Journal of extracellular biology最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of extracellular vesicle microRNA profiles reveals distinct blood and lymphatic endothelial cell origins","authors":"Marianne Pultar,&nbsp;Johannes Oesterreicher,&nbsp;Jaana Hartmann,&nbsp;Moritz Weigl,&nbsp;Andreas Diendorfer,&nbsp;Katharina Schimek,&nbsp;Barbara Schädl,&nbsp;Thomas Heuser,&nbsp;Marlene Brandstetter,&nbsp;Johannes Grillari,&nbsp;Peter Sykacek,&nbsp;Matthias Hackl,&nbsp;Wolfgang Holnthoner","doi":"10.1002/jex2.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.134","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of cell-to-cell communication in physiological and pathological conditions. Specifically, EVs released from the vasculature into blood were found to be quantitatively and qualitatively different in diseases compared to healthy states. However, our understanding of EVs derived from the lymphatic system is still scarce. In this study, we compared the mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression in blood vascular (BEC) and lymphatic (LEC) endothelial cells. After characterization of the EVs by fluorescence-triggered flow cytometry, nanoparticle tracking analysis and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) we utilized small RNA-sequencing to characterize miRNA signatures in the EVs and identify cell-type specific miRNAs in BEC and LEC. We found miRNAs specifically enriched in BEC and LEC on the cellular as well as the extracellular vesicle level. Our data provide a solid basis for further functional in vitro and in vivo studies addressing the role of EVs in the blood and lymphatic vasculature.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jex2.134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139468436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular vesicle biogenesis of three-dimensional human pluripotent stem cells in a novel Vertical-Wheel bioreactor","authors":"Laureana Muok,&nbsp;Li Sun,&nbsp;Colin Esmonde,&nbsp;Hannah Worden,&nbsp;Cynthia Vied,&nbsp;Leanne Duke,&nbsp;Shaoyang Ma,&nbsp;Olivia Zeng,&nbsp;Tristan Driscoll,&nbsp;Sunghoon Jung,&nbsp;Yan Li","doi":"10.1002/jex2.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.133","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have great potential as cell-free therapies in various diseases, including prevention of blood–brain barrier senescence and stroke. However, there are still challenges in pre-clinical and clinical use of hiPSC-EVs due to the need for large-scale production of a large quantity. Vertical-Wheel bioreactors (VWBRs) have design features that allow the biomanufacturing of hiPSC-EVs using a scalable aggregate or microcarrier-based culture system under low shear stress. EV secretion by undifferentiated hiPSCs expanded as 3-D aggregates and on Synthemax II microcarriers in VWBRs were investigated. Additionally, two types of EV collection media, mTeSR and HBM, were compared. The hiPSCs were characterized by metabolite and transcriptome analysis as well as EV biogenesis markers. Protein and microRNA cargo were analysed by proteomics and microRNA-seq, respectively. The <i>in vitro</i> functional assays of microglia stimulation and proliferation were conducted. HiPSCs expanded as 3-D aggregates and on microcarriers had comparable cell number, while microcarrier culture had higher glucose consumption, higher glycolysis and lower autophagy gene expression based on mRNA-seq. The microcarrier cultures had at least 17–23 fold higher EV secretion, and EV collection in mTeSR had 2.7–3.7 fold higher yield than HBM medium. Microcarrier culture with mTeSR EV collection had a smaller EV size than other groups, and the cargo was enriched with proteins (proteomics) and miRNAs (microRNA-seq) reducing apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation (e.g. Wnt-related pathways). hiPSC-EVs demonstrated the ability of stimulating proliferation and M2 polarization of microglia <i>in vitro</i>. HiPSC expansion on microcarriers produces much higher yields of EVs than hiPSC aggregates in VWBRs. EV collection in mTeSR increases yield compared to HBM. The biomanufactured EVs from microcarrier culture in mTeSR have exosomal characteristics and are functional in microglia stimulation, which paves the ways for future in vivo anti-aging study.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jex2.133","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139406842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct targeting and uptake of platelet and red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles into immune cells","authors":"Petra Ilvonen,&nbsp;Reetta Pusa,&nbsp;Kai Härkönen,&nbsp;Saara Laitinen,&nbsp;Ulla Impola","doi":"10.1002/jex2.