MalariaWorld journal最新文献

{"title":"Allelic frequency of <i>msp</i>2 and <i>glurp</i> genes in <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> isolates from Awka, Anambra, Nigeria.","authors":"Moses Ikegbunam, Abone Harrison, Chukwudi Egbuche, Nwasolu Obidi, Judith Mbamalu, Enyi Emmanuel, Offojebe Kosisochukwu, Mercy Ezeunala, Nzeukwu Chibumma, Ifeyinwa Onochie-Igbinedion, Joy Igwe, Joy Nnanna, Dorothy Ezeagwuna, Vincent Duru, Frances Nworji, Charles Esimone","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.14886922","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.14886922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The genetic diversity of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> correlates with its pathogenicity, therefore design of evidence-based intervention strategies to eradicate malaria requires genetic diversity surveillance. This study characterised the allelic frequencies and genetic diversity of <i>P. falciparum</i> parasites isolated from Awka, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Genomic DNA was extracted from 177 <i>P. falciparum</i> isolates and the polymorphic regions of the <i>msp2</i> and <i>glurp</i> genes were genotyped by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two <i>msp2</i> alleles (3D7 and FC27) were analysed. The 3D7 (93.55%) <i>msp2</i> allelic family was predominant in <i>msp2</i> positivie isolates. Polyclonal <i>msp2</i> infection was observed in 24 (38.71%) isolates. Twenty-one distinct <i>msp2</i> alleles were detected, with fragment sizes ranging from 200 bp to 1200 bp. The 300 bp allelic fragment (26.83%) was predominant for the 3D7 allele, while the 400 bp allelic fragment (29.54%) was predominant for the FC27 allele. The multiplicity of infection (MoI) in <i>msp2</i> was 2.03, and the expected Heterozygosity (He) was 0.34. Sixty-nine isolates (38.98%) were positive for the RII repeat region of the <i>glurp</i> gene. For the <i>glurp</i> gene, nine alleles were detected for fragment sizes ranging from 200 bp to 1150 bp, and the most prevalent allelic fragment was 200 bp (19%). The MoI and He for the <i>glurp</i> gene were 0.45 and 0.98, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The high level of polyclonal infections with <i>P. falciparum</i> parasites observed in this study indicates extensive genetic diversity in the study area. The data provide important baseline information that can be implemented in developing malaria control strategies and elimination in the study area and Nigeria.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"16 ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11892418/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143598443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making malaria control a priority: a lesson for today's malaria community.","authors":"Anton Alexander","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For malaria control to be successful, experience has shown that success is more likely where all involved feel the attempt must not be allowed to fail, and that success can be the only acceptable outcome. Importantly, all those at the top must have such commitment, and, in particular, this should also include the funder, the source of finance of the attempt. That would be malaria control treated as a priority. If not treated as such, experience has shown the outcome of such attempts to be disappointing.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"16 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11770363/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and genetic diversity of polymorphisms in <i>pfcrt</i>, <i>pfdhfr-ts</i> and <i>pfk13 propeller</i> genes of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> in southern Côte d'Ivoire.","authors":"Oléfongo Dagnogo, Ako A B Ako, Dougba N Dago, Kouamé B A Kouman, N'golo D Coulibaly, Kouakou B Bla, Offianan A Touré, Allico J Djaman","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.14604138","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.14604138","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;Plasmodium falciparum&lt;/i&gt; has developed resistance to almost all the antimalarial drugs currently in use. This resistance has been and remains one of the greatest threats to the control and elimination of malaria. The use of molecular markers of resistance to monitor the emergence and spread of antimalarial drug-resistant parasite strains has proved highly effective. The aim of this study was to analyse the polymorphism of the &lt;i&gt;pfcrt&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;pfdhfr-ts&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;pfK13 propeller&lt;/i&gt; genes for resistance in &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt; to chloroquine (CQ), pyrimethamine and artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in three sites in southern Côte d'Ivoire.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methodology: &lt;/strong&gt;Blood samples were collected in Anonkoua-kouté, Port-Bouët, and Ayamé from 94 patients with microscopically confirmed uncomplicated &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt; malaria. These patients, aged over 2 years, gave their informed consent prior to blood sampling. &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt; genomic DNA extracted from these samples was amplified by nested PCR using primers specific to the &lt;i&gt;pfcrt&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;pfdhfr-ts&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Pfk13 propeller&lt;/i&gt; genes. The amplification products were sequenced using the Sanger method. After sequencing, the prevalence of &lt;i&gt;pfcrt&lt;/i&gt; (M74I, N75E, K76T), &lt;i&gt;pfdhfr&lt;/i&gt; (N51I, C59R, S108N) and &lt;i&gt;pfk13 propeller&lt;/i&gt; (Y493H, R539T, I543T, C580Y, M476I and R561H) mutations confirmed to be involved in &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt; resistance to CQ, pyrimethamine and ACTs, respectively was determined. Data were analysed using R statistical software, version 3.2.2.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;For all three study sites, 93 (93/94, i.e. 98.94%), 86 (86/94, i.e. 94.49%) and 74 (74/94, i.e. 78.72%) DNA fragments from patient isolates were successfully amplified for the &lt;i&gt;Pfk13 propeller&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;pfdhfr-ts&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;pfcrt&lt;/i&gt; genes, respectively. Of the successfully amplified fragments, 93 (93/93, i.e. 100%), 81 (81/86, i.e. 94.18%) and 64 (64/74, i.e. 86.48%) were successfully sequenced for the &lt;i&gt;pfk13 propeller&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;pfdhfr-ts&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;pfcrt&lt;/i&gt; genes, respectively. Sequence analysis indicated that S108N mutations in the &lt;i&gt;pfdhfr&lt;/i&gt; gene and K76T mutations in the &lt;i&gt;pfcrt&lt;/i&gt; gene were observed in 74.07% (60/81) and 15.62% (10/64) respectively. Analysis of the &lt;i&gt;k13 propeller&lt;/i&gt; gene also showed a predominance of the YRICMR allelic form representing the sensitive haplotype (72/93, i.e. 78.49%).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;More than a decade after the abandonment of the use of CQ and the adoption of sulfadoxinepyrimethamine (SP) as intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) for pregnant women, the prevalence of alleles associated with CQ chemoresistance, represented by the K76T mutation in the &lt;i&gt;pfcrt&lt;/i&gt; gene, fell, while that of alleles associated with pyrimethamine chemoresistance, represented by the S108N mutation in the &lt;i&gt;pfdhfr-ts&lt;/i&gt; gene, increased in Anonkoua-Kouté, Port-Bouët and Ayamé. No mutations in muta","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"16 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11716317/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142973852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What if professional mosquito abatement in Africa started in a refugee camp?","authors":"Silas Majambere","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.14278016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14278016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the aftermath of the 2015 political crisis in Burundi, a humanitarian organisation, Maison Shalom, fled the country to Rwanda with tens of thousands of Burundians. In an attempt to assist their compatriots, a group of Burundians in the diaspora created the Académie <i>Ubuntu</i> and teamed with Maison Shalom to give online classes to the refugees. With courage and determination and despite the conditions in the refugee camp and the language barrier, 17 refugees successfully completed the 'Best Practices for Integrated Mosquito Management Virtual Training Programme', offered by the American Mosquito Control Association. These 17 refugees are determined to put these skills to work and perhaps start the very first mosquito abatement programme in Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"15 ","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11627122/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142803921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A shot in the foot: Could chemical control of malaria vectors threaten food security?","authors":"Bart G J Knols","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.13969756","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.13969756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Overwhelmingly, contemporary malaria vector control equals the use of chemical pesticides (through insecticide-treated bednets or indoor residual spraying). Gradually, but surely, we have become enslaved to thinking that controlling malaria mosquitoes equals the use of chemical insecticides, and much of the vector control field today is dominated by scientists, lobbyists, chemical companies, funding agencies and (global) institutions that endlessly repeat this dogmatic belief. Although chemical control has undoubtedly saved millions of lives, which, morally speaking would immediately justify its continued use, it has many sides that may ultimately cost more lives than it saves. Not only the cyclical problems with insecticide resistance, but also our increased understanding of the human and environmental health impacts of these chemicals, continue to raise red flags. Furthermore, the millions of kilogrammes of annual bednet waste (polyethylene, polypropylene) and bednet packaging material cannot be ignored. In recent years, an abundance of evidence that the use of chemical pesticides is a prime cause for the global decline in insect biodiversity and abundance has surfaced. The rate at which this decline is happening is frightening and may sooner rather than later threaten food production on a global scale. Should we opt for saving lives in the short term by using chemicals and face devastating and irrevocable long-term consequences or become wise(r) in the way we control malaria mosquitoes?