MalariaWorld journal最新文献

{"title":"Circulation of non-falciparum malaria species in West Africa: A literature review from 2000 to 2024.","authors":"Mamane N Garba, Lamine M Moustapha, Mamadou A Diallo, Khadim Diongue, Mame C Seck, Mahamadou Doutchi, Mouhamadou Ndiaye, Maman L Ibrahim, Daouda Ndiaye, Aida S Badiane","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.17938329","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.17938329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While malaria elimination efforts in West African countries focus primarily on <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>, non-falciparum malaria species could replace <i>P. falciparum</i> if their elimination is neglected. It is within this malaria control and elimination context that this article reviews the circulation of non-falciparum malaria species in the West African region.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Non-falciparum related articles with a focus on the West African sub-region, published between 2000 and 2024, were selected using internet search engines Google Search, PubMed Central®, and the National Library of Medicine. The methodologies, including the study type, period, population, clinical symptoms, and diagnostic techniques used, plus the frequency of non-falciparum species, were reviewed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 31 articles about non-falciparum malaria were reviewed, including 2 (6.5%) each from Benin, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast, 4 (12.9%) each from Ghana and Nigeria, 5 (16.1%) from Mali, 3 (9.7%) from Niger, and 9 (29.0%) from Senegal. Of the 31 reviewed papers, <i>P. falciparum</i> was reported in 29 (93.5%), <i>P. malariae</i> in 25 (80.6%), <i>P. ovale</i> in 24 (77.4%), <i>P. vivax</i> in 11 (35.5%). Overall, 17 (54.8%) of the review papers used RDTs including 12 (70.6%) PfHRP2-based RDTs, and 5 (29.4%) of the malaria Ag P.f/Pan-based RDTs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review describes and provides a better understanding of the circulation of non-falciparum malaria species in West Africa. In addition, it underscores the need to adapt malaria diagnostics by using more sensitive techniques, and to modify control strategies to investigate asymptomatic Plasmodium infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"16 ","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12741995/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145851602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria hotspots and risk factors among children under-five years of age across eight West African countries: A geospatial analysis of DHS data.","authors":"Edmond Sacla Aidé, Adama Kazienga, Oyelola Adegboye, Paul Sondo, Halidou Tinto","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.17777419","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.17777419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, disproportionately affecting children under five years of age. Understanding the spatial distribution of malaria and its associated risk factors is essential for implementing effective, targeted control strategies. In this study, we investigated spatial variation and key determinants of malaria prevalence among children under five in eight West African countries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study used the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys Data from eight West African countries where malaria infection status was determined by microscopy. Generalised Linear Mixed Models were first used to explore associations between malaria infection and sociodemographic predictors, accounting for survey design. These models were extended into Generalised Linear Geostatistical Models to incorporate spatial random effects. Malaria prevalence was predicted at a 10 x 10 km resolution, and exceedance probability maps were generated to identify high-burden areas with prevalence exceeding 30%. Model validation was done using empirical variograms, PIT histograms, and residual spatial analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets was significantly associated with reduced odds of malaria infection in four of the eight countries included in the study, while younger child age (<2 years) was consistently associated with lower risk across all countries. In addition, marked spatial heterogeneity in malaria prevalence was observed, with high predicted prevalence in Benin and Cote d'Ivoire and lower prevalence in Ghana and Liberia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the importance of geospatial approaches for understanding malaria transmission dynamics in order to tailor malaria control measures to local context. The findings underscore the need to strengthen the effective use of insecticide-treated nets and community-level vector control, while improving spatial surveillance and data integration to support context-specific malaria interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"16 ","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12681185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145703002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why and when successful rural malaria control became a local problem - Palestine 1922.","authors":"Anton Alexander","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.17512696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17512696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent events, i.e., the demise of USAID, recognition of a State of Palestine, and the massacre of 7th October 2023 by Hamas, have seemingly come together to remind of the obstacles the Zionists had to overcome in Palestine more than 100 years ago when launching the start of the first sustainable rural malaria control programme. Here, I examine how the Zionists dealt with situations of a similar nature to these events all that time ago.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"16 ","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12603339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145508399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical spectrum and complications of <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> malaria: A retrospective study from Delhi, India.","authors":"Dharmander Singh, Azhar Uddin, Kanupriya Bajaj, Arushi Chaturvedi, Radhika Garg, Kailash Chandra, Ayan Das, Sunil Kohli, Vineet Jain","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.17120057","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.17120057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Plasmodium vivax</i> malaria, traditionally regarded as benign, is now recognised to cause severe illness. India bears a high burden of <i>P. vivax</i> malaria, yet data on its clinical spectrum and severity predictors remain limited. This study aimed to describe the clinical and laboratory profile of <i>P. vivax</i> malaria and identify risk factors for severe disease in a tertiary care setting.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective study of 361 patients diagnosed with <i>P. vivax</i> malaria between June 2020 and May 2024 was conducted at a tertiary hospital in South Delhi, India. Diagnosis was confirmed by peripheral smear and/or rapid diagnostic tests. Patients were categorised into complicated and uncomplicated groups using WHO criteria. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analysed with chi-square test, odds ratios, correlation analysis, and logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 361 patients, 167 (46.3%) had complications. Mean age was 31 years with male predominance (64.6%), though complications were more frequent in females (42% vs. 32%, P=0.039). Anaemia (73.4%), thrombocytopenia (57.9%), and leucocytosis were common. Thrombocytopenia (OR 3.20, P<0.001) and leucocytosis (OR 2.37, P<0.05) were significantly linked to severity. Elevated creatinine (OR=6.07, P 0.001) and hyperbilirubinemia (OR=3.71, P<0.001) strongly correlated with complications. Breathlessness and pleural effusion were also more common in severe cases. Strong associations were observed between anaemia and hyperbilirubinemia (r 0.75), bleeding and ARDS (r 0.82), and mortality with shock (r=0.74).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nearly half of <i>P. vivax</i> cases developed severe complications, challenging its benign perception. Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leucocytosis, and organ dysfunction were key severity markers. Higher complication rates in females and afebrile cases highlight diagnostic and social challenges. Early recognition of atypical features and vigilant monitoring are crucial to improve outcomes in endemic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"16 ","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12448373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145115144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issues associated with malaria self-medication in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.","authors":"John I Amaka, Ewan MacLeod, Kim Picozzi, Jenna Fyfe, Ifeoma C Ezenyi, Idayat S Ijaiya, Daniel D Attah, Benedict A Godwin, Victor U Obisike, Muhammed M Galamaji","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.17054133","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.17054133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria is a leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa, which is home to more than 90% of both cases and deaths globally. Self-medication with antimalarials is a common practice in the region, mainly due to high malaria endemicity, poverty, and difficulty in accessing services in formal settings. Malaria self-medication is implicated in the rising trend of antimalarial drug resistance which threatens decades of gains made in controlling the disease. Previous studies have somewhat itemised the reasons for malaria self-medication and the factors driving it but have not been able to estimate the overall prevalence of the practice and its dynamics over time regarding period, region and country.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis on malaria self-medication in sub-Saharan Africa was conducted by searching PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase databases for relevant studies written in English and published up to 12th April, 2023, using a combination of different keywords derived from the main keywords ('malaria', 'self-medication' and 'sub-Saharan Africa'), broadening chances of retrieval by using Boolean operators 'OR' and 'AND'.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review, giving rise to a pooled prevalence of 55.3% for malaria self-medication. Factors driving self-medication with antimalarials in the region include low-income level, cheap availability of non-prescription drugs, large family size, lack of health insurance, difficulty in accessing healthcare in formal settings and previous satisfactory use of specific drugs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Due to the underlying factors driving the practice, health authorities and regulatory agencies in sub-Saharan Africa should step up actions by incorporating stakeholders in the informal drug market into a framework that advocates for an enlightened use of antimalarial drugs in the management of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"16 ","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12424091/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145066409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Undetected <i>Plasmodium malariae</i> and <i>P. ovale</i> infections in HRP2 RDT-positive children with uncomplicated malaria in Nanoro, Burkina Faso.","authors":"Amélé Fifi Chantal Kouevi, Ipéné Mylène Carenne Bayala, Paul Sondo, Bérenger Kaboré, Kié Solange Millogo, Sié A Elisée Kambou, Eulalie W Compaore, Moustapha Nikiema, Adama Kazienga, Toussaint Rouamba, Awa Gnémé, Halidou Tinto","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.15965746","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.15965746","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The widespread use of histidine-rich protein 2 (HPR2)-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), specific to <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> in endemic areas may underestimate the weight of minor species such as <i>P. malariae</i> and <i>P. ovale</i> in malaria transmission. This study aimed to determine the extent of undetected <i>P. malariae</i> and <i>P. ovale</i> infections in children with positive diagnosis of uncomplicated malaria based on HRP2 RDT in the Nanoro health district, Burkina Faso.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Children <5 yrs with uncomplicated malaria confirmed by HRP2 RDT were recruited from July 2021 to June 2022 in five peripheral health facilities of the Nanoro health district. Blood samples were collected from finger prick for malaria species identification by microscopy and nested PCR. The prevalence of <i>P. malariae</i>, <i>P. ovale</i>, and mixed infections was estimated as the ratio of positive cases over the total samples analysed. Binomial generalised linear models were used to assess the effect of age and sex on the positivity rate of mixed infections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over the study period, 207 children with uncomplicated malaria who tested positive for the HRP2 antigen were included. Microscopy detected 4 non-<i>falciparum</i> cases: 3 <i>P. malariae</i> and 1 <i>P. ovale</i>. In addition to these patent cases, sub-patent infection with <i>P. ovale</i> and <i>P. malariae</i> were detected in 6 and 5 cases, respectively. Mixed infections with non-<i>falciparum</i> species exhibited lower parasite densities than mono-infections with <i>P. falciparum</i> alone. There was no effect of gender or age on the mixed infection positivity rate (X²=0.16, p=0.683).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The widespread use of HPR2-based RDTs underestimate the burden of non-<i>falciparum</i> species. In the context of eliminating malaria, new diagnostic tools allowing the detection of <i>Plasmodium</i> species other than <i>P. falciparum</i> must be deployed.