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.130","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Blood-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great therapeutic potential. As blood contains mixed EV populations, it is challenging to study EVs originating from different cells separately. Blood cell concentrates manufactured in blood banks offer an excellent non-invasive source of blood cell-specific EV populations. To study blood cell-specific EVs, we isolated EVs from platelet (TREVs) and red blood cell (EryEVs) concentrates and characterized them using nanoparticle tracking analysis, imaging flow cytometry, electron microscopy and western blot analysis and co-cultured them with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Our aim was to use imaging flow cytometry to investigate EV interaction with PBMCs as well as study their effects on T-lymphocyte populations to better understand their possible biological functions. As a conclusion, TREVs interacted with PBMCs more than EryEVs. Distinctively, TREVs were uptaken into CD11c+ monocytes rapidly and into CD19+ B-lymphocytes in 24 h. EryEVs were not uptaken into CD11c+ monocytes before the 24-h time point, and they were only seen on the surface of lymphocytes. Neither TREVs nor EryEV were uptaken into CD3+ T-lymphocytes and no effect on T-cell populations was detected. We have previously seen similar differences in targeting PC-3 cancer cells. Further studies are needed to address the functional properties of blood cell concentrate-derived EVs. This study demonstrates that imaging flow cytometry can be used to study the distinctive differences in the interaction and uptake of EVs. Considering our current and previous results, EVs present a new valuable component for the future development of blood-derived therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jex2.130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139099503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The diffusion of normal skin wound myofibroblast-derived microvesicles differs according to matrix composition","authors":"Syrine Arif,&nbsp;Sébastien Larochelle,&nbsp;Benjamin Trudel,&nbsp;Céline Gounou,&nbsp;François Bordeleau,&nbsp;Alain R. Brisson,&nbsp;Véronique J. Moulin","doi":"10.1002/jex2.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.131","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microvesicles (MVs) are a subtype of extracellular vesicles that can transfer biological information over long distances, affecting normal and pathological processes including skin wound healing. However, the diffusion of MVs into tissues can be impeded by the extracellular matrix (ECM). We investigated the diffusion of dermal wound myofibroblast-derived MVs into the ECM by using hydrogels composed of different ECM molecules such as fibrin, type III collagen and type I collagen that are present during the healing process. Fluorescent MVs mixed with hydrogels were employed to detect MV diffusion using fluorometric methods. Our results showed that MVs specifically bound type I collagen and diffused freely out of fibrin and type III collagen. Further analysis using flow cytometry and specific inhibitors revealed that MVs bind to type I collagen via the α2β1 integrin. These data demonstrate that MV transport depends on the composition of the wound environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jex2.131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139101150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gestational age at birth influences protein and RNA content in human milk extracellular vesicles","authors":"Brett Vahkal,&nbsp;Illimar Altosaar,&nbsp;Eric Tremblay,&nbsp;David Gagné,&nbsp;Nico Hüttman,&nbsp;Zoran Minic,&nbsp;Marceline Côté,&nbsp;Alexandre Blais,&nbsp;Jean-François Beaulieu,&nbsp;Emanuela Ferretti","doi":"10.1002/jex2.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.128","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human milk extracellular vesicles (HM EVs) are proposed to protect against disease development in infants. This protection could in part be facilitated by the bioactive EV cargo of proteins and RNA. Notably, mothers birth infants of different gestational ages with unique needs, wherein the EV cargo of HM may diverge. We collected HM from lactating mothers within two weeks of a term or preterm birth. Following purification of EVs, proteins and mRNA were extracted for proteomics and sequencing analyses, respectively. Over 2000 protein groups were identified, and over 8000 genes were quantified. The total number of proteins and mRNA did not differ significantly between the two conditions, while functional bioinformatics of differentially expressed cargo indicated enrichment in immunoregulatory cargo for preterm HM EVs. In term HM EVs, significantly upregulated cargo was enriched in metabolism-related functions. Based on gene expression signatures from HM-contained single cell sequencing data, we proposed that a larger portion of preterm HM EVs are secreted by immune cells, whereas term HM EVs contain more signatures of lactocyte epithelial cells. Proposed differences in EV cargo could indicate variation in mother's milk based on infants’ gestational age and provide basis for further functional characterisation.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jex2.128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139101149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRPC3 signalling contributes to the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles","authors":"Elise H. Padbury,&nbsp;Štefan Bálint,&nbsp;Emanuela Carollo,&nbsp;David R. F. Carter,&nbsp;Esther B. E. Becker","doi":"10.1002/jex2.