Advances in respiratory medicine最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Hydration on Pulmonary Function and Development of Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction among Professional Male Cyclists.","authors":"Konstantinos M Pigakis,&nbsp;Vasileios T Stavrou,&nbsp;Ioannis Pantazopoulos,&nbsp;Zoe Daniil,&nbsp;Aggeliki K Kontopodi-Pigaki,&nbsp;Konstantinos Gourgoulianis","doi":"10.3390/arm91030019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/arm91030019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a common problem in elite athletes. Classical pathways in the development of EIB include the osmotic and thermal theory as well as the presence of epithelial injury in the airway, with local water loss being the main trigger of EIB. This study aimed to investigate the effects of systemic hydration on pulmonary function and to establish whether it can reverse dehydration-induced alterations in pulmonary function.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This follow-up study was performed among professional cyclists, without a history of asthma and/or atopy. Anthropometric characteristics were recorded for all participants, and the training age was determined. In addition, pulmonary function tests and specific markers such as fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) were measured. All the athletes underwent body composition analysis and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). After CPET, spirometry was followed at the 3rd, 5th, 10th, 15th, and 30th min. This study was divided into two phases: before and after hydration. Cyclists, who experienced a decrease in Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV₁) ≥ 10% and/or Maximal Mild-Expiratory Flow Rate (MEF_25-75) ≥ 20% after CPET in relation to the results of the spirometry before CPET, repeated the test in 15-20 days, following instructions for hydration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred male cyclists (<i>n</i> = 100) participated in Phase A. After exercise, there was a decrease in all spirometric parameters (<i>p</i> < 0.001). In Phase B, after hydration, in all comparisons, the changes in spirometric values were significantly lower than those in Phase A (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this study suggest that professional cyclists have non-beneficial effects on respiratory function. Additionally, we found that systemic hydration has a positive effect on spirometry in cyclists. Of particular interest are small airways, which appear to be affected independently or in combination with the decrease in FEV₁. Our data suggest that pulmonary function improves systemic after hydration.</p>","PeriodicalId":7391,"journal":{"name":"Advances in respiratory medicine","volume":"91 3","pages":"239-253"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10295158/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9718871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identify Drug-Resistant Pathogens in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia.","authors":"Francesco Amati,&nbsp;Francesco Bindo,&nbsp;Anna Stainer,&nbsp;Andrea Gramegna,&nbsp;Marco Mantero,&nbsp;Mattia Nigro,&nbsp;Linda Bussini,&nbsp;Michele Bartoletti,&nbsp;Francesco Blasi,&nbsp;Stefano Aliberti","doi":"10.3390/arm91030018","DOIUrl":"10.3390/arm91030018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A substantial increase in broad-spectrum antibiotics as empirical therapy in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has occurred over the last 15 years. One of the driving factors leading to that has been some evidence showing an increased incidence of drug-resistant pathogens (DRP) in patients from a community with pneumonia, including methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. Research has been published attempting to identify DRP in CAP through the implementation of probabilistic approaches in clinical practice. However, recent epidemiological data showed that the incidence of DRP in CAP varies significantly according to local ecology, healthcare systems and countries where the studies were performed. Several studies also questioned whether broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage might improve outcomes in CAP, as it is widely documented that broad-spectrum antibiotics overuse is associated with increased costs, length of hospital stay, drug adverse events and resistance. The aim of this review is to analyze the different approaches used to identify DRP in CAP patients as well as the outcomes and adverse events in patients undergoing broad-spectrum antibiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":7391,"journal":{"name":"Advances in respiratory medicine","volume":"91 3","pages":"224-238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10295768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9718870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung Ultrasound in Critical Care and Emergency Medicine: Clinical Review.","authors":"Eduardo Rocca,&nbsp;Christian Zanza,&nbsp;Yaroslava Longhitano,&nbsp;Fabio Piccolella,&nbsp;Tatsiana Romenskaya,&nbsp;Fabrizio Racca,&nbsp;Gabriele Savioli,&nbsp;Angela Saviano,&nbsp;Andrea Piccioni,&nbsp;Silvia Mongodi","doi":"10.3390/arm91030017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/arm91030017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung ultrasound has become a part of the daily examination of physicians working in intensive, sub-intensive, and general medical wards. The easy access to hand-held ultrasound machines in wards where they were not available in the past facilitated the widespread use of ultrasound, both for clinical examination and as a guide to procedures; among point-of-care ultrasound techniques, the lung ultrasound saw the greatest spread in the last decade. The COVID-19 pandemic has given a boost to the use of ultrasound since it allows to obtain a wide range of clinical information with a bedside, not harmful, repeatable examination that is reliable. This led to the remarkable growth of publications on lung ultrasounds. The first part of this narrative review aims to discuss basic aspects of lung ultrasounds, from the machine setting, probe choice, and standard examination to signs and semiotics for qualitative and quantitative lung ultrasound interpretation. The second part focuses on how to use lung ultrasound to answer specific clinical questions in critical care units and in emergency departments.</p>","PeriodicalId":7391,"journal":{"name":"Advances in respiratory medicine","volume":"91 3","pages":"203-223"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10204578/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9515225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Lights and Shadows in the Current Landscape.","authors":"Stavros Tsotsolis,&nbsp;Serafeim-Chrysovalantis Kotoulas,&nbsp;Athina Lavrentieva","doi":"10.3390/arm91030016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/arm91030016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) presents a known risk to critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2; quantifying the global burden of IPA in SARS-CoV-2 is extremely challenging. The true incidence of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) and the impact on mortality is difficult to define because of indiscriminate clinical signs, low culture sensitivity and specificity and variability in clinical practice between centers. While positive cultures of upper airway samples are considered indicative for the diagnosis of probable CAPA, conventional microscopic examination and qualitative culture of respiratory tract samples have quite low sensitivity and specificity. Thus, the diagnosis should be confirmed with serum and BAL GM test or positive BAL culture to mitigate the risk of overdiagnosis and over-treatment. Bronchoscopy has a limited role in these patients and should only be considered when diagnosis confirmation would significantly change clinical management. Varying diagnostic performance, availability, and time-to-results turnaround time are important limitations of currently approved biomarkers and molecular assays for the diagnosis of IA. The use of CT scans for diagnostic purposes is controversial due to practical concerns and the complex character of lesions presented in SARS-CoV-2 patients. The key objective of management is to improve survival by avoiding misdiagnosis and by initiating early, targeted antifungal treatment. The main factors that should be considered upon selection of treatment options include the severity of the infection, concomitant renal or hepatic injury, possible drug interactions, requirement for therapeutic drug monitoring, and cost of therapy. The optimal duration of antifungal therapy for CAPA is still under debate.</p>","PeriodicalId":7391,"journal":{"name":"Advances in respiratory medicine","volume":"91 3","pages":"185-202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10204408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9520985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental Health and Quality of Life in Pulmonary Embolism: A Literature Review.","authors":"Niki Gkena,&nbsp;Paraskevi Kirgou,&nbsp;Konstantinos I Gourgoulianis,&nbsp;Foteini Malli","doi":"10.3390/arm91020015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/arm91020015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pulmonary embolismis an acute disease with chronic complications and, although it is not considered a chronic disease, it requires close follow-up. The scope of the present literature review is to decode the existing data concerning quality of life and the mental health impact of PE during the acute and long-term phases of the disease. The majority of studies reported impaired quality of life in patients with PE when compared to population norms, both in the acute phase and >3 months after PE. Quality of life improves over time, irrespectively of the measurement used. Fear of recurrences, elderly, stroke, obesity, cancer and cardiovascular comorbidities are independently associated with worse QoL at follow-up. Although disease specific instruments exist (e.g., the Pulmonary Embolism Quality of Life questionnaire), further research is required in order to develop questionnaires that may fulfil international guideline requirements. The fear of recurrences and the development of chronic symptoms, such as dyspnea or functional limitations, may further impair the mental health burden of PE patients. Mental health may be implicated by post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depressive symptoms present following the acute event. Anxiety may persist for 2 years following diagnosis and may be