Journal of responsible technology最新文献

{"title":"Increasing the accountability of automated decision-making systems: An assessment of the automated decision-making system introduced in Canada's temporary resident visa immigration stream","authors":"Lucia Nalbandian","doi":"10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>States are increasingly turning to automated decision-making systems to increase efficiency in program and service delivery. While automation offers several desirable benefits, great care must be given to establishing and increasing the accountability of automated decision-making systems in the public sector. This paper focuses on accountability in automated decision-making systems in migration management. A key issue is what the impact of automated decision-making is on accountability in migration management? This paper seeks to explore this question by evaluating the accountability mechanisms established by the Canadian government in the use of automated decision-making systems to triage Temporary Resident Visa immigration applications. This paper begins with an explanation of the interaction between public administration and digital governance, with a particular focus on the human decision-making component of public administration and a review of accountability in the public sector. What follows is an explanation of how decision-making in Canada's Temporary Resident Visa Application stream traditionally occurs. A brief review of the Canadian Algorithmic Impact Assessment Tool introduces a thorough explanation of the Canadian government's Temporary Resident Visa (TRV) eApps Advanced Analytics Pilot to showcase changes between the traditional human decision-making process and the more recent experiment engaging automated decision-making in this particular immigration stream. The paper concludes by posing a question on what accountability amounts to for the Canadian government and whether the accountability measures introduced in Canada's TRV Pilot are sufficient.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of responsible technology","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100023"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666659621000160/pdfft?md5=e526f7abf3ed60ab11a78339e2b562a5&pid=1-s2.0-S2666659621000160-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46175753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulating best practices for responsible innovation of nano-agrifoods through stakeholder insights and reflection","authors":"Khara Grieger ,&nbsp;Ashton Merck ,&nbsp;Jennifer Kuzma","doi":"10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanotechnology in food and agriculture (nano-agrifoods) may provide numerous benefits to society. At the same time, previous experiences have demonstrated the importance of innovating responsibly. This study reports on stakeholder-identified actions to address concerns about nano-agrifoods and actions to ensure their responsible innovation (RI). We find stakeholders largely supported actions to address risk and safety, followed by governance actions, the examination of ‘need,’ and identification of clear benefits. Participants also indicated no actions would address their concerns in several cases, largely for nano-in food products without a clear ‘need’ and risk/benefit comparisons. We conclude by highlighting four best practices to foster RI of nano-agrifoods, with relevancy for other novel agrifood technologies, including the institutionalization of RI, education and training next generation of researchers and innovators, use of tiered approaches to implement RI principles at different levels and degrees, and incorporation of monitoring and learning systems to improve RI practices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of responsible technology","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100030"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666659622000075/pdfft?md5=f2181eab211fee541ee45a43158ae542&pid=1-s2.0-S2666659622000075-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43837527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circular economy visibility evaluation framework","authors":"Angelos Kofos,&nbsp;Jolien Ubacht,&nbsp;Boriana Rukanova,&nbsp;Gijsbert Korevaar,&nbsp;Norbert Kouwenhoven,&nbsp;Yao-Hua Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sustainability is high on the agendas of public and private organizations. Governments are setting targets for reducing the use of virgin raw materials in products and to eliminate waste. To accelerate the transition towards a Circular Economy (CE) policymakers are launching instruments. However, policy instruments, such as financial incentives or new regulatory guidelines, are prone to manipulations when the stakes for the involved stakeholders are high. Therefore, policymakers and government authorities need a solid system to monitor and control the implementation and effectiveness of their CE measures. To this end, digital technologies are key to enabling visibility and monitoring of materials flows. They allow governments and other stakeholders to use data to steer the transition towards a CE. However, data from different materials supply chains reside in a diversity of digital platforms used by a diversity of stakeholders involved. Blockchain-based platforms can support the required visibility by combining data from different stakeholders across different materials supply chains. But connecting all data for CE visibility throughout the entire materials flows into one singular platform is unlikely. With the growing number of blockchain-based platforms that each covers parts of data on CE flows, there is a need to assess the level of visibility they offer and to determine which data is lacking to monitor full CE flows. In this article, the development of a framework to evaluate blockchain-enabled information systems on their ability to act as monitoring systems for CE purposes is presented. The design science research approach was followed to develop the framework. Insights provided by academic literature as well as empirical data from three extant blockchain-enabled platforms were used (i.e., TradeLens, FoodTrust, and Vinturas). The evaluation framework can be deployed by public and private actors (e.g., governments and banks) for