Acta Veterinaria最新文献

{"title":"Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Studies to Evaluate Changes in Cow Milk Microbiota Over the Lactation Stages","authors":"Yasunori Shinozuka, Naoki Suzuki, Manabu Kitsukawa, Mayu Hayashi, Nagomu Suenaga, Yuko Shimizu, Tomomi Kurumisawa, Kazuhiro Kawai","doi":"10.2478/acve-2024-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acve-2024-0016","url":null,"abstract":"To clarify the changes in milk microbiota by lactation stage, i.e., d ays in milk (DIM) for Fresh of 0 to 21, Early (DIM of 22 to 80), Middle (DIM of 81 to 200), and Late (DIM 201 or more) lactation stages in dairy cows, we performed longitudinal (12 sampling at each stage, total 48 samples) and cross-sectional sampling (Fresh [n = 7], Early [n = 12], Middle [n = 11], and Late [n = 11] stages, total of 41 samples) to comprehensively analyze the microbiota in milk samples by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Although the relative abundance of bacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria increased significantly in the Late lactation stage in the longitudinal study, no significant changes were observed in the cross-sectional study. While no changes were observed in the milk microbiota during the lactation stages, environmental factors appeared to have a comparatively larger impact than interindividual diversity on the composition of the milk microbiota. Furthermore, the findings illustrated the importance of selecting appropriate study designs to clarify changes in milk microbiota throughout the lactation period. The findings obtained in this study not only provide useful information for interpreting previous research results, but also provide knowledge that could be helpful when designing new studies.","PeriodicalId":7379,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141516561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seven-Year Follow-Up of Tumors in Young Dogs in the Republic of Serbia","authors":"Sanja Aleksić-Kovačević, Srđan Gligorić, Ivana Vučićević, Vladimir Kukolj","doi":"10.2478/acve-2024-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acve-2024-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Although the incidence of neoplasms increases with age, some tumors occur more commonly in younger dogs. Still, little information is available on the occurrence of neoplasms in dogs up to the age of 24 months. This study is a retrospective review of histopathological diagnoses of neoplasia at our laboratory during the last seven years (2017–2023) in two groups of dogs: group up to the age of 12 months and group from 13 to 24 months. In a total of 3704 neoplasms found in different dog tissues, 74 (2.00%) were identified in dogs up to 12 months and 135 (3.64%) in dogs aged 13 to 24 months. Canine cutaneous histiocytoma was the most frequent in both groups:41 cases (54.41%) in dogs up to 12 months, followed by 39 cases (28.89%) in those up to 24 months. In the present analysis of the group up to 12 months, 82.43% of tumors (n = 61) were benign, and 17.57% (n=13) were malignant, followed by 68.15% (n=92) benign neoplasms, and 31.85% (n=43) malignant in dogs aged from 13 to 24 months. French bulldogs and mixed-breed dogs were the most frequently affected. These data provide valuable epidemiological information on neoplasms in young dogs in the Republic of Serbia.","PeriodicalId":7379,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria","volume":"193 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141516592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Case of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Montenegro","authors":"Bojan Adzic, Sejla Goletic, Nikola Pejoviс, Andrej Vizi, Nikita Yolshin","doi":"10.2478/acve-2024-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acve-2024-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is a highly infectious viral disease that affects birds, including wild water birds and poultry. The emergence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains, such as H5N1, have raised concerns due to their potential to cause severe outbreaks and cross the species barrier, leading to human infections and global public health emergencies. In this study, we report the first case of HPAI H5N1 detection in Montenegro. Twenty-six carcasses of dalmatian pelicans were found in Skadar Lake, Montenegro, and the H5N1 subtype was confirmed through molecular testing in the samples from pelicans. The whole influenza genome was sequenced and belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b was determined.","PeriodicalId":7379,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria","volume":"161 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140154844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tibial Plateau Angle Measurement in Dogs – Comparison of Three Different Methods","authors":"Anastasija Z. Todorović, Nikola E. Krstić, Dragan R. Žikić, Henri JJ. Van Bree, Ingrid Mlv. Gielen, Mirjana V. Lazarević Macanović","doi":"10.2478/acve-2024-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acve-2024-0002","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to establish two