exaggerated by persistent dyspnea and functional limitations. Younger patients are at higher risk of anxiety and trauma symptoms while elderly patients and patients with previous cardiopulmonary disease, cancer, obesity or persistent symptoms exhibit more frequently impaired QoL. The optimal strategy for the assessment of mental health in this patient pool is not well defined in the literature. Despite mental burden being common following a PE event, current guidelines have not incorporated the assessment or management of mental health issues. Further studies are warranted to longitudinally assess the psychological burden and elucidate the optimal follow-up approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":7391,"journal":{"name":"Advances in respiratory medicine","volume":"91 2","pages":"174-184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9368846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiological and Pathological Features of Cyst Formation in Idiopathic Multicentric Castleman Disease.","authors":"Ryota Otoshi,&nbsp;Akimasa Sekine,&nbsp;Tatsuya Muraoka,&nbsp;Tae Iwasawa,&nbsp;Tamiko Takemura,&nbsp;Shoichiro Matsushita,&nbsp;Koji Okudela,&nbsp;Hideya Kitamura,&nbsp;Tomohisa Baba,&nbsp;Takashi Ogura","doi":"10.3390/arm91020014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/arm91020014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) has been reported to form lung cysts at a relatively high rate. However, the radiological and pathological features of cystic formation in MCD are unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To clarify these questions, we retrospectively investigated the radiological and pathological findings of cysts in MCD patients. Eight consecutive patients who underwent surgical lung biopsies in our center from 2000 to 2019 were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median age was 44.5 years, with three males and five females. On the initial computed tomography, cyst formation was found in seven patients (87.5%). All of the cysts were multiple, round, and thin walled, accompanying ground-glass attenuation (GGA) around cysts. In six patients (75%), cysts increased during their clinical courses, and the new cysts had emerged from GGA, although GGA was improved by treatment. In all four cases, whose pulmonary cysts could be pathologically evaluated, a marked plasma cell infiltration around the cyst wall, and loss of elastic fibers of the alveolar wall were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pulmonary cysts emerged in the area of GGA pathologically consistent with plasma cell infiltration. Cysts in MCD may be formed by the loss of elastic fibers due to marked plasma cell infiltration and may be considered irreversible changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7391,"journal":{"name":"Advances in respiratory medicine","volume":"91 2","pages":"164-173"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9368842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Nebulized BromAc on Rheology of Artificial Sputum: Relevance to Muco-Obstructive Respiratory Diseases.","authors":"Krishna Pillai,&nbsp;Ahmed H Mekkawy,&nbsp;Javed Akhter,&nbsp;David L Morris","doi":"10.3390/arm91020013","DOIUrl":"10.3390/arm91020013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis, COPD, and COVID-19 are difficult to treat owing to viscous secretions in the airways that evade mucocilliary clearance. Earlier studies have shown success with BromAc as a mucolytic agent. Hence, we tested the formulation on two gelatinous airway representative sputa models, to determine whether similar efficacy exist. Sputum lodged in an endotracheal tube was treated to aerosol N-acetylcysteine, bromelain, or their combination (BromAc). After measuring the particle size of aerosolized BromAc, the apparent viscosity was measured using a capillary tube method, whilst the sputum flow was assessed using a 0.5 mL pipette. Further, the concentration of the agents in the sputa after treatment were quantified using chromogenic assays. The interaction index of the different formulations was also determined. Results indicated that the mean particle size of BromAc was suitable for aerosol delivery. Bromelain and N-acetylcysteine affected both the viscosities and pipette flow in the two sputa models. BromAc showed a greater rheological effect on both the sputa models compared to individual agents. Further, a correlation was found between the rheological effects and the concentration of agents in the sputa. The combination index using viscosity measurements showed synergy only with 250 µg/mL bromelain + 20 mg/mL NAC whilst flow speed showed synergy for both combinations of bromelain (125 and 250 µg/mL) with 20 mg/mL NAC. Hence, this study indicates that BromAc may be used as a successful mucolytic for clearing airway congestion caused by thick mucinous immobile secretions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7391,"journal":{"name":"Advances in respiratory medicine","volume":"91 2","pages":"146-163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9368845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenic Role and Antibiotic Resistance of Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) Strains Causing Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Vietnamese Children.","authors":"Khai Quang Tran, Thuy Thi Dieu Nguyen, Van Hung Pham, Quan Minh Pham, Hung Do Tran","doi":"10.3390/arm91020012","DOIUrl":"10.3390/arm91020012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the pathogenic role and antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) strains causing severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) have received increasing attention in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of isolates of MRSA strains causing severe CAP in children and to assess their level of antibiotic resistance. The study design was cross-sectional. Children with severe CAP were sampled by nasopharyngeal aspiration for the culture, isolation, and identification of MRSA. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the gradient diffusion method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics. Results: MRSA was identified as the second leading cause of severe CAP in Vietnamese children. The rate of isolates of <i>S. aureus</i> was 41/239 (17.5%), of which most were MRSA, at 32/41 (78.0%). MRSA strains were completely non-susceptible to penicillin (100%), more resistant to clindamycin and erythromycin, less sensitive to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, and fully susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid, with a 32-fold decreased MIC₉₀ for vancomycin (0.5 mg/L) and a 2-fold decreased MIC₉₀ for linezolid (4 mg/L). Therefore, vancomycin and linezolid may be appropriate options for severe CAP identified by MRSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":7391,"journal":{"name":"Advances in respiratory medicine","volume":"91 2","pages":"135-145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9368844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Anxiety and Depression in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.","authors":"Mandeep Singh Rahi,&nbsp;Bright Thilagar,&nbsp;Swetha Balaji,&nbsp;Sivaguha Yadunath Prabhakaran,&nbsp;Mayuri Mudgal,&nbsp;Suganiya Rajoo,&nbsp;Prashanth Reddy Yella,&nbsp;Palak Satija,&nbsp;Alsu Zagorulko,&nbsp;Kulothungan Gunasekaran","doi":"10.3390/arm91020011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/arm91020011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) are at a higher risk of comorbid conditions such as anxiety and/or depression, which in turn increase their symptom burden and rehospitalizations compared to the general population. It is important to investigate the pathophysiology and clinical implications of mental health on patients with COPD. This review article finds that COPD patients with anxiety and/or depression have a higher rehospitalization incidence. It reviews the current screening and diagnosis methods available. There are pharmacological and non-pharmacologic interventions available for treatment of COPD patients with depression based on severity. COPD patients with mild depression benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation and cognitive behavioral therapy, whereas patients with severe or persistent depression can be treated with pharmacologic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7391,"journal":{"name":"Advances in respiratory medicine","volume":"91 2","pages":"123-134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10037643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9554277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosing Lung Abnormalities Related to Heart Failure in Chest Radiogram, Lung Ultrasound and Thoracic Computed Tomography.","authors":"Dominika Siwik,&nbsp;Wojciech Apanasiewicz,&nbsp;Małgorzata Żukowska,&nbsp;Grzegorz Jaczewski,&nbsp;Marta Dąbrowska","doi":"10.3390/arm91020010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/arm91020010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heart failure (HF) is a multidisciplinary disease affecting almost 1-2% of the adult population worldwide. Symptoms most frequently reported by patients suffering from HF include dyspnoea, cough or exercise intolerance, which is equally often observed in many pulmonary diseases. The spectrum of lung changes related to HF is wide. The knowledge of different types of these abnormalities is essential to distinguish patients with HF from patients with lung diseases or both disorders and thus avoid unnecessary diagnostics or therapies. In this review, we aimed to summarise recent research concerning the spectrum of lung abnormalities related to HF in three frequently used lung imaging techniques: chest X-ray (CXR), lung ultrasound (LUS) and chest computed tomography (CT). We discussed the most prevalent abnormalities in the above-mentioned investigations in the context of consecutive pathophysiological stages identified in HF: (i) redistribution, (ii) interstitial oedema, and (iii) alveolar oedema. Finally, we compared the utility of these imaging tools in the clinical setting. In conclusion, we consider LUS the most useful and promising imaging technique due to its high sensitivity, repeatability and accessibility. However, the value of CXR and chest CT is their potential for establishing a differential diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7391,"journal":{"name":"Advances in respiratory medicine","volume":"91 2","pages":"103-122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10037625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9186509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}