African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines最新文献

{"title":"A REVIEW OF THE THERAPEUTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CAMEL URINE","authors":"O. AlKhamees, Saud M. Alsanad","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I6.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I6.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The therapeutic use of camel urine has been known for centuries, with evidence of its use for medicinal purposes found in early folklore. It has been used to cure different diseases; however, the significant therapeutic benefits of urine have yet to undergo rigorous scientific evaluation. In this review, a summary of the scientific evidence that supports these therapeutic actions has been presented. \u0000Materials and methods: A literature search of different electronic databases including PubMed, Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar were conducted to identify published studies exploring the therapeutic effects of camel urine. ‘Camel’ and ‘Urine’, ‘Medicinal properties’, ‘Natural products’ were entered into the databases as key words. Reference lists of published reviews retrieved by the search were also searched to identify relevant papers. \u0000Result: There have been several laboratory and limited clinical studies providing evidence of the therapeutic effects of camel urine in the treatment of cancer, viral hepatitis and other viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Therapeutic uses in the cardiovascular system have also been discovered, with regard to platelet and fibrinolytic actions. \u0000Conclusion: The exploration of the use of camel urine is of great interest to determine the efficacy of this practice, as well as the safety of the patients being treated. This review presented the benefits of camel urine, which were commonly drawn from small laboratory studies. Therefore, many more preclinical and clinical studies are needed to examine the efficacy and safety of the use of camel urine in in the treatment of disease.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"6 1","pages":"120-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79863006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BIOACTIVITY-GUIDED APHROSIDIAC POTENTIAL OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIALINN","authors":"C. Adewunmi","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I6.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I6.13","url":null,"abstract":"1College of Pharmacy, Igbinedon University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria. \u00002Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"17 1","pages":"127-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81697180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardioprotective effects of curcumin against diabetes and nicotine combined oxidative stress","authors":"Z. Ibrahim, M. Soliman, Shawky Mahmoud, M. Shukry","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I6.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I6.7","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) develop through oxidative stress-induced myocardial cell apoptosis that cause cardiac tissue damage resulting in hemodynamics disturbance while Cigarette Smoking (CS) is associated with a significant increase in the risk of recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmia in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients caused by oxidative stress. Curcuma longa extract (curcumin) is known to protect against hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. This brought in mind to investigate the probability of the crcumin ability to ameliorate the combined diabetes and smoking induced oxidative stress caused DCM \u0000Materials and Methods: Diabetic rats were administered nicotine to investigate the effect of the combined oxidative stress of diabetes and nicotine. Moreover, curcumin was administered to examine its protective effect on possible oxidative stress induced diabetes and nicotine. \u0000Results: Nicotine administration in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg to diabetic rats increased the oxidative stress. This occurs through elevation of plasma nitric oxide (NO) and upregulation of cardiac tissue inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Endothelin-1 mRNA expressions, in addition to elevation of plasma triglycerides (TG), and LDL and reduction of HDL levels. Nicotine administration also reduced the cardiac tissue protective mechanism through reduction of plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD), cardiac tissue Erythropoietin (EPO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoforms and VEGF receptor mRNA expressions. These combined oxidative stresses were manifested by elevation of the plasma cardiac markers troponin I and creatine kinase (CK-MB). Supplementation of curcumin prevented the diabetic and nicotine-induced oxidative stress through reduction of plasma NO and iNOS and Endothelin-1 mRNA expressions to their control levels and elevation of plasma SOD and upregulation of cardiac tissue Erythropoietin (EPO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoforms and VEGF receptor mRNA expressions. This curcumin protective effect of the cardiac tissue was manifested by normalization of the plasma cardiac marker troponin I and CK-MB. \u0000Conclusion: These results strongly confirmed that curcumin protected cardiac tissues from the combined oxidative stress induced by diabetes and nicotine.