new methods for measuring the tibial plateau angle (TPA): proximal tibial circle (PTC) as well as full tibial circle (FTC) method, and to test their reliability in comparison to the classical method (CM). Three radiologists implemented each method, and measurements were repeated three times. The results of consecutive measurements obtained by two observers had excellent reliability with an interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) greater than 0.9 for all methods, while measurements obtained by the third observer had good reliability for the CM (ICC=0.885) and PTC method (ICC=0.851). The results obtained by the three observers for all methods indicate good reliability for the PTC and FTC methods (ICC=0.848 and 0.880, respectively) and excellent reliability for CM (ICC = 0.909); the results of the different observers for each method were not significantly different. The significant difference resulting from the applied measurement method (ICC = 0.447 and P<0.01) was confirmed. Statistically significant differences were not found between the CM and PTC method (P>0.05), while differences between the PTC and FTC, as well as CM and FTC methods, were statistically significant (P<0.01). New methods for TPA measurements based on shorter tibial axes may be an alternative to a method based on the full-length axis. A high correlation between the methods indicates the precision of each of them. Newly established methods can be used when the tarsal joint is not included in radiographs or is affected by degenerative changes, making use of the classical method not possible.","PeriodicalId":7379,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria","volume":"155 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140154846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic Investigation Related to Gastrointestinal Helminth Resistance and Performance in Cattle","authors":"Isabela de Almeida Cipriano, Giordani Mascoli de Favare, Tábata Alves do Carmo, Mateus Oliveira Mena, Daniel Vitor Ferreira Vicari, Fernanda Calazans Pagnozzi, Tiago Marolato Pacheco, Maria Gabriela Fontanetti Rodrigues, Bruno Ettore Pavan, Ricardo Velludo Gomes de Soutello","doi":"10.2478/acve-2024-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acve-2024-0007","url":null,"abstract":"The objective was to characterize a herd of 73 Nellore heifers, identifying resistant, resilient, and susceptible animals to gastrointestinal helminths, relating the global methylation of the DNA of these animals with the degree of helminthiasis and factors that interfere with performance. Individual count of eggs per gram of feces (EPG), fecal culture for gender identification, weighing and blood sampling were carried out to determine PCV, STP, EOS, IgG, followed by DNA extraction and methylation analysis. The results were: 47% resistant animals, 34% resilient, and 19% susceptible to gastrointestinal helminth infections, with EPG counts of 53, 216, and 841, respectively, showing a statistical difference between all groups. The quantification of DNA methylation was 0.311, 0.245 and 0.178, respectively, for resistant, resilient, and susceptible animals, with a correlation being found between resistance to gastrointestinal helminths and overall DNA methylation. For weight gain, resistant and resilient animals showed higher values than susceptible ones, with a correlation between weight gain and EPG. The same was observed for VG; however, there was no statistical difference to the EOS, PPT, and IgG values. A significant correlation was found between PCV and EPG; quantifications of PCV and methylated DNA, STP and EPG; VG and STP. Therefore, the methodologies used made it possible to identify the animals regarding the degree of infection by gastrointestinal nematodes, making it possible to correlate the resistance of cattle to helminths with the amount of global DNA methylation and its performance.","PeriodicalId":7379,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140154850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of Antioxidative Activity of Broiler Muscles after Dietary Modulation with Selenium and Methionine","authors":"Malgorzata Korzeniowska, Bozena Kroliczewska, Wieslaw Kopec, Danijela Kirovski, Aleksandra Rajewska","doi":"10.2478/acve-2024-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acve-2024-0006","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the study was to compare the antioxidative capacity of broiler chicken breast and leg muscles after dietary modulation with selenium (Se) and methionine (Met). Free radical scavenging (ABTS, DPPH) and iron reduction (FRAP) activities were determined as the total antioxidative potential (TEAC), as well the enzyme activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in relation to concentrations of lipid peroxidation end products (TBARS). Analyses were performed on breast m. <jats:italic>pectoralis superficialis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>profundus </jats:italic>individually and together. The studied leg muscles included <jats:italic>biceps femoris, gastrocnemicus, iliotiobialis, peroneus longus, sartorius, semimembranosus, semitendinosus</jats:italic> and