Advances in wound care最新文献

{"title":"Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting of Bioactive and Piezoelectric Scaffolds as Potential Therapy for Treating Critical Soft Tissue Wounds.","authors":"Surendrasingh Y Sonaye, Smriti Bohara, Breanne L Welsh, Elif G Ertugral, Chandrasekhar R Kothapalli, Hanz Richter, Koyal Garg, Prabaha Sikder","doi":"10.1089/wound.2024.0073","DOIUrl":"10.1089/wound.2024.0073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> This study focuses on developing bioactive piezoelectric scaffolds that could deliver bioelectrical cues to potentially treat injuries to soft tissues such as skeletal muscles and promote active regeneration. <b>Approach:</b> To address the underexplored aspect of bioelectrical cues in skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE), we developed piezoelectric bioink based on natural bioactive materials such as sodium alginate, gelatin, and chitosan. Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting was utilized to develop scaffolds that mimic muscle stiffness and generate electrical stimulation (E-stim) when subjected to forces. The biocompatibility of these scaffolds was tested with the C2C12 muscle cell line. <b>Results:</b> The bioink demonstrated suitable rheological properties for 3D bioprinting, resulting in high-resolution composite sodium alginate-gelatin-chitosan scaffolds with good structural fidelity. The scaffolds exhibited a 42-60 kPa stiffness, similar to muscle. When a controlled force of 5N was applied to the scaffolds at a constant frequency of 4 Hz, they generated electrical fields and impulses (charge), indicating their suitability as a stand-alone scaffold to generate E-stim and instill bioelectrical cues in the wound region. The cell viability and proliferation test results confirm the scaffold's biocompatibility with C2C12s and the benefit of piezoelectricity in promoting muscle cell growth kinetics. Our study indicates that our piezoelectric bioink and scaffolds offer promise as autonomous E-stim-generating regenerative therapy for SMTE. <b>Innovation:</b> A novel approach for treating skeletal muscle wounds was introduced by developing a bioactive electroactive scaffold capable of autonomously generating E-stim without stimulators and electrodes. This scaffold offers a unique approach to enhancing skeletal muscle regeneration through bioelectric cues, addressing a major gap in the SMTE, that is, fibrotic tissue formation due to delayed muscle regeneration. <b>Conclusion:</b> A piezoelectric scaffold was developed, providing a promising solution for promoting skeletal muscle regeneration. This development can potentially address skeletal muscle injuries and offers a unique approach to facilitating skeletal muscle wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":7413,"journal":{"name":"Advances in wound care","volume":" ","pages":"143-158"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141603146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re: \"A Novel Randomized Trial Protocol for Evaluating Wound Healing Interventions\" by Bull <i>et al.</i>","authors":"Adam Astrada, Budi Mulyana, Ratna Dewi","doi":"10.1089/wound.2024.0001","DOIUrl":"10.1089/wound.2024.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7413,"journal":{"name":"Advances in wound care","volume":" ","pages":"176-177"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139929495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction Models for Intraoperative Acquired Pressure Injury of Adults: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal.","authors":"Yihong Xu, Han Zhao, Shuang Wu, Jianan Wang, Jinyan Zhou, Shanni Ding, Wen Li, Wenjin Wu, Zhichao Yang, Hongxia Xu, Hongying Pan","doi":"10.1089/wound.2024.0238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2024.0238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Significance:</b> Postoperative Pressure Injuries (PIs) present unique risks, requiring dedicated research for accurate assessment. Despite the increasing number of Intraoperative Acquired Pressure Injury (IAPI) prediction models, their risk of bias and clinical applicability remains unclear. <b>Recent Advances:</b> Adhered to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement requirements, IAPI prediction models of adult inpatients (≥18 years) were systematically retrieved from eight databases. Bias risk and applicability were evaluated using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST), followed by narrative synthesis. <b>Critical Issues:</b> From 837 studies, 25 were included, covering 32 prediction models. Most studies (88%) were single-center and conducted in China, Korea, the United States, or Singapore, spanning various surgical specialties. Among 26,142 participants, IAPI incidence ranged from 4.1% to 41.75%. Common predictors included surgery duration, age, and diabetes. Areas Under the Curve (AUC) values varied from 0.702 to 0.984, but calibration was underreported. All studies had high bias risk, with 22 models exhibiting applicability concerns. <b>Future Directions:</b> The development of IAPI models requires a clear definition of the timing and personnel responsible for assessing PIs, with a preference for prospective data collection and thorough internal and external validation. Adherence to the critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies checklist and PROBAST guidelines can improve reporting quality. Models should be user-friendly, clinically applicable, and rigorously validated. Precisely defining and rigorously selecting predictors is critical to reducing variability. Future research should adopt more stringent designs to develop high-quality models capable of effectively guiding clinical practice. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024502726.