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"46 1","pages":"64-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87908863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES USED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE","authors":"M. Japhet, N. Mlungisi, Gomo Exnevia","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I5.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I5.19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing rapidly in both developed and developing countries. There \u0000are various conventional medicines used for the management of the disease, but there is also increased interest in the use of \u0000traditional herbal medicines. Although the concepts of illness and diseases in traditional medicine may differ from \u0000conventional medicine the outcomes are similar. The antihyperglycemic effects of various herbal medicines prescribed by \u0000traditional healers in the management of diabetes mellitus have been proven scientifically using several in-vitro and in-vivo \u0000models as well as clinical studies in humans. \u0000Materials and methods: Literature search was done in several databases. Firstly, the search was conducted using the key \u0000terms: diabetes mellitus and traditional medicine, diabetes mellitus and herbs, diabetes mellitus and plants, traditional \u0000concepts of health and sickness and diabetes mellitus. After identifying the herbs or plants used in diabetes a search was \u0000then conducted by name of herb and efficacy in management of diabetes mellitus. \u0000Results: This review highlights the similarities and differences in mechanisms of action of various traditional herbal \u0000medicines and conventional medicines. The major observation is that, herbal medicines often have multiple mechanisms of \u0000action ideally making them combination therapies. The review further highlights the need to develop an algorithm of a \u0000minimum battery of in-vitro and animal studies that can provide solid evidence of the potential of traditional medicines as \u0000anti-diabetic treatments. \u0000Conclusion: Traditional herbal medicines often have multiple phytoconstituents and hence multiple mechanisms of action \u0000ideally making them combination therapies.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"1 1","pages":"156-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75632404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUATION OF THE ANTI-MYCOBACTERIAL, ANTI-OXIDATIVE AND ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITIES OF RUBIA CORDIFOLIA ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT SUB-FRACTIONS IN HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES AND NEUTROPHILS","authors":"M. Makgatho, W. Nxumalo, E. Ndaba, C. Masilo, F. Tsindane, M. Sedibane","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I5.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I5.21","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Rubia cordifolia has been used to treat various diseases and exhibits antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, \u0000analgesic and antidiarrheal activities. The plant has not been investigated for its anti-mycobacterial activity against \u0000virulent tuberculosis strains as well as cytotoxic and anti-oxidant activities in mononuclear cells and neutrophils. \u0000Methods. Ethanolic and dichloromethane leaf extract fractions of Rubia cordifolia (0.2- 125μg/ml) were screened for \u0000anti-mycobacterial activity using a fluorescent microplate assay. The anti-oxidant activity of the fractions was tested \u0000using the radical scavenging assay, while their cytotoxicity to lymphocytes was measured using the WST-8 assay. \u0000Reactive oxygen species production by neutrophils exposed to fractions was tested using Cell Meter™ Fluorimetric \u0000ROS Assay kit. \u0000Results. The ethanolic leaf fractions exhibited overall superior anti-mycobacterial activity than the dichloromethane \u0000group and were further screened for anti-oxidant and cytotoxic activities. Ethanolic sub-fractions K2F-3.2, K2F-3.3 and \u0000K2F-3.4 showed significant antioxidant activities at concentration of 50 μg/ml to 200 μg/ml and higher in both the cell \u0000free-based radical scavenging activity and total reactive oxygen species production assays. For lymphocytes, the test \u0000agents showed anti-proliferative activity at 25 μg/ml to 200 μg/ml for sub-fraction K2F-3.3B and 50 μg/ml to 200 \u0000μg/ml for agents K2F-3.2 and K2F-3.4. \u0000Conclusion. The current study is the first to record the in vitro anti-mycobacterial, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic activities \u0000of Rubia cordifolia plant leaf extract sub-fractions using the given experimental setups and further research activities to \u0000identify the bioactive components are to be pursued.