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.132","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to a wide range of pathological processes including cancer progression, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying their biogenesis remain incompletely characterized. The development of tetraspanin-based pHluorin reporters has enabled the real-time analysis of EV release at the plasma membrane. Here, we employed CD81-pHluorin to investigate mechanisms of EV release in ovarian cancer (OC) cells and report a novel role for the Ca²⁺-permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) channel TRPC3 in EV-mediated communication. We found that specific activation of TRPC3 increased Ca²⁺ signalling in SKOV3 cells and stimulated an immediate increase in EV release. Ca²⁺-stimulants histamine and ionomycin likewise induced EV release, and imaging analysis revealed distinct stimulation-dependent temporal and spatial release dynamics. Interestingly, inhibition of TRPC3 attenuated histamine-stimulated Ca²⁺-entry and EV release, indicating that TRPC3 is likely to act downstream of histamine signalling in EV biogenesis. Furthermore, we found that direct activation of TRPC3 as well as the application of EVs derived from TRPC3-activated cells increased SKOV3 proliferation. Our data provides insights into the molecular mechanisms and dynamics underlying EV release in OC cells, proposing a key role for TRPC3 in EV biogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jex2.132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139045102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An innovative charge-based extracellular vesicle isolation method for highly efficient extraction of EV-miRNAs from liquid samples: miRQuick","authors":"Junsoo Park,&nbsp;Minju Bae,&nbsp;Hyeonah Seong,&nbsp;Jin hwa Hong,&nbsp;Su Jin Kang,&nbsp;Kyung hwa Park,&nbsp;Sehyun Shin","doi":"10.1002/jex2.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.126","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extracellular vesicle-derived microRNAs (EV-miRNAs) are promising biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis. However, existing EV-miRNA extraction technologies have a complex two-step process that results in low extraction efficiency and inconsistent results. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a new single-step extraction method, called miRQuick, for efficient and high-recovery extraction of EV-miRNAs from samples. The miRQuick method involves adding positively charged substances to the sample, causing negatively charged EVs to quickly aggregate and precipitate. A membrane lysate is then added to extract only miRNA. The entire process can be completed within an hour using standard laboratory equipment. We validated the miRQuick method using various analytical techniques and compared its performance to other methods for plasma, urine and saliva samples. The miRQuick method demonstrated significantly higher performance than other methods, not only for blood plasma but also for urine and saliva samples. Furthermore, we successfully extracted and detected nine biomarker candidate miRNAs in the plasma of breast cancer patients using miRQuick. Our results demonstrate that miRQuick is a rapid and efficient method for EV-miRNA extraction with excellent repeatability, making it suitable for various applications including cancer diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"2 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jex2.126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138558224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiomyocyte intercellular signalling increases oxidative stress and reprograms the global- and phospho-proteome of cardiac fibroblasts","authors":"Bethany Claridge,&nbsp;Alin Rai,&nbsp;Jarmon G. Lees,&nbsp;Haoyun Fang,&nbsp;Shiang Y. Lim,&nbsp;David W. Greening","doi":"10.1002/jex2.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.125","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pathological reprogramming of cardiomyocyte and fibroblast proteome landscapes drive the initiation and progression of cardiac fibrosis. Although the secretome of dysfunctional cardiomyocytes is emerging as an important driver of pathological fibroblast reprogramming, our understanding of the downstream molecular players remains limited. Here, we show that cardiac fibroblast activation (αSMA⁺) and oxidative stress mediated by the secretome of TGFβ-stimulated cardiomyocytes is associated with a profound reprogramming of their proteome and phosphoproteome landscape. Within the fibroblast global proteome there was a striking dysregulation of proteins implicated in extracellular matrix, protein localisation/metabolism, KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway, lysosomes, carbohydrate metabolism, and transcriptional regulation. Kinase substrate enrichment analysis of phosphopeptides revealed potential role of kinases (CK2, CDK2, PKC, GSK3B) during this