</p>","PeriodicalId":7413,"journal":{"name":"Advances in wound care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143490365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Open-Label, Interventional, Prospective, Real-World Evidence Study to Evaluate a Multimodal Wound Matrix in Patients with Refractory Wounds.","authors":"Yadwinder Dhillon, Gerit Mulder, Keyur Patel, Luis Moya, Gerard Boghossian, David Swain, Robert McLafferty, Kelly Perez, Jessica Nguyen, Natalie Wilkinson, Jessica Arragon, Lillia Contreras, Donna Geiger, Ryan Cummings, Brenda LaVigne, Desmond Bell, Suzanne Bakewell","doi":"10.1089/wound.2024.0189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2024.0189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> The objective of this open-label, interventional, prospective clinical study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a multimodal wound matrix (MWM) in moving chronic, nonhealing wounds that had failed prior therapies onto a healing trajectory. The overall response rate was the proportion of subjects who had greater than 40% reduction in size after 4 weeks of treatment. Secondary objectives included the percentage area reduction (PAR) after 4 and 12 weeks, incidence of ulcer closing, and changes in quality of life. <b>Approach:</b> An open-label, interventional, prospective cohort, real-world evidence study was conducted following the STROBE criteria. Criteria included chronic nonhealing wounds of multiple etiologies in subjects with extensive comorbidities. Results were compared with data from the U.S. Wound Registry. <b>Results:</b> A total of 111 subjects entered the screening phase and 64 were treated. Fifty-three wounds were eligible for the dataset that included 18 diabetic foot ulcers, 19 venous leg ulcers, 2 pressure injuries, 1 surgical, 1 lower extremity wound, and 12 unclassified etiologies. The objective response rate was 42%. The 4-week PAR was 34%. The 12-week PAR was 66%. Eighteen wounds closed by week 12. <b>Innovation:</b> MWM is a formulation technology developed to address the major obstacles that prevent healing. Results were evaluated in a patient population with extensive comorbidities that had failed prior treatments and would be generally excluded from controlled trials. <b>Conclusion:</b> The results from this study support the contention that MWM achieves substantial clinical improvement in a complex patient population not enrolled in clinical trials and demonstrates an advancement in wound management.</p>","PeriodicalId":7413,"journal":{"name":"Advances in wound care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143397756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalent Types of Peristomal Skin Damage During Chemoradiotherapy and Their Risk Factors.","authors":"Yi Chen, Yan Lu, LiJuan Zhang, LaiJuan Li","doi":"10.1089/wound.2023.0215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2023.0215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Significance:</b> Colorectal cancer is currently ranked third in terms of the global cancer incidence. Enterostomy, a common surgical procedure for colorectal cancer treatment, creates a temporary or permanent stoma in the abdominal wall for waste excretion. Cancer itself and the associated treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, increase the likelihood of various types of peristomal skin damage. <b>Recent Advances:</b> Recent research has focused on developing more targeted treatment approaches for peristomal moisture-associated skin damage (P-MASD). In addition, studies are investigating the potential of novel wound care products and therapies to enhance healing and reduce the risk of complications. There is also growing interest in understanding the different types except P-MASD during chemoradiotherapy. Different types match the varied treatments. Thus, we aimed to comprehensively review the most prevalent types of peristomal skin damage during chemoradiotherapy and their associated risk factors. <b>Critical Issues:</b> The five prevalent types of peristomal skin damage that occur during chemoradiotherapy are peristomal radiodermatitis, P-MASD, peristomal acneiform rash, peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum, and peristomal abscess/infection/fistula. The risk factors vary depending on the type; however, they include the radiation dose, ileostomy surgery, chemoradiotherapy-associated diarrhea, use of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, inflammatory bowel disease, and unclear factors. <b>Future Directions:</b> This review guides the clinical identification of peristomal skin damage during chemoradiotherapy, laying a solid foundation for developing effective strategies to prevent this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":7413,"journal":{"name":"Advances in wound care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143254520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structured Exercise Therapy Increases Endogenous Antioxidants to Repair Muscle Strength and Health in Porcine Ischemic Myopathy Model of Peripheral Artery Disease.","authors":"Carson Hoffmann, Dennis Foster, Emma Fletcher, Maiko Sasaki, Feifei Li, Dylan McLaughlin, Xiangqin Cui, Panagiotis Koutakis, Jarrod A Call, Luke Brewster","doi":"10.1089/wound.2024.0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2024.0053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> The mechanisms of structured exercise therapy (SET) in peripheral artery disease (PAD) are not clear. We have developed an SET module for our large animal model of ischemic myopathy. We hypothesized that SET would increase muscle strength and walking distance in this model. The objective was to discover the SET-dependent mechanisms involved in this process. <b>Approach:</b> After induction of unilateral hind limb ischemia, three animals were exposed to standard environmental enrichment (sedentary or SED) and four animals underwent SET thrice weekly for 4 weeks postoperatively. Walking, hind limb pressure indices, and strength testing were performed weekly. Terminal muscle samples were used for skeletal muscle testing. <b>Results:</b> SET animals increased walking distance over time. SET increased muscle strength in both the ischemic and nonischemic limb. When comparing the ischemic SED hind limb muscle with that of ischemic + SET, the SET group has improved respiration and decreased oxidative stress. Markers of cell death and impaired functional regeneration were increased in SED ischemic muscles but returned toward baseline in the SET ischemic muscle. <b>Innovation:</b> This study uses a validated, large animal model of ischemic myopathy similar to that seen in humans with PAD. The effects of exercise on limb function, strength, and skeletal muscle health are reported in this model. <b>Conclusion:</b> SET increases muscle strength and regeneration by increasing endogenous antioxidants and mitochondrial respiration, resulting in favorable muscle health despite ongoing ischemia. This model may assist in preclinical testing of PAD therapies designed to improve muscle health. [Figure: see text].</p>","PeriodicalId":7413,"journal":{"name":"Advances in wound care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143187966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Methodologies for Inducing Aligned Myofibers in Tissue Constructs for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Regeneration.","authors":"Sydnee T Sicherer, Noor Haque, Yash Parikh, Jonathan M Grasman","doi":"10.1089/wound.2024.0111","DOIUrl":"10.1089/wound.2024.0111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Significance:</b> Volumetric muscle loss (VML) results in the loss of large amounts of tissue that inhibits muscle regeneration. Existing therapies, such as autologous muscle transfer and physical therapy, are incapable of returning full function and force production to injured muscle. <b>Recent Advances:</b> Skeletal muscle tissue constructs may provide an alternative to existing therapies currently used to treat VML. Unlike autologous muscle transplants, muscle constructs can be cultured <i>in vitro</i> and are not reliant on intact muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle constructs can be generated from small muscle biopsies and could be used to generate skeletal muscle tissue constructs to replace injured tissues. <b>Critical Issues:</b> To serve as effective therapies, muscle constructs must be capable of generating contractile forces that can assist the function of host skeletal muscle. The contractile force of native muscle arises in part as a consequence of the highly aligned, bundled architecture of myofibers. Attempts to induce similar alignment include applications of tension/strain across hydrogels, inducing aligned architectures within scaffolds, casting tissues in straited molds, and 3D printing. While all these methods have demonstrated efficacy toward inducing myofiber alignment, the extent of myofiber alignment, tissue formation, and force production varies. This manusript critically reviews the advantages and limitations of these methods and specifically discusses their ability to impart mechanical and architectural cues to induce alignment within tissue constructs. <b>Future Directions:</b> As tissue-synthesizing techniques continue to improve, muscle constructs must include more cell types than simply myoblasts, such as the addition of neuronal and endothelial cells. Higher-level tissue organization is critical to the success of these constructs. Many of these technologies have yet to be implanted into host tissue to understand engraftment and how they can contribute to traumatic injury, and as such continued collaboration between surgeons and tissue engineers is necessary to ultimately result in clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7413,"journal":{"name":"Advances in wound care","volume":" ","pages":"114-131"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141911351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biosponge-Encased Placental Stem Cells for Volumetric Muscle Loss Repair.","authors":"David Johnson, Amelia Ridolfo, Ryan Mueller, Megan Chermack, Julia Brockhouse, Jamshid Tadiwala, Avantika Jain, Kenneth Bertram, Koyal Garg","doi":"10.1089/wound.2024.0077","DOIUrl":"10.1089/wound.2024.0077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Volumetric muscle loss (VML) leads to permanent muscle mass and functional impairments. While mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their secreted factors can aid muscle regeneration, MSCs exhibit limited persistence in injured tissue post-transplantation. Human placental-derived stem cells (hPDSCs), sharing surface markers with MSCs, demonstrate superior regenerative potential due to their fetal origin. Previously, a biosponge (BS) scaffold was shown to augment muscle regeneration post-VML. This study aims to coapply BS therapy and hPDSCs to further enhance muscle recovery following VML. <b>Approach:</b> A VML defect was created by removing ∼20% of the tibialis anterior muscle mass in male Lewis rats. Injured muscles were either left untreated or treated with BS or BS-encapsulated hPDSCs cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. On day 28 postinjury, peak isometric torque was measured, and the muscle was harvested for analysis. <b>Results:</b> BS encapsulated hPDSCs subjected to hypoxic preconditioning persisted in larger quantities and enhanced muscle mass at day 28 postinjury. BS encapsulated hPDSCs cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions increased small myofibers (<500 µm²) percentage, MyoD protein expression, and both pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophage marker expression. BS encapsulated hPDSCs also reduced fibrosis and BS remodeling rate. <b>Innovation:</b> This study is the first to examine the therapeutic effects of hPDSCs in a rat VML model. A BS carrier and hypoxic preconditioning were investigated to mitigate low cell survival postimplantation. <b>Conclusion:</b> hPDSCs augment the regenerative effect of BS. Combining hPDSCs and BS emerges as a promising strategy worthy of further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7413,"journal":{"name":"Advances in wound care","volume":" ","pages":"83-100"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Sequence Antifibrotic Treatment and Rehabilitation after Volumetric Muscle Loss Injury.","authors":"Peter R Nicholson, Christiana J Raymond-Pope, Thomas J Lillquist, Angela S Bruzina, Jarrod A Call, Sarah M Greising","doi":"10.1089/wound.2024.0109","DOIUrl":"10.1089/wound.2024.0109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Mitigation of local pathological fibrotic tissue deposition is a target area of interest for volumetric muscle loss (VML); nintedanib has shown promise for reduction of fibrosis after VML. Herein, studies investigate how in sequence antifibrotic treatment administered immediately after VML and delayed rehabilitation could improve functional recovery after VML. <b>Approach:</b> Adult male C57BL/6 mice (<i>n</i> = 36) were VML injured or naïve and randomly assigned to nintedanib (6 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks or were left untreated; in addition, mice were given access to a running wheel beginning at 2 weeks until 8 weeks. Terminally, mice underwent maximal <i>in vivo</i> functional testing in addition to quantification of muscle collagen content and fibrotic and myogenic markers. <b>Results:</b> Daily running distances (<i>p</i> = 0.17) were similar across groups, but weekly averages were greatest in the VML antifibrotic group (<i>p</i> < 0.01). As expected, 2 weeks post-VML, all VML-injured mice had lower maximal torque normalized to body and muscle mass than naïve. By 8 weeks, running alone after VML did not recover function, but mice that received the antifibrotic treatment before running, had greater torque than those untreated (<i>p</i> < 0.01), with functional measurements similar to naïve muscle that ran, indicating improved functional recovery. <b>Innovation:</b> The ability to translate current Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmaceuticals, in a repurposing approach, is critical to mitigate the pathophysiologic consequences of VML in support of functional recovery. However, foundational and translational studies are still needed to understand feasibility and efficacy. <b>Conclusions:</b> Early prevention of fibrotic tissue deposition supports improvements in muscle quality and force chronically after VML injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":7413,"journal":{"name":"Advances in wound care","volume":" ","pages":"101-113"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141905563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle Fibrosis, NF-<b><i>κ</i></b>B, and TGF-<b><i>β</i></b> Are Differentially Altered in Two Models of Paralysis (Botox Versus Neurectomy).","authors":"James T Redden, Jingyao Deng, David J Cohen, Zvi Schwartz, Michael J McClure","doi":"10.1089/wound.2024.0045","DOIUrl":"10.1089/wound.2024.0045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>: Volumetric muscle loss results in intramuscular axotomy, denervating muscle distal to the injury and leading to paralysis, denervation, and loss of muscle function. Once the nerve is damaged, paralyzed skeletal muscle will atrophy and accumulate noncontractile connective tissue. The objective of this study was to determine differences in connective tissue, atrophy, and inflammatory signaling between two paralysis models, botulinum toxin (Botox), which blocks acetylcholine transmission while keeping nerves intact, and neurectomy, which eliminates all nerve-to-muscle signaling. <b>Approach</b>: Twenty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized and received a sciatic-femoral neurectomy (SFN), Botox-induced muscle paralysis of the proximal femur muscles, quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, and calf muscles (BTX), or sham. Muscle force was measured 52 days postsurgery, and samples were collected for histology, protein, and mRNA assays. <b>Results:</b> SFN and BTX decreased twitch and tetanic force, decreased fiber size by twofold, and increased myogenic expression compared with controls. SFN increased the levels of all major extracellular matrix proteins correlating with fibrosis [<i>e.g.,</i> laminin, fibronectin, and collagen type(s) I, III, VI]. SFN also increased profibrotic and proinflammatory mRNA compared with BTX and controls. <b>Innovation</b>: SFN and BTX were similar in gross morphology and functional deficiencies. However, SFN exhibited a higher amount of fibrosis in histological sections and immunoblotting. The present study shows evidence that nerve signaling changes NF-κB and TGF-β signaling, warranting future studies to determine the mechanisms involved. <b>Conclusion:</b> These data indicate that nerve signaling may influence fibrogenesis following denervation, but the mechanisms involved may differ as a function of the method of paralysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7413,"journal":{"name":"Advances in wound care","volume":" ","pages":"67-82"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141320426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}