all leg muscles together. Flex broiler chickens were fed diets supplemented with 6.7, 8.2, 9.7 and 11.2 g DL-methionine/kg feed and Se as sodium selenite and selenized yeast at 0.26, 0.38 and 0.50 mg Se/kg. Greater TEAC and enzyme activities were observed in leg than in breast muscles. Selenium did not change TEAC in muscles sets, but improved antiradical capacity in the <jats:italic>pectoralis major</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>minor, sartorius</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>biceps femoris</jats:italic>. The highest level of methionine increased TEAC in individual leg muscles. Selenium and methionine at the highest concentrations increased SOD activity in the entire group and individual muscles, while Se raised GPx activity. In conclusion, the diet supplementation with selenium and high concentrations of methionine had a greater impact on the antioxidative potential of individual than the whole set of chicken breast and leg muscles. The positive effect of the studied diet modulation could raise the quality and extend the shelf-life of fresh chicken meat.","PeriodicalId":7379,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140154838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Frequent Phlebothomy on Blood Iron Concentration, Haematological, Metabolic and Endocrine Parameters in Rams","authors":"Siniša Grubač, Marko Cincović, Miodrag Radinović, Aleksandar Potkonjak, Marina Žekić, Jože Starič, Jasna Prodanov Radulović","doi":"10.2478/acve-2024-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acve-2024-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Frequent phlebotomies, even when only a small volume of blood is taken for diagnostic purposes, can lead to the development of iron deficiency with hematological and metabolic changes. The study aimed to determine the influence of frequent blood loss by phlebotomy on blood iron concentration (Fe), hematology, metabolic and endocrine parameters and their relationships. Blood samples were collected from 30 blood donor rams for 6 consecutive weeks, with approximately 10% of blood collected weekly. Such chronic blood loss resulted in a decrease in Fe. Indicators of iron transport in the bloodstream changed, so the value of total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) increased, while the value of transferrin saturation percentage (TS%) decreased. Hematological changes included a decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, mean red blood cell volume and hematocrit and a tendency for reticulocyte count and red cell distribution width to increase. Chronic blood loss resulted in a specific metabolic response that included the increase in glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate-aminotransferase, and insulin resistance, while thyroxine, triiodothyronine and cortisol decreased and there was a tendency for lactate to increase and BHB to decrease. The mentioned blood parameters correlated with Fe and additionally showed greater changes when Fe was extrapolated to the level of clinical deficit (Fe=9μmol/L). These correlations suggest the need to monitor the metabolic and endocrine status during chronic blood loss, in addition to Fe and erythrocyte indices. Compared with previous results in other animal species, Fe may have a direct influence on metabolic processes in rams.","PeriodicalId":7379,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140154845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-Related Hormones in Raw and Retail Cow’s Milk and Possible Risk for Consumers","authors":"Dragan Knežević, Dušan Bošnjaković, Slavica Dražić, Sreten Nedić, Ivan Vujanac, Olivera Valčić, Marija Pantelić, Mojca Stojiljković, Željko Sladojević, Danijela Kirovski","doi":"10.2478/acve-2024-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acve-2024-0001","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to determine the concentration of energy-related hormones in cow’s milk and to consider them from a public health perspective. Fourteen Holstein cows were subjected to milk and blood sampling on the following days in lactation (DIL): 10, 30, 60, 90, 150, 180, 210, 250 and 280 to determine milk hormones, fat and protein content and blood biochemical parameters. For the same purpose, bulk-tank milk was sampled and samples of retail m ilk with 1.5% (CM<jats:sub>1.5</jats:sub>) and 3.2% (CM<jats:sub>3.2</jats:sub>) fat was purchased. Milk insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) values were significantly lower at 90, 150, 180, 210 and 250 and significantly higher at 10, 30 and 60 DIL than lactation average (LA). Milk insulin concentrations were significantly lower at 30, 60 and 90 and higher at 210, 250 and 280 DIL than LA. Free thyroxine (fT<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>) level in the milk was higher at 250 DIL, while milk free triiodothyronine (fT<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>) concentrations were lower at 30, 60, 90 and 280 DIL, and significantly higher at 10 and 180 DIL than respective LA. Milk cortisol levels were lower at 60 and 280 DIL than LA. All measured milk hormones were significantly