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"22 1","pages":"181-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90498712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HERB-RESISTANT UPEC STRAINS HAVE DIFFERENT BIOFILM FORMATION ABILITIES AND DIFFERENT EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN BIOFILM RELATED GENES","authors":"Y. Tong, Lili Dou, Ye Sun, Dong-kai Zhao","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I5.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I5.8","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The mechanisms and patterns of drug resistances of E. coli strains that cause uncomplicated urinary tract \u0000infections (UTIs) vary considerably. The emerging herbresistance \u0000of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) has been a \u0000serious health problem, yet with unknown underlying mechanisms. \u0000Methods: To explore the potential herb-resistance mechanisms of E. coli strains that cause uncomplicated UTIs, three \u0000clinically isolated herb-resistant UPEC strains (1351, 4996, 5028) were analyzed for their abilities to form biofilms and the \u0000expressions of the pga ABCD and luxS genes. \u0000Results: We found that the expression of pgaA and pgaB are very different between 1351 and 5028, and the loss-offunction \u0000of luxS in 4996 has impact on biofilm formation. \u0000Conclusions: 1. Herb-resistance of the strains is related to their abilities of biofilm formation. 2. Biofilm formation \u0000capabilities of herb-resistant strains show different responses to the presence of glucose. 3. luxS encoded AI-2 is not \u0000essential for biofilm formation in this strain but may help with more biofilm formation.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"16 1","pages":"56-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77483818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECTS OF GLYCYRRHIZIN PRE-TREATMENT ON TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC BRAIN INJURY IN MICE","authors":"C. Lim, Sehyun Lim, Y. Lee, B. Kong, Byoungho Lee, Chang-Hyun Kim, Bu-Yeo Kim, Suin Cho","doi":"10.21010/ajtcam.v14i5.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v14i5.15","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ischemia-induced brain damage is the leading cause of adult disability and the fifth leading cause of death, and thus, the development of anti-apoptotic neuro-protective therapeutic agents is viewed as an attractive developmental strategy. Glycyrrhizin is the main sweet component in licorice and has a number of pharmacological activities, which include neuro-protective, anti-fungal, and anti-cariogenic activities. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of glycyrrhizin on ischemia-induced brain damage. Materials and Methods: In infarct volumes and the levels of several apoptosis-related proteins, caspase-3, -8, 9, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2,and their activities in the brains of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) treated mice were measured using western blotting methods. Results: Single pre-treatment with glycyrrhizin (10-100 mg/kg)at 2 hours before MCAO significantly reduced infarct volumes at 24h after MCAO. In addition, glycyrrhizin effectively inhibited the activations of caspase-3 and -9 and the down-regulation of Bcl-xLprotein caused by MCAO. Conclusion: The neuro-protective effect of glycyrrhizin was found to be due to its regulation of apoptosisrelated proteins signals.The authors suggest glycyrrhizin be considered a potential candidate for the treatment of ischemia induced brain damage. Keywords: Glycyrrhizin, licorice, stroke, apoptosis","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"44 1","pages":"113-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77266932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NOVEL APPLICATION OF CULTURED ROOTS OF MOUNTAIN GINSENG (PANAX GINSENG MEYER) AND GINSENOSIDE RE AS SAFE ANTIMELANOGENIC COSMECEUTICAL COMPONENTS","authors":"Zuly Elizabeth Jiménez-Pérez, Yeaon-ju Kim, Verónica Castro-Aceituno, R. Mathiyalagan, J. Markus, Sungeun Ahn, Shakina Yesmin Simu, Deok-Chun Yang","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I5.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I5.24","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer), which belongs to Araliaceae family, grows naturally in the \u0000mountains of Korea. It is highly valued owing to its enhanced pharmacology effects such as immunostimulating, \u0000antioxidant, anti-cancer and antiaging activity. An alternative to accessing the sparse mountain ginseng therapy benefits is \u0000by tissue-cultured roots of mountain ginseng. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of water extract of cultured \u0000roots of mountain ginseng (CRMG) and specifically its major compound ginsenoside Re (Re) on melanin synthesis in α- \u0000MSH-stimulated mouse melanoma B16BL6 cells (B16). \u0000Materials and Methods: Cell cytotoxicity was evaluated trough a comparative study using normal human dermal \u0000fibroblast (HDF) and B16. Then, α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells were analyzed, using melanin and tyrosinase activity assay. \u0000Tyrosinase gene expression was evaluated trough reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis and quantitative \u0000PCR analysis. Finally, an in silico docking study was performed. \u0000Results: The study demonstrated that CRMG and Re were non-toxic compounds and significantly reduced tyrosinase \u0000activity and melanin content in B16 cells. Re decreased the mRNA expression of tyrosinase and other melanin synthesisrelated \u0000genes in B16 cells. In addition, in silico docking studies showed that Re had stronger interaction with tyrosinase \u0000compared to control drug arbutin due to its higher binding affinity. \u0000Conclusion: Taken together, our results suggest that CRMG and Re possess potential anti-melanogenic activities and may \u0000be used as antimelanogenic cosmeceutical agents.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"84 1","pages":"209-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90323524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A REVIEW OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY THE BASOTHO FOR TREATMENT OF SKIN DISORDERS: THEIR PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIMICROBIAL, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL","authors":"Moteetee L, Seleteng Kose","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I5.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I5.16","url":null,"abstract":"Background: While the incidence of skin diseases is high in developing countries, they are not regarded as priority due to low \u0000mortality rates, however, they are a major concern due to their co-occurrence with HIV/AIDS. Due to lack of accessibility to \u0000healthcare facilities and unaffordability of conventional medicines, many people in rural areas resort to medicinal plants. The aim \u0000of the study is to document the plants used for treating skin afflictions by the Basotho people residing in Lesotho and the Free \u0000State Province of South Africa. \u0000Materials and Methods: A comprehensive survey of existing ethnobotanical literature including numerous books was carried \u0000out. Electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect were also used to obtain information on the antiinflammatory, \u0000antimicrobial, and phytochemical activities of the medicinal plants. \u0000Results and discussion: 57 plant species are utilised for the treatment of various skin ailments with a majority of them used for \u0000wounds (26 species) and venereal sores (19 species). The plants are distributed in 39 families with the Asteraceae being the most \u0000represented with seven species, followed by Solanaceae and Asphodelaceae with four species each. 38 species have previously \u0000been evaluated for their phytochemical properties, 40 for their anti-microbial potential, while 29 have been assessed for their antiinflammatory \u0000activity. Of the 57, 13 species have not been evaluated for any of the three categories. \u0000Conclusion: Many of the plants have been shown to have anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and phytochemical properties, which \u0000then validates their traditional use.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"2 1","pages":"121-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84646056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invasive alien plants used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS-related symptoms by traditional healers of Vhembe Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa","authors":"S. G. Mbambala, M. Tshisikhawe, N. A. Masevhe","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I5.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAM.V14I5.11","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Invasive alien plants have been known to play an important role in the lives of rural communities with \u0000regard to food security, ornamental purposes, as well as primary healthcare. The study presents the results of data \u0000collected through a survey on the use of invasive alien plants in the treatment of HIV/AIDS related symptoms. \u0000Materials and Methods: Twenty-one traditional healers were interviewed using semi structured questionnaires. \u0000Parameters recorded during the interviews were local names, symptoms treated, plant parts used, life form and \u0000availability estimates of the plant species. \u0000Results: A total of 38 invasive alien plant species belonging to 23 families were recorded to be used in the treatment of \u0000HIV/AIDS related symptoms. The largest proportion of recorded invasive alien plants belonged to the family \u0000Asteraceae with 16%. Roots were the most frequently used parts constituting 35% followed closely by leaves with \u000034%. Wounds were the main symptoms treated with a proportion of 56% followed by gonorrhoea (20%). \u0000Conclusion: From the study, invasive alien plant species played a vital role in traditional primary healthcare. Despite \u0000their medicinal potential, it is recommen","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"25 1","pages":"80-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87309863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}