a more detailed description of the work he had been called upon to do for the Spanish monarch. Touching myne own affayres, I have not dealt as yet with his Majestie, nor with any of his officers, and doe purpose too use silence, until such tyme as I have accomplished such matters as are expected of me heere. A xv days his Majestie dyd apoynt too visit my wurches, but the physicians proceeding in theyr woonted malice, dyd diswayde his Majestie, saying the walk was too long from his chamber to the wurchhouse, and in the canicular days yt might be dangerous for hym to enter into those heates of the fyres and too smell too those strong waters, with sundry such bible babbles: too tedious too be written.1 Stanyhurst’s words speak for themselves of the true nature of his activity at the court. It seems that the Irishman had been contracted by Philip II to work in an alchemist’s laboratory installed in El Escorial complex, preparing all kinds of distilled waters and essences. The “prudent king” (el rey prudente), who was always portrayed by the black legend as an unbending counter-reformer intent on isolating his lands from any external influence that might threaten the purity of the Catholic faith, appears in the lines quoted above as being genuinely interested in the art of Hermes; challenging his personal physicians, visiting the laboratory where experiments, which were undoubtedly transmutational, were being carried out. This information, published by Albert J Loomie in 1965, did not evoke the slightest interest among historians of science; it was common in the historiography of the modern age to ignore (almost totally) scientific practice in the Spain of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Fortunately, this has changed in recent years, but it meant the exclusion from the international scene of what was, without a doubt, the first global empire and the most powerful monarchy of the period.2 The reign of Philip II is of special importance, given that he was profoundly interested in the sciences, and, thanks to his patronage, the court of Madrid became a meeting point for herbalists and doctors, astrologers and alchemists, natural philosophers and cosmographers. Immersed in the scientific culture of the Renaissance, Philip II established institutions for the advancement of knowledge, as well as financing expensive expeditions to discover the hidden natural treasures of his overseas possessions.3 There was no area of natural philosophy that he did not follow, and alchemy, inevitably, formed an important part of his interests. It was considered to be one of the major sciences of early modern times,","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"26 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0025727300072380","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57090129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Michael Foster and Thomas Henry Huxley, Correspondence, Letters 288 through 310, 1865–1895 迈克尔·福斯特和托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎，通信，信件288至310,1865-1895

Medical history. Supplement Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/s002572730007229x

引用次数: 0

Michael Foster and Thomas Henry Huxley, Correspondence, Letters 330 through 363, 1865–1895 迈克尔·福斯特和托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎，通信，信件330至363,1865-1895

Medical history. Supplement Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300072318

T. Huxley, Henry Dawson Farnell

引用次数: 0

Healing virtue: Saludadores versus witches in early modern Spain. 疗愈的美德:现代早期西班牙的萨鲁达多教徒与女巫。

Medical history. Supplement Pub Date : 2009-01-01

María Tausiet

引用次数: 0