Journal of environmental exposure assessment最新文献_第4页

Cotton pillow samplers for assessment of thirdhand smoke in homes of smokers and nonsmokers with children 评估吸烟者和有孩子的非吸烟者家中三手烟的棉枕取样器

Journal of environmental exposure assessment Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.34

Penelope J.E. Quintana, Nicolas Lopez-Galvez, Georg E. Matt, Ashley L. Merianos, Nathan G. Dodder, Eunha Hoh, Lara Stone, Chase A. Wullenweber, E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens

{"title":"Cotton pillow samplers for assessment of thirdhand smoke in homes of smokers and nonsmokers with children","authors":"Penelope J.E. Quintana, Nicolas Lopez-Galvez, Georg E. Matt, Ashley L. Merianos, Nathan G. Dodder, Eunha Hoh, Lara Stone, Chase A. Wullenweber, E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2023.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/evcna.2023.34","url":null,"abstract":"Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a major cause of illnesses in children and leaves a persistent and toxic residue indoors called thirdhand smoke (THS) that adheres to various surfaces, permeates materials, accumulates in household dust, and is subsequently re-emitted into the air. THS, like SHS, has been shown to contain multiple toxic chemicals, including carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Children are highly susceptible to tobacco smoke pollutants, and simple methods for assessing children’s SHS and THS exposure are needed. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of a cotton pillow used as a passive sampler in homes of children with caregivers who smoke tobacco, with and without home smoking bans, as well as nonsmokers. We deployed a commercially available organic cotton travel pillow, which was left in the home for a median of 9.1 days. Pillow component nicotine levels were significantly higher in homes of smokers without a ban as compared to smokers and nonsmokers who had a ban (e.g., median pillowcase nicotine 337.7 ng/g per day vs. 72.5 ng/g per day and 0.1 ng/g per day, respectively) and differences were similar to those for air nicotine. Pillowcase TSNAs were detected mainly in the homes of smokers without a smoking ban. Pillow component (pillowcase, fabric, and filling) nicotine levels were highly correlated with air nicotine levels (rho = 0.76-0.88, all P < 0.001). Nicotine in the pillow components was also highly correlated with urinary cotinine in the children (rho = 0.65 to 0.81, all P < 0.001) and other measures of tobacco smoke exposure. Pillow performance as a sampler is promising, given the ease and simplicity of sample deployment.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135610679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dissolution and fate of silver nanoparticles in the presence of natural aquatic organic matter 银纳米粒子在天然水生有机物存在下的溶解和命运

Journal of environmental exposure assessment Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/jeea.2022.24

C. Watanabe, R. F. Domingos, M. Benedetti, A. H. Rosa

{"title":"Dissolution and fate of silver nanoparticles in the presence of natural aquatic organic matter","authors":"C. Watanabe, R. F. Domingos, M. Benedetti, A. H. Rosa","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2022.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2022.24","url":null,"abstract":"Despite increasing interest in and use of nanoparticles (NP), the environmental consequences of using NP are poorly understood because most relevant studies have not taken the effects of natural coatings on NP into consideration. The aim of this study was to improve our understanding of the fates of NP in aquatic systems. The fates of silver NP (AgNP) capped with citrate and polyethylene glycol dispersