Mediastinum (Hong Kong, China)最新文献

{"title":"Immune aberrations in thymic epithelial tumors.","authors":"Kanak Parmar, Arun Rajan","doi":"10.21037/med-25-30","DOIUrl":"10.21037/med-25-30","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are rare cancers that arise from cortical or medullary thymic epithelial cells and are associated with unique clinical, genomic and immunological features that include a poorly understood predisposition towards autoimmunity. The risk for autoimmune disease can be traced back to the physiological role of the thymus in T cell development. Recent studies have revealed key differences in the immune cell composition and tumor immune microenvironment of thymomas and thymic carcinomas (TCs). Thymomas contain a greater proportion of immature double positive T cells whereas TCs have larger numbers of differentiated single positive T cells. The proportion of B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and regulatory T cells vary depending on TET histology. Thymomas exhibit higher immune cell infiltration whereas TCs are characterized by a pronounced stromal signature. Histology-based differences in T cell receptor diversity and in the cytokine profile of the tumor microenvironment have also been described. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression is variable in TETs and confounded by physiological expression in the normal thymus. Knowledge of the immune cell composition and the tumor immune microenvironment of TETs is essential to understand the risks of paraneoplastic autoimmunity and treatment-related toxicity in the era of immunotherapy. This review synthesizes recent advances in thymic biology and tumor immunology to frame the immune landscape of TETs.</p>","PeriodicalId":74139,"journal":{"name":"Mediastinum (Hong Kong, China)","volume":"9 ","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12771144/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145919364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenesis of thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis: a narrative review.","authors":"Tatsusada Okuno, Naoshi Koizumi, Yoshiaki Yasumizu","doi":"10.21037/med-25-28","DOIUrl":"10.21037/med-25-28","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Patients with thymomas often develop autoimmune neuromuscular diseases, including myasthenia gravis (MG). Autoantigen expression in thymomas plays an important role in disease pathogenesis. Since thymomas are mainly composed of the cortex, with few medullae, MG may be caused by immature thymoma-derived T cells that fail to undergo negative selection and have not yet acquired sufficient self-tolerance. However, due to the complexity and diversity of thymoma cell populations, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying its association with MG has yet to be achieved. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the normal thymus function and the pathogenesis of thymoma associated with MG and other autoimmune diseases, with the aim to highlight newly identified mechanisms that may offer novel insights into their development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To address the lack of information regarding the MG-thymoma association, we applied a bioinformatics approach to thymomas.</p><p><strong>Key content and findings: </strong>By analyzing bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data from thymomas, we identified neuromuscular medullary thymic epithelial cells (nmTECs) as neuromuscular antigen-expressing cell populations. Medullary structures, although much smaller than those of the normal thymus, are present in thymomas with MG and MG-susceptible genes are clustered. We observed spatial nmTEC colocalization and an immune niche, inferring an interaction and suggesting a pathological role of nmTECs in MG.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>After providing an up-to-date overview of normal thymus function, along with data and hypotheses regarding the association between thymoma and MG, we present bioinformatic findings regarding the thymoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":74139,"journal":{"name":"Mediastinum (Hong Kong, China)","volume":"9 ","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12518592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report: awake Chamberlain mediastinotomy under hypnosis to prevent complete airway obstruction and cardiovascular collapse.","authors":"Lisa Simioni, Olivia Stiennon, Jon Andri Lutz, Anna Efthymiou, Benoit Rouiller","doi":"10.21037/med-25-25","DOIUrl":"10.21037/med-25-25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Large sized anterior mediastinal masses can be a challenge in thoracic surgery due to the anesthesiological risks. The management of these tumors requires a surgical biopsy to get sufficient tissue for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis, which are essential for a precise diagnosis and target treatment.</p><p><strong>Case description: </strong>We report the case of a 45-year-old woman with a persistent cough and fatigue lasting 2 months. A chest computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a large anterior mediastinal mass. An initial biopsy diagnosed this patient with myeloid sarcoma. However, a further biopsy of fresh tissue was necessary to characterize the tumor to initiate targeted treatment. To avoid complete airway obstruction and cardiovascular collapse due the compression of the anterior mediastinal mass during general anesthesia, we performed a Chamberlain procedure on an awake patient using hypnosis and local anesthesia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Anterior mediastinotomy according to Chamberlain approach allowed the retrieval of sufficient fresh tissue for an accurate immunohistochemical diagnosis, while avoiding more invasive and traumatic surgical approaches such as sternotomy. This approach is particularly valuable in high-risk patients where general anesthesia could exacerbate airway or cardiovascular collapse. In this context the procedure was successfully performed under local anesthesia and hypnosis in selected patients to avoid anesthesiological risks due the compression that anterior mediastinal mass can exert.</p>","PeriodicalId":74139,"journal":{"name":"Mediastinum (Hong Kong, China)","volume":"9 ","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12518593/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence for diagnosis and prognosis of thymic epithelial tumors: a systematic review.","authors":"Anna Salut Esteve Domínguez, Marlou Dimmers, Ties A Mulders, Daphne Dumoulin, Dirk De Ruysscher, Stephanie Peeters, Jan von der Thüsen, Farhan Akram","doi":"10.21037/med-25-34","DOIUrl":"10.21037/med-25-34","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are rare, but they are the most common tumors in the anterior mediastinum. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the medical field is rapidly advancing. Especially in a rare disease such as TET, AI can help to improve existing care and foster new innovations. However, there are many different AI models with various implications. This systematic review aims to give an overview of recent studies on AI applications for the diagnosis and prognosis of TETs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this systematic review, six electronic databases were searched for research papers with the keywords \"thymoma\", \"thymic epithelial tumors\", \"thymic carcinoma\", \"artificial intelligence\", \"machine learning\" and \"deep learning\". The screening was performed by two reviewers and conflicts were resolved by a third reviewer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After removal of duplicates, 582 articles were included. Of these, 65 articles were eligible for inclusion after screening. AI models are used mainly for distinguishing between different mediastinal tumor types (n=21), risk stratification (n=26), surgical planning (n=7) and for assisting in subtyping (n=4). For prognostic purposes, AI is used for predicting clinical outcome as well as the chance of metastasis or prognosis (n=7). Models using combined clinical and radiomics data performed better than models with a single type of data. Some of the AI models outperformed physicians or successfully supported physicians in their workflow.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Many AI models have been studied in the context of the diagnosis and prognosis of TETs. Even though results are promising, external validation is often lacking, and sample sizes are small. Therefore, most models are not yet ready for clinical implementation. Further research on AI models with larger datasets and external validation is necessary, with careful consideration of the risk of data leakage.</p>","PeriodicalId":74139,"journal":{"name":"Mediastinum (Hong Kong, China)","volume":"9 ","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12518590/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superior vena cava resection without venous reconstruction for thymic tumors: a report of two cases.","authors":"Xiuxiu Hao, Zhitao Gu, Xuefei Zhang, Ning Xu, Fenghao Yu, Haoran Liu, Teng Mao, Wentao Fang","doi":"10.21037/med-25-35","DOIUrl":"10.21037/med-25-35","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Venous reconstruction is required in patients with superior vena cava (SVC) resection to maintain sufficient blood flow to avoid severe complications such as cerebral edema. However, venous reconstruction might not be needed in selected patients with well-established collateral circulations under internal jugular vein pressure (IJVP) monitoring.</p><p><strong>Case description: </strong>In November 2020, a 57-year-old female patient presented with an anterior mediastinal mass after B2 thymoma resection for 8 years. A core needle biopsy suggested recurrence of B2 thymoma. The patient received sequential chemoradiotherapy (SCRT) and had a partial response. She underwent median sternotomy in April 2021. A collateral vessel from left innominate vein was found to descend along the left side of aortic arch. IJVP was 29 cmH₂O after clamping the SVC. The tumor and invaded structures were removed without SVC reconstruction and the azygos vein was reserved. The patient was discharged 8 days after surgery without obstructive symptoms. No tumor recurrence was found after a 44-month follow-up and abundant collateral circulations were found in postoperative imaging. In July 2022, a 56-year-old female patient with B2 thymoma was treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy and additional 3-cycle chemotherapy before presenting to our hospital. The tumor invaded the SVC and the azygos vein, and there was tumor embolism inside the SVC. Thrombectomy in the SVC was attempted but was unsuccessful. But the IJVP was 25 cmH₂O after clamping the SVC and the azygos vein. Then the SVC, bilateral innominate veins, and azygos vein were resected without venous reconstruction. The patient was discharged 12 days after surgery without severe graft-related complications. After a 31-month follow-up, collateral circulations were more abundant and there was no recurrence of tumor.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To our knowledge, this is the first successful attempt of SVC resection alone without venous reconstruction and we reported long-term results. SVC resection alone under the safe threshold of IJVP was feasible and safe in selected patients with abundant collateral circulations. Patients could benefit from less surgical trauma and be spared of anticoagulants after surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":74139,"journal":{"name":"Mediastinum (Hong Kong, China)","volume":"9 ","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12518596/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When rarity meets thoracic cancers: a narrative review from ITMIG 2024.","authors":"Margaret Ottaviano, Paolo Antonio Ascierto, Erica Pietroluongo","doi":"10.21037/med-25-22","DOIUrl":"10.21037/med-25-22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Rare thoracic cancers (RTCs) comprise a heterogeneous group of malignancies characterized by low incidence, high histological diversity, and significant clinical challenges. Their rarity often results in delayed diagnoses, lack of standardized therapeutic approaches, and limited prospective clinical trials. The absence of robust data is compounded by the fragmentation of expertise across institutions, underscoring the need for centralized, multidisciplinary management and international collaboration. This article aims to provide an overview of three representative RTC models, highlighting their unique clinical, pathological, and therapeutic features, and to discuss strategies for optimizing clinical care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A narrative review was conducted based on a targeted search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and major conference proceedings up to January 2025. The search focused on selected RTCs highlighted during the 2024 ITMIG annual meeting, using terms such as \"SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumors\", \"thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms\", and \"mediastinal germ cell tumors\". Eligible sources included case reports, retrospective series, and narrative reviews. Only English-language publications were considered.</p><p><strong>Key content and findings: </strong>We focus on SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumors as examples of rare entities newly defined by molecular profiling; thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms as ultra-rare and biologically aggressive neoplasms; and mediastinal germ cell tumors, which share biological traits with their gonadal counterparts but exhibit unique clinical behaviors. Through these models, we highlight common themes in RTCs management, including diagnostic uncertainty, limited therapeutic options, and emerging directions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We discuss the strengths and limitations of current evidence and future perspectives aimed at enhancing outcomes through dedicated registries and tailored therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74139,"journal":{"name":"Mediastinum (Hong Kong, China)","volume":"9 ","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12518591/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors distinguishing thymomas from thymic squamous cell carcinoma: a proposal for diagnosis emphasizing the immunophenotype.","authors":"Yosuke Yamada","doi":"10.21037/med-24-50","DOIUrl":"10.21037/med-24-50","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are rare but represent the most common neoplasms in the adult mediastinum. They are primarily classified into thymomas and thymic carcinomas, with thymic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) being the most prevalent subtype of thymic carcinoma. Distinguishing thymomas from thymic carcinoma is critical, as it directly influences treatment strategies. However, considerable interobserver variability remains, and differentiating type A and type B3 thymomas-characterized by scattered or absent immature T cells-from thymic SCC continues to pose a diagnostic challenge. Notably, thymomas and thymic carcinomas are biologically distinct entities. Typical thymic SCC more prominently exhibits phenotypes of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) than thymomas. For example, we have demonstrated that thymic SCC frequently shows characteristics resembling tuft cells, a subset of mTECs. Moreover, these tuft cell-like phenotypes are strongly associated with KIT expression, a well-established marker of thymic SCC, which likely activates signaling pathways characteristic of this carcinoma subtype. The mTEC-like properties of thymic SCC may support the notion that it can partially mimic the cytoarchitecture of the thymus, a feature generally associated with thymoma. Therefore, immunophenotypic profiling may enhance diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing thymomas from thymic SCC. This review presents this perspective through discussion of various TET cases, focusing on type A thymoma, type B3 thymoma, and thymic SCC. Rather than asserting a definitive viewpoint, we aim to encourage constructive discussion toward a diagnostic consensus for TETs.</p>","PeriodicalId":74139,"journal":{"name":"Mediastinum (Hong Kong, China)","volume":"9 ","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12518589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mediastinal tumors: why, when, and how to biopsy?","authors":"Dirk Van Raemdonck, Paul M Clement","doi":"10.21037/med-25-29","DOIUrl":"10.21037/med-25-29","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The finding of a mediastinal mass often poses a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. A correct diagnosis on the nature of a mediastinal tumor is important prior to initiating any treatment. Therefore, good knowledge is needed on mediastinal anatomy and its different compartments as well as on the differential diagnosis of a wide variety of benign and malignant mediastinal lesions. A complete history of the symptoms and a full clinical examination together with imaging and laboratory tests can guide the clinician towards a final diagnosis at presentation. Pretreatment tissue biopsy of a mediastinal tumor is not always required in case the clinical diagnosis is highly probable based on the above findings and when the tumor looks well encapsulated and of non-invasive nature amenable to upfront complete surgical resection as judged by the thoracic surgeon. Tissue diagnosis is recommended for a clinically and radiographically for cancer suspected, locally advanced or unresectable mediastinal mass in order to confirm the diagnosis and to guide induction therapy or definitive systemic treatment. An ultrasound or computed tomography (CT)-guided core needle biopsy may result in sufficient tissue for definitive cytopathological diagnosis. Otherwise, a minimally invasive procedure by video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) or robot-assisted thoracoscopy (RATS) or occasionally an open surgical biopsy may be necessary to obtain more tissue for pathological examination and molecular testing. Depending on the location of the mediastinal mass in any of the mediastinal compartments, various surgical approaches can be chosen to biopsy. A frozen section is helpful to check the quality of the biopsy but is less effective for a precise diagnosis. The definitive pathological report needs to be awaited prior to initiating any treatment except in case of a life-threatening condition such as critical airway compression or superior vena cava syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":74139,"journal":{"name":"Mediastinum (Hong Kong, China)","volume":"9 ","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12518595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinico-pathologic study of 252 resected thymomas with emphasis on atypical A and AB group: a single institution experience.","authors":"Andrea Bille, Camilla Cavalli, George Papaxoinis, Emma McLean, Daisuke Nonaka","doi":"10.21037/med-24-22","DOIUrl":"10.21037/med-24-22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>World Health Organization (WHO) classification defines subdivision of type B group (B1, B2, and B3) based on proportion of neoplastic epithelial cells and non-neoplastic lymphocytes, and a number of studies have demonstrated correlation between the subtype and prognosis, with type B3 being unfavorable. Type A and AB tumors share similar clinico-pathological features, with generally indolent behavior, and both are characterized by GTF2I mutation. A subset of type A and AB tumors shows atypical features such as increased mitotic activity, cytologic atypia and necrosis, and the term atypical type A has been proposed; however, the atypical category is not well-defined. Aim of the study is to establish criteria for atypical type A thymoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 252 thymomas resected from 247 patients were retrieved and reviewed. A variety of clinical and histopathologic parameters were recorded and analyzed, and prognostic factors in type A and AB group were investigated in order to better define the atypical category.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median age was 63 years (range, 14-84 years), equal male:female ratio (121:129), median tumor size 65 mm (range, 10-300 mm). There were 46 tumors (type A), 105 (AB), 22 (B1), 47 (B2), and 32 (B3). The majority of patients with A/AB subtypes were above 63 years old, whereas the majority of patients with B group were below 63 years old. Type B group was more often of advanced stage compared to A/AB. Vascular invasion was shown more often in subtype A and necrosis in subtype B1. AB group included larger tumors than the other subtypes. Paraneoplastic syndromes were reported in 71 (28.4%) patients and were more frequently seen in subtypes B2 and B3. In A/AB group, multivariate Cox proportional hazard models demonstrated that mitotic count was the only independent prognostic factor as continuous variable [hazard ratio (HR) 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-1.24, P<0.001]. A/AB cases were further classified by mitotic count in 4 groups (1-4, 5-9, 10-19 and ≥20 mitotic figures per 2 mm²). Patients with mitotic count 1-4, 5-9 and 10-19 had similarly favorable progression free survival (PFS), while those with ≥20 mitotic figures per 2 mm² had remarkably worse outcomes. Therefore, A/AB patients were classified as typical if mitotic count was 0-19/2 mm² and atypical if ≥20 mitotic figures per 2 mm². Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were performed in the entire population. The strongest prognostic factors were the new subtype classification, the presence of necrosis, the status of surgical margins and neoadjuvant treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results suggest atypical type A and AB could be defined as tumors with ≥20 mitotic figures per 2 mm².</p>","PeriodicalId":74139,"journal":{"name":"Mediastinum (Hong Kong, China)","volume":"9 ","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12518594/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction: Postoperative complications of mediastinal cyst resection and their management.","authors":"Hana Ajouz, Nestor Villamizar","doi":"10.21037/med-25-36","DOIUrl":"10.21037/med-25-36","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This retracts the article DOI: 10.21037/med-22-30.].</p>","PeriodicalId":74139,"journal":{"name":"Mediastinum (Hong Kong, China)","volume":"9 ","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12518597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}