</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"15 ","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11502436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142514257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Did antisemitism mislead and conceal from the world's malaria community the first start anywhere of a successful national malaria elimination campaign?","authors":"Anton Alexander","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.13934894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For many years, the malaria community appears to have stumbled and fumbled along in its effort to control malaria with varying results that have often been ineffective. This article makes the suggestion the malaria community has appeared to avoid studying or applying methods that are acknowledged to have been successful in Palestine 100 years ago. The article further suggests such avoidance arose due to an anti-semitic minority element in the Palestine Arab leadership in the 1920s and '30s which sought to inflame the general Palestine Arab populace against the Jews (who had initiated the malaria control) by dishonestly explaining the Arab woes in Palestine had been caused by the Jews. The article asks the question if today's anti-semitism has perpetuated the '20s and '30s Palestine anti-semitism and has thereby continued to discourage the malaria community today from openly adopting the successful anti-malaria methods employed in Palestine 100 years ago.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"15 ","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11537171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142585259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing health workers' adherence to malaria treatment guidelines in under-five children in Nigeria: A scoping review.","authors":"Ifeoma C Ezenyi, Kim Picozzi, John I Amaka, Obi P Adigwe","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.13934643","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.13934643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria is a leading cause of mortality in children aged 5 years and below in Nigeria. Treatment guidelines stipulate among other recommendations, testing by microscopy or a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) before treatment. Non-adherence to these guidelines portends a challenge, especially among vulnerable under-five children. This study explored the factors influencing Nigerian public health workers' (HWs) adherence to these guidelines in under-five children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A review of literature published between 2011- 2023 was conducted on Web of Science, Ovid Embase, Medline, Global Health, CAB Abstracts, Scopus, and Global Index Medicus. Data was extracted and analyzed under 4 themes: diagnosis, compliance with test results, use of recommended treatment, post-treatment counselling and severe malaria management.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nineteen (19) studies were included for review. Training and supervision, RDT and antimalarial availability, good knowledge of, and positive perception of RDTs promoted adherence to mRDT use. A lack of confidence in RDTs and age (≥ 40 years) fuelled presumptive treatment, especially among clinicians. mRDT and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) stockouts dissuaded HWs from adhering to case management guidelines. Caregiver pressure for treatment was identified as a barrier to compliance with test results.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is important to design context-specific strategies to improve adherence to guidelines for malaria case management, especially in under-five children. Training on the guidelines should be tailored, needs-based, and continuous, and HWs should be supportively supervised in implementing case management. Maintaining an adequate supply of quality-assured mRDTs and antimalarials can facilitate adherence to the guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"15 ","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11537172/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142585264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical features of the Cry4B toxin of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> subsp. <i>israelensis</i> and its interaction with BT-R₃, a bitopic cadherin G-protein coupled receptor in <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>.","authors":"Lee A Bulla","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.13169433","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.13169433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The cadherin G-protein coupled receptor BT-R₃ in the mosquito <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> is a single membrane-spanning α-helical (bitopic) protein that represents the most abundant and functionally diverse group of membrane proteins. Binding of the Cry4B toxin of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> subsp. <i>israelensis</i> (Bti) to BT-R₃ triggers a Mg2+-dependent signalling pathway in the mosquito that involves stimulation of G protein α-subunit, which subsequently launches a coordinated signalling cascade involving Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase. Described in this study is the behaviour of the Cry4B purified active protein toxin in solution relative to its protoxin predecessor produced by Bti as well as identification of the region within BT-R₃ of <i>An. gambiae</i> to which the toxin binds.