monitoring purposes, but also by IT providers to offer CE visibility solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of responsible technology","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100026"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666659622000038/pdfft?md5=cba6faa83b32b611df5deb85935c0a0a&pid=1-s2.0-S2666659622000038-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45101233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping (in)visibility and structural injustice in the digital space","authors":"Kebene Wodajo","doi":"10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to map digitally mediated injustice and to understand how judicial versus non-judicial bodies contextualize and translate such harm into human rights violations. This study surveys judicial and quasi-judicial cases and case reports by non-judicial bodies, mainly civil society organizations, international organizations, and media. It divides digitally mediated harms identified through the survey into three categories: direct, structural, and hybrid harm. It then examines how these three forms of harm are represented and articulated in judicial judgments and case reports. To differentiate between the three forms of digitally mediated harm, the study uses Iris Young's political philosophy of structural injustice and Johan Galtung's account of structural violence in peace studies. The focus of this study is understanding the forms of injustices that are present but rendered invisible because of how they are contextualized. Therefore, the epistemology of absence is applied as the theoretical approach, that is, interpretation of absence and invisibility. The epistemology of absence facilitates the identification of structural and intersectional injustices that are not articulated in the same way they are experienced in society. The assessment reveals four observations. (1) Structural injustice is rarely examined through a conventional adjudicatory process. (2) Harms of structural quality examined by courts are narrowly interpreted when translated into rights violations. (3) The right to privacy, often presented as a gateway right, addresses structural injustice only partially, as this right has a subject-centric narrow interpretation currently. (4) There are limitations to the mainstream way of seeing and representing risks and injustices in the digital space, and such a view yields metonymic reasoning when framing digitally produced harms. As a result, the conventional way of contextualization is blind to unconventional experiences of vulnerability, which renders structural and intersectional injustices experienced by marginalized communities invisible.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of responsible technology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100024"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666659622000014/pdfft?md5=0bb5425cc8a78f997b74b74b07ee267e&pid=1-s2.0-S2666659622000014-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48371316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-economic impact assessments for new and emerging technologies","authors":"Rowena Rodrigues,&nbsp;Marina Diez Rituerto","doi":"10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of responsible technology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100019"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666659621000123/pdfft?md5=f7fd8498ec8801ccd44a2cdc0e061ad9&pid=1-s2.0-S2666659621000123-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41760636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bias detection by using name disparity tables across protected groups","authors":"Elhanan Mishraky,&nbsp;Aviv Ben Arie,&nbsp;Yair Horesh,&nbsp;Shir Meir Lador","doi":"10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As AI-based models take an increasingly central role in our lives, so does the concern for fairness. In recent years, mounting evidence reveals how vulnerable AI models are to bias and the challenges involved in detection and mitigation. Our contribution is three-fold. Firstly, we gather name disparity tables across protected groups, allowing us to estimate sensitive attributes (gender, race). Using these estimates, we compute bias metrics given a classification model’s predictions. We leverage only names/zip codes; hence, our method is model and feature agnostic. Secondly, we offer an open-source Python package that produces a bias detection report based on our method. Finally, we demonstrate that names of older individuals are better predictors of race and gender and that double surnames are a reasonable predictor of gender. We tested our method on publicly available datasets (US Congress) and classifiers (COMPAS) and found it to be consistent with them.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of responsible technology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100020"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666659621000135/pdfft?md5=8041820faa51f0fd3959ba4a94d4edae&pid=1-s2.0-S2666659621000135-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45095460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Neo-Republican Critique of AI ethics","authors":"Jonne Maas","doi":"10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The AI Ethics literature, aimed to responsibly develop AI systems, widely agrees on the fact that society is in dire need for effective accountability mechanisms with regards to AI systems. Particularly, machine learning (ML) systems cause reason for concern due to their opaque and self-learning characteristics. Nevertheless, what such accountability mechanisms should look like remains either largely unspecified (e.g., ‘stakeholder input’) or ineffective (e.g., ‘ethical guidelines’). In this paper, I argue that the difficulty to formulate and develop effective accountability mechanisms lies partly in the predominant focus on Mill's harm's principle, rooted in the conception of freedom as non-interference. A strong focus on harm overcasts other moral wrongs, such as potentially problematic power dynamics between those who shape the system and those affected by it. I propose that the neo-republican conception of freedom as non-domination provides a suitable framework to inform responsible ML development. Domination, understood by neo-republicans, is a moral wrong as it undermines the potential for human flourishing. In order to mitigate domination, neo-republicans plead for accountability mechanisms that minimize arbitrary relations of power. Neo-republicanism should hence inform responsible ML development as it provides substantive and concrete grounds when accountability mechanisms are effective (i.e. when they are non-dominating).