lower in CM<jats:sub>1.5</jats:sub> compared to CM<jats:sub>3.2</jats:sub>, bulk-tank milk and LA. An exception was the LA of IGF-1, which was significantly lower than the IGF-1 content in CM<jats:sub>1.5</jats:sub>. Blood biochemical parameters fluctuated evenly during lactation and were within the reference range. Hormone concentrations in cow’s milk fluctuate during lactation, giving milk an important role in the context of public health.","PeriodicalId":7379,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140154916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enterobacteria Isolated From Diarrheic Calves and their Phenotypic Resistance Pattern","authors":"Lucilene Martins Trindade Gonçalves, Caroline Lima Santos, Wendel Adelino Policarpo, Lisa Hauane de Melo Santana, Kely Janine Medeiros de Oliveira, Ana Catarina Pinheiro Angelim Bezerra, Jaize Viana Ribeiro Sousa, Luísa Araújo Piancó, Diego Marques Costa Silva, Leandro Henrique Veiga de Sousa, Giselle Cutrim de Oliveira Santos, Robert Ferreira Barroso de Carvalho, Isabel Azevedo Carvalho, Hamilton Pereira Santos, Helder de Moraes Pereira","doi":"10.2478/acve-2024-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acve-2024-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Diarrhea is a prevalent and economically impactful ailment in cattle herds, resulting in substantial losses attributed to mortality, treatment expenses, and impaired calf growth. The aim of this study was to establish data about the occurrence of the main bacterial agents involved in diarrhea in dairy calves in the state of Maranhão, as well as to determine the most effective and/or resistant antibiotics, establishing a foundation for treatment and prevention protocols. The samples were collected with rectal swabs and initially cultivated on sheep blood agar (5%) and MacConkey agar and later on <jats:italic>Salmonella-Shigella</jats:italic> agar and eosin-methylene blue agar. Gram staining, biochemical tests, and antibiograms were performed on the obtained colonies. Ten municipalities were studied, with 230 calves evaluated from ten dairy farms. A total of 21 animals exhibited clinical signs of diarrhea, representing a frequency of 9.13%. The frequency of positive farms was 35%, and in 50% of municipalities. Bacteria isolated belonged to the <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae</jats:italic> family, with 71.4% <jats:italic>Escherichia coli</jats:italic>, 14.3% <jats:italic>Enterobacter</jats:italic> sp., 9.5% <jats:italic>Proteus </jats:italic>sp. and 4.8% <jats:italic>Klebsiella</jats:italic> sp. On the antibiogram, the bacteria that showed the highest resistance levels were those of the <jats:italic>Proteus</jats:italic> genus, followed by <jats:italic>Enterobacter</jats:italic> sp. and <jats:italic>E. coli</jats:italic>. The bacteria found are relevant for both animal and human health due to their zoonotic potential and serve as a public health alert since the isolates in this study showed in vitro resistance to several antibiotics, which predisposes them to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria.","PeriodicalId":7379,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140154918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of New Radiographic Traits in Canine Hip Dysplasia (CHD)","authors":"Scarlett Marešová, Mária Kuricová, Tomáš Lipták","doi":"10.2478/acve-2024-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acve-2024-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a polygenic, multifactorial developmental disorder of the hip joint. Hip laxity, an early characteristic of CHD, leads to degeneration within the joint due to mechanical injury. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by x-ray examination. The aim of our study is to refine CHD assessments using a quantitative planimetry method. The measurement of the Norberg angle (NA) was found subjective and insufficient to measure hip laxity on the standard ventrodorsal projection, because extension of the pelvic limbs stretches the joint capsule and supports joint congruence. Therefore, we have decided to verify other methods of detecting CHD, which include measurement of femoral head coverage (linear and area coverage) and congruence angle (AoC). These parameters could provide us with relevant information about how well the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum and thus might help to assess CHD better, and identify affected individuals better. In our study, we included 122 x-ray images of 3 breeds of dogs of both sexes and at different ages 5.6 ± 1.8 years. The highest correlation was between both femoral head linear and both area overlap for Bavarian hounds. For Bernese mountain dogs it was between right NA and linear and area femoral overlap, between both femoral head linear and both area overlap. For German shepherd dogs it was found between both NA, between right NA and right AoC, between both AoC, between both NA with both femoral overlap and between both AoC and both femoral overlap on the same side.","PeriodicalId":7379,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140154917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}