Journal of illicit economies and development最新文献_第5页

Forests, Coca, and Conflict: Grass Frontier Dynamics and Deforestation in the Amazon-Andes 森林、古柯和冲突:亚马逊-安第斯山脉的草地边界动态和森林砍伐

Journal of illicit economies and development Pub Date : 2021-10-04 DOI: 10.31389/jied.87

L. Dávalos, Eleonora Dávalos, J. Holmes, Clara Tucker, D. Armenteras

{"title":"Forests, Coca, and Conflict: Grass Frontier Dynamics and Deforestation in the Amazon-Andes","authors":"L. Dávalos, Eleonora Dávalos, J. Holmes, Clara Tucker, D. Armenteras","doi":"10.31389/jied.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/jied.87","url":null,"abstract":"Population growth with weak economic development can promote tropical deforestation, but government infrastructure investment can also open new frontiers and thus increase deforestation. In the Andean region of South America, population growth has been a leading explanation for both deforestation and coca cultivation, but coca generates armed conflict and attracts counter-drug measures, obscuring the differences between population-driven and frontier-opening models of deforestation. Using a 15-year panel from Colombia, we model deforestation, coca cultivation, and conflict victims as interrelated responses with a suite of covariates encompassing land cover, land cover changes, population, population changes, counter-drug measures, and government infrastructure spending. Infrastructure spending suppresses coca, coca and eradication by aerial fumigation both increase conflict, and conflict promotes deforestation and is associated with depopulation. But the strongest predictor of deforestation is pasture growth, which covaries with coca. While these models show that infrastructure spending can help reduce coca, and coca’s influence on deforestation is indirect and mediated by conflict, the models also reveal the most important challenge to forest conservation is neither coca nor conflict, but an insatiable appetite for land that expresses itself through pasture growth.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45669182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Addressing Socio-Environmental Challenges and Unintended Consequences of Peruvian Drug Policy: An Analysis in Two Former Cocalero Valleys 应对秘鲁毒品政策的社会环境挑战和意外后果——对两个前Cocalero山谷的分析

Journal of illicit economies and development Pub Date : 2021-10-04 DOI: 10.31389/jied.92

L. Grillo, Allison Kendra, Alvaro Pastor, H. Manrique

{"title":"Addressing Socio-Environmental Challenges and Unintended Consequences of Peruvian Drug Policy: An Analysis in Two Former Cocalero Valleys","authors":"L. Grillo, Allison Kendra, Alvaro Pastor, H. Manrique","doi":"10.31389/jied.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/jied.92","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, international governments and the Peruvian state have worked to reduce illicit coca cultivation in valleys that were once among the largest global producers of coca. The principal strategies used in these interventions are drug crop eradication and alternative development (AD), both of which have been operating for over forty years in Peru. These interventions have decreased illicit coca cultivation in targeted areas and increased the number of farmers engaged in alternative crops. However, socio-environmental factors affect farmer’s experiences of these interventions at a micro level, sometimes causing unintended negative consequences. Drawing on qualitative research in the Upper Huallaga and Monzon Valleys, this article details the mechanisms through which socio-environmental vulnerabilities shaped how coca eradication and AD policies are experienced by current and former cocalero farmers. We argue that long-term coca eradication and AD policies in both valleys reproduced social and environmental precarities. In particular, we found that: participation in AD programs was commonly more attainable for farmers who had relatively higher access to resources; successful alternative crop cultivation was often limited by socio-environmental conditions; and ongoing coca eradication continued to push marginalized coca growers into more precarious positions, often leading them to replant coca in more distant forests. For these reasons, illicit coca cultivation continued, albeit at a lower scale and under greater challenges for farmers, alongside attempts to combat it. We conclude the article by discussing these findings in the context of recent scholarship and ongoing supply-side drug policies that claim to support social equity and environmental well-being.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45290606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Comparative Analysis of Illicit Supply Network Structure and Operations: Cocaine, Wildlife, and Sand 非法供应网络结构和运作的比较分析:可卡因、野生动物和沙子

Journal of illicit economies and development Pub Date : 2021-10-04 DOI: 10.31389/jied.76