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of responsible technology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100022"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666659621000159/pdfft?md5=7daecef4049ab13fc8e727405845c76d&pid=1-s2.0-S2666659621000159-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42936952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of empathy for artificial intelligence accountability","authors":"Ramya Srinivasan ,&nbsp;Beatriz San Miguel González","doi":"10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accountability encompasses multiple aspects such as responsibility, justification, reporting, traceability, audit, and redress so as to satisfy diverse requirements of different stakeholders— consumers, regulators, developers, etc. In order to take into account needs of different stakeholders and thus, to put into practice accountability in Artificial Intelligence, the notion of <em>empathy</em> can be quite effective. Empathy is the ability to be sensitive to the needs of someone based on understanding their affective states and intentions, caring for their feelings, and socialization, which can help in addressing the social-technical challenges associated with accountability. The goal of this paper is twofold. First, we elucidate the connections between empathy and accountability, drawing find- ings from various disciplines like psychology, social science, and organizational science. Second, we suggest potential pathways to incorporate empathy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of responsible technology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100021"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666659621000147/pdfft?md5=d62d56f6632065dfd35eac30df62d0ad&pid=1-s2.0-S2666659621000147-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47083052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accountability of platform providers for unlawful personal data processing in their ecosystems–A socio-techno-legal analysis of Facebook and Apple's iOS according to GDPR","authors":"Christian Kurtz ,&nbsp;Florian Wittner ,&nbsp;Martin Semmann ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Schulz ,&nbsp;Tilo Böhmann","doi":"10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Billions of people interact within platform-based ecosystems containing the personal data of their daily lives. Data which have become rigorously creatable, processable, and shareable. Here, platform providers facilitate interactions between three types of relevant actors: users, service providers, and third parties. Research in the information systems field has shown that platform providers influence their platform ecosystems to promote the contributions of service providers and exercise control by utilizing boundary resources. Through a socio-techno-legal analysis of two high-profile cases and their application on the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) we show that the boundary resource design, arrangement, and interplay can influence whether and to what extent platform providers are accountable for platform providers unlawful personal data processing in platform ecosystems. The findings can have a huge impact to account actors for personal data misusage in platform ecosystems and, thus, the protection of personal liberty and rights in such socio-technical systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of responsible technology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100018"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666659621000111/pdfft?md5=973ab4afa4f2d1cc53f217345202fb68&pid=1-s2.0-S2666659621000111-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44303413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responsible governance of civilian unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) innovations for Indian crop insurance applications","authors":"Anjan Chamuah,&nbsp;Rajbeer Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Civilian Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an emerging technology in Indian crop insurance applications. The technology is new to an agro-based country like India with diverse socio-cultural norms and values. However, in such a diverse democracy, UAV governance and deployment pose a significant challenge and risk. In other words, charting out a proper framework for a risk-free implementation of this governance has emerged as a leading research topic in the concerned discipline. In innovations literature, Responsible Innovation (RI) takes care of emerging technology governance; thus, RI becomes significant as a theoretical framework. The study is intended to find out <strong>how the framework of RI enables responsible governance and also who are the main actors and stakeholders of governance and deployment of civilian UAVs in crop insurance applications in India</strong>? An in-depth interview method and snowball sampling technique have been employed to identify interviewees from Delhi, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. Findings suggest that civilian UAV is effective in handling risk, crop damage assessment, and claim settlement. The RI approach, through its dimensions and steps, enables equal participation and deliberation among all the actors and stakeholders of UAV governance that consists of government bodies, research organizations, insurance agencies, local administration, and farmers. Effective regulations, adhering to accountability, and responsibility promote responsible governance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of responsible technology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666659622000026/pdfft?md5=6fcb8e9ad2745a0da20c9119b0d88eeb&pid=1-s2.0-S2666659622000026-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48673717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}