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The relationship and behaviour of protoxin and toxin were ascertained <i>in vitro</i> by solubility studies in an alkaline environment like that of the mosquito larval midgut. To identify the specific toxin-binding site within BT-R₃, the full-length coding sequence of the <i>bt-r3</i> gene was amplified and cloned in pENTR/D-TOTO and subcloned in pXINSECT-DEST38 resulting in recombinant pXINSECT-DEST38-<i>bt-r3</i>. Cytotoxicity was analysed using <i>Trichoplusia ni</i> High Five™ insect cells transfected with the pXINSECT-DEST38-<i>bt-r3</i> plasmid rendering them susceptible to the Cry4B toxin. Truncation mutational analyses, receptor-toxin binding studies and live cell experiments were used to elucidate the toxin-binding site in BT-R₃.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The N-terminal half of the Cry4B protoxin was cleaved releasing active Cry4B toxin. The nontoxic C-terminal portion was degraded into small peptide fragments. The receptor BT-R₃ contained a single toxin-binding site--a 106-amino acid polypeptide bounded by Ile1359 and Ser1464 (¹³⁵⁹IS¹⁴⁶⁴) localized in the 11th cadherin repeat of the receptor.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The structural features of the toxin-binding site are critical to the specificity, selectivity and affinity of the active toxin and for the design and development of novel Bti-based biopesticides.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"15 ","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11302571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141899078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relapsing <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> malaria in a 12-year-old Brazilian girl: A case report.","authors":"Ezequias B Martins, Anielle de Pina-Costa, Roxana F Mamani, Otilia Lupi, Guilherme A Calvet, Clarisse S Bressan, Michele F B Silva, André M Siqueira, Sidnei da Silva, Graziela Maria Zanini, Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz, Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro, Patrícia Brasil","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.11125657","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.11125657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Plasmodium vivax</i> causes the vast majority of malaria cases in Brazil. The lifecycle of this parasite includes a latent stage in the liver, the hypnozoite. Reactivation of hypnozoites induces repeated relapses. We report a case of two relapses of <i>vivax</i> malaria in a teenage girl after conventional treatment with chloroquine and primaquine. Chloroquine prophylactic treatment for three months was prescribed with a favourable outcome of the case.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"15 ","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11087666/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140913393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uneasy bedfellows: Public-Private partnerships for malaria control.","authors":"Jacques D Charlwood","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.11046816","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.11046816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is argued that reducing poverty is likely to alleviate malaria transmission and that the way to do this is by reducing inequality. The present capitalist system (as opposed to a straightforward market) tends to erode equality and promote profit over product. This may extend to the manufacture of bednets, bought by agencies rather than individual consumers, whose products may suffer from built in obsolescence. It is argued that better quality nets that can be re-impregnated locally are both desired and required. Derek Charlwood (aka Mzshensy#1) started his career as a medical entomologist in 1974 as a Research Assistant in the laboratory of the legendary Mick Gillies. By 2012 he had risen to become a Senior Research Assistant working for the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and so he is definitely ascending the career ladder. He has worked in numerous malaria endemic countries including Brazil, Papua New Guinea, Tanzania, Cambodia, São Tomé and Príncipe, Mozambique and Eritrea.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"15 ","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11070747/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140860992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}