remodelling. We verified upregulated activity of casein kinase 2 (CK2) in secretome-treated fibroblasts, and pharmacological CK2 inhibitor TBB (4,5,6,7-Tetrabromobenzotriazole) significantly abrogated fibroblast activation and oxidative stress. Our data provides molecular insights into cardiomyocyte to cardiac fibroblast crosstalk, and the potential role of CK2 in regulating cardiac fibroblast activation and oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"2 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jex2.125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138468709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer cell invasion alters the protein profile of extracellular vesicles","authors":"Jens C. Luoto,&nbsp;Leila S. Coelho-Rato,&nbsp;Cecilia Jungarå,&nbsp;Sara H. Bengs,&nbsp;Jannica Roininen,&nbsp;John E. Eriksson,&nbsp;Lea Sistonen,&nbsp;Eva Henriksson","doi":"10.1002/jex2.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.124","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication involved in local and long-range signalling of cancer metastasis. The onset of invasion is the key step of the metastatic cascade, but the secretion of EVs has remained unexplored at that stage due to technical challenges. In this study, we present a platform to track EVs over the course of invasive development of human prostate cancer cell (PC3) tumoroids utilizing in vivo-mimicking extracellular matrix-based 3D cultures. Using this EV production method, combined with proteomic profiling, we show that PC3 tumoroids secrete EVs with previously undefined protein cargo. Intriguingly, an increase in EV amounts and extensive changes in the EV protein composition were detected upon invasive transition of the tumoroids. The changes in EV protein cargo were counteracted by chemical inhibition of invasion. These results reveal the impact of the tumoroids’ invasive status on EV secretion and cargo, and highlight the necessity of in vivo-mimicking conditions for uncovering novel cancer-derived EV components.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"2 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jex2.124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138439847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular vesicles from bodily fluids for the accurate diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and related disorders: A systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis","authors":"Hash Brown Taha,&nbsp;Aleksander Bogoniewski","doi":"10.1002/jex2.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Parkinsonian disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), dementia with Lewy body (DLB), corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are often misdiagnosed due to overlapping symptoms and the absence of precise biomarkers. Furthermore, there are no current methods to ascertain the progression and conversion of prodromal conditions such as REM behaviour disorder (RBD). Extracellular vesicles (EVs), containing a mixture of biomolecules, have emerged as potential sources for parkinsonian diagnostics. However, inconsistencies in previous studies have left their diagnostic potential unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis, following PRISMA guidelines, to assess the diagnostic accuracy of general EVs isolated from various bodily fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, serum, urine or saliva, in differentiating patients with parkinsonian disorders from healthy controls (HCs). The meta-analysis included 21 studies encompassing 1285 patients with PD, 24 with MSA, 105 with DLB, 99 with PSP, 101 with RBD and 783 HCs. Further analyses were conducted only for patients with PD versus HCs, given the limited number for other comparisons. Using bivariate and hierarchal receiver operating characteristics (HSROC) models, the meta-analysis revealed moderate diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing patients with PD from HCs, with substantial heterogeneity and publication bias. The trim-and-fill method revealed at least two missing studies with null or low diagnostic accuracy. CSF-EVs showed better overall diagnostic accuracy, while plasma-EVs had the lowest performance. General EVs demonstrated higher diagnostic accuracy compared to CNS-originating EVs, which are more time-consuming, labour- and cost-intensive to isolate. In conclusion, while holding promise, utilizing biomarkers in general EVs for PD diagnosis remains unfeasible due to existing challenges. The focus should shift toward harmonizing the field through standardization, collaboration, and rigorous validation. Current efforts by the International Society For Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) aim to enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of EV-related research through rigor and standardization, aiming to bridge the gap between theory and practical clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"2 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jex2.121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"109168392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}