N. Magliocca, A. Torres, Jared D. Margulies, K. McSweeney, Inés Arroyo-Quiroz, N. Carter, Kevin M. Curtin, Tara Easter, Meredith L. Gore, Annette Hübschle, Francis Massé, Aunshul Rege, Elizabeth Tellman

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Illicit Supply Network Structure and Operations: Cocaine, Wildlife, and Sand","authors":"N. Magliocca, A. Torres, Jared D. Margulies, K. McSweeney, Inés Arroyo-Quiroz, N. Carter, Kevin M. Curtin, Tara Easter, Meredith L. Gore, Annette Hübschle, Francis Massé, Aunshul Rege, Elizabeth Tellman","doi":"10.31389/jied.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/jied.76","url":null,"abstract":"Illicit supply networks (ISNs) are composed of coordinated human actors that source, transit, and distribute illicitly traded goods to consumers, while also creating widespread social and environmental harms. Despite growing documentation of ISNs and their impacts, efforts to understand and disrupt ISNs remain insufficient due to the persistent lack of knowledge connecting a given ISN’s modus operandi and its patterns of activity in space and time. The core challenge is that the data and knowledge needed to integrate it remain fragmented and/or compartmentalized across disciplines, research groups, and agencies tasked with understanding or monitoring one or a few specific ISNs. One path forward is to conduct comparative analyses of multiple diverse ISNs. We present and apply a conceptual framework for linking ISN modus operandi to spatial-temporal dynamics and patterns of activity. We demonstrate this through a comparative analysis of three ISNs – cocaine, illegally traded wildlife, and illegally mined sand – which range from well-established to emergent, global to domestic in geographic scope, and fully illicit to de facto legal. The proposed framework revealed consistent traits related to geographic price structure, value capture at different supply chain stages, and key differences among ISN structure and operation related to commodity characteristics and their relative illicitness. Despite the diversity of commodities and ISN attributes compared, social and environmental harms inflicted by the illicit activity consistently become more widespread with increasing law enforcement disruption. Drawing on these lessons from diverse ISNs, which varied in their histories and current sophistication, possible changes in the structure and function of nascent and/or low salience ISNs may be anticipated if future conditions or law enforcement pressure change.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41715070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Illicit Economies Through the Lens of Urban Peace: Towards a New Policy Agenda 城市和平视角下的非法经济:迈向新的政策议程

Journal of illicit economies and development Pub Date : 2021-02-23 DOI: 10.31389/JIED.89

Achim Wennmann

{"title":"Illicit Economies Through the Lens of Urban Peace: Towards a New Policy Agenda","authors":"Achim Wennmann","doi":"10.31389/JIED.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.89","url":null,"abstract":"This article draws together and discusses the key practical lessons of this Special Issue as a means to revisit ‘urban peace’ as a policy framework. It positions responses to illicit economies within a broader socio-economic agenda for which the notion of ‘urban peace’ acts as an umbrella for expanding the toolbox for dealing with illicit economies and as a signpost for the direction of policies to achieve greater levels of negative and positive peace. The agenda prioritizes the expansion of economic opportunities in informal economies as a critical strategic objective to manage the pressures within rapidly growing cities and to ensure peaceful urban politics in turbulent times. The article starts by charting the current mainstream responses to illicit economies before discussing the lessons of alternatives to law and order approaches of different case studies. It highlights multidimensional approaches and strong coordination mechanisms, as well as the potential of platform models as governance mechanisms for programmes to transform illicit economies. The article also underlines how illicit economies create their own non-state forms of order in which violence has a functional purpose. Building on a political economy perspective, the article proposes pragmatic peacebuilding and urban political settlements as a means to regulate and transform illicit economies. In the face of major systemic shifts happening over the next decade, the article underlines the need for a more fundamental rethink about how cities should address the multitude of challenges they are facing.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42548725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Drugs and Development in the Urban Setting—Expanding Development-Oriented Interventions Beyond Illicit Drug Crop Cultivation 城市环境中的药物与发展——在非法药物作物种植之外扩大以发展为导向的干预措施

Journal of illicit economies and development Pub Date : 2021-02-23 DOI: 10.31389/JIED.73

M. L. D. Diskul, J. Collins, Daniel Brombacher

引用次数: 2

Mafia Organizations: The Visible Hand of Criminal Enterprise 黑手党组织:犯罪企业的有形之手

Journal of illicit economies and development Pub Date : 2021-02-15 DOI: 10.31389/JIED.78

Frederick T. Martens

引用次数: 0

Time to Invest in Medicines Resilience 是时候投资药品弹性了

Journal of illicit economies and development Pub Date : 2021-02-15 DOI: 10.31389/JIED.75

Ravina Barrett

{"title":"Time to Invest in Medicines Resilience","authors":"Ravina Barrett","doi":"10.31389/JIED.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.75","url":null,"abstract":"The Falsified Medicines Directive (FMD 2011/62/EC) (European Commission 2011) is designed to eliminate counterfeit medication and limit potential risk of harm to the public. We know that the world has changed since this directive was conceived. While enshrined in law (Moore 2019), we risk not being able to deliver on this directive (Barrett & Al-Mousawi 2018; Barrett 2020). The UK leaves the Europe Union on the 31st of December 2020, with it access to the ‘national verification system’ whereby dispensed medicines get verified against a European central database for their authenticity is lost. This makes the UK a target for flow of falsified medicines into its domestic market and as a route into Europe. Nobody wants this, except the spurious agents involved in the business of providing substandard medication. The UK also provides globally admired universal care and is responsible for securing and supplying medicines to patients via the NHS. Medicine costs have been rising (Acosta et al. 2019; Batista et al. 2019; European Medicines Agency 2018; Hughes 2019; Miljković et al. 2019) and can be linked to currency fluctuations and policy (Ewbank 2018; Kanavos et al. 2011; Kanavos et al. 2020). The concern is that there will be potential trade wars and with them, further volatility (e.g., currency, geopolitics, supply routes, and natural resources) putting medicine access at risk. Globally, we face increasingly difficult choices with concern about patients’ access to medicines. The path to regulatory approval also seems convoluted and expensive for most small-scale manufacturers. Increasingly, there are fewer large manufacturing sites and these are controlled by a few market participants. Looking at strategic, regional, and political pressures is vital when thinking about securing medicine supply across the world. Resources and research need to be dedicated to this area, as its importance is likely to grow.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44641324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Access to Controlled Medications: Three Country Case Reports 获得管制药物:三个国家病例报告

Journal of illicit economies and development Pub Date : 2021-02-15 DOI: 10.31389/JIED.86

Ebtesam I. Ahmed

引用次数: 0

Fulfilling the Promise of Palermo? A Political History of the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime 履行巴勒莫的承诺?《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》政治史

Journal of illicit economies and development Pub Date : 2021-02-15 DOI: 10.31389/JIED.90

I. Tennant

{"title":"Fulfilling the Promise of Palermo? A Political History of the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime","authors":"I. Tennant","doi":"10.31389/JIED.90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.90","url":null,"abstract":"UNTOC created a legally binding instrument governing international cooperation between law enforcement and judicial authorities to share evidence and pursue international criminal actors, and a framework for countries to update their legislation to be better able to investigate and prosecute such criminals. Its impact as a step-change in the legal framework against transnational organized crime is widely acknowledged. The paper highlights that the UNTOC did in fact bring those anti-drug and anti-crime efforts at the UN closer together, in spite of their different histories and personnel. However, the disparity between the political momentum and achievements of the late 1990s, compared to the Convention’s journey since its entry into force in 2003 is stark. Further, the level of coordination amongst all UN processes on drugs and crime issues still leave significant room for improvement. This paper analyses the political history of UNTOC, using an array of newly conducted in-depth interviews with key protagonists to understand their views on its development, subsequent implementation and potential future promise. The paper offers some suggestions on how the international community can move forward its collective efforts on achieving the Convention’s aims and thereby fulfilling the promises made in Palermo.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47762838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Hazy Borders: Legality and Illegality across the US-Mexico Border 朦胧的边界:美墨边境的合法性与非法性

Journal of illicit economies and development Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.31389/jied.109

Alberto Hernández

引用次数: 1