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"16 ","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12278796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144683675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding malaria in rural Uganda: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Michelle L Cathorall, Andrew Peachey, Saidah Najjuma","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.15776707","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.15776707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria is endemic in 96% of Uganda, making targeted malaria prevention programming critical to malaria elimination. In areas with low transmission rates prevention resources are limited to mass distribution of bednets every three years. Mosquito nets remain one of the most efficient and affordable malaria prevention strategies. While net distributions have increased net ownership, that has not translated to a comparable increase in net use. The Luwero District is one of two areas with increased rates of severe malaria between 2017-2021. Findings from previous studies indicate that there are a variety of factors associated with individuals choosing not to use a net even when available.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study examined community members' knowledge about malaria, their prevention methods, net ownership, net characteristics, and net use. Using a convenience sample of 106 adults, quantitative data were collected using a structured, in-person survey in four villages in central rural Uganda. Questions and response categories were read aloud; the researcher documented each response electronically. Descriptive statistics were used to characterise the sample populations. Theoretical constructs were compared between those with and without a recent diagnosis of malaria with the household. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between the theoretical constructs and recent malaria diagnosis after controlling for demographic characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings from this study indicate high rates of net ownership and self-reported use within the rural areas. Perceived susceptibility and barriers were greater among those with a recent diagnosis of malaria within the household. The positive association remained significant after controlling for household size.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Understanding the specific factors related to individuals' knowledge and use of bednets is key to reducing rates of severe malaria.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"16 ","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12231759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144585762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free\" - a chant that hampers the very foundation of malaria elimination around the world.","authors":"Anton Alexander","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.15740720","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.15740720","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"16 ","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12207566/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets for malaria elimination in Laos (2016-2023).","authors":"Nouanthong Navalith, Heon Jae Jeong, Yeun Soo Yang, Nouanthong Phonethipsavanh, Sangyune Kim, Sunjoo Kang","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.15479515","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.15479515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Malaria remains a significant health challenge in Laos, particularly in the southern provinces with dense forests and mobile populations. Despite progress in reducing cases, socio-environmental factors drive its persistence.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Using data from 2016 to 2023, trends were analysed with P-trend analysis, and effects of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and climate on malaria incidence were assessed via Poisson regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During this period, malaria incidence decreased by 95.5%, underscoring the success of elimination strategies. LLIN distribution led to a 54.1% reduction in incidence (IRR=0.459; p 0.002). Climate factors did not significantly influence transmission rates (IRR=0.67; p 0.717).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The critical role of LLINs in reducing malaria incidence is evident. To support the national elimination goal for 2030, interventions must maintain consistent coverage and community engagement. Future research should focus on localised climatic data and address specific challenges in regions like Khammouane Province, enhancing the effectiveness of malaria control programmes and improving intervention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"16 ","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12107291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geo-temporal study of clinical malaria in an endemic zone in southern Mali: The case of the Kolondieba health district from 2019 to 2021.","authors":"Ibrahima Berthé, Mady Cissoko, Mamady Koné, Donatien Serge Mbaga, Alou Diaby, Abdramane Konaté, Ismaila Théra, Bayaya Haidara, Abdoulaye Ongoiba, Tahirou Togola, Modibo Diarra, Ousmane Boua Togola, Amagoron Dit Mathias Dolo, Souleymane Diarra, Bourahima Koné, Yacouba Koné, Lassana Sissoko, Leon Paul Rabarijaona, Cheick Abou Coulibaly, Cheick Amadou Tidiane Traore, Issaka Sagara","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.15676301","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.15676301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in Mali, particularly in endemic areas such as the Kolondieba health district. This study aimed to analyse the geo-temporal dynamics of clinical malaria transmission, identifying high-risk periods, vulnerable age groups and associated environmental and health determinants.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A historical cohort study was conducted from 2019 to 2021 across 21 health facilities in the Kolondieba district. Epidemiological, climatic, and demographic data were analysed using geospatial tools (QGIS) and statistical software (R). The non-parametric Wilcoxon and Kruskall-Wallis tests were used to compare two means and population malaria incidence distribution, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The incidence of malaria exhibited seasonality influenced by precipitation and humidity, while elevated temperatures were associated with a decrease in malaria incidence. Periods of high transmission potential (HTP) last for 20-25 weeks annually (weeks 23-48) and peak around weeks 30-31. Malaria accounted for 53.71% of consultation reasons, with pronounced vulnerability observed in children aged 0-4 yrs, especially during high transmission periods. Spatial stratification revealed two risk levels: 5 health areas at moderate risk (incidence 251-450 cases/1000 inhabitants) and 16 at high risk (>450 cases/1000 inhabitants). Health center attendance was a more determining risk factor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of malaria transmission in southern Mali, emphasising the necessity to target interventions during weeks 23-48 (June through November), among children <5 yrs of age, in health areas with high health centre attendance. The integration of socio-economic factors in future studies could refine control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74100,"journal":{"name":"MalariaWorld journal","volume":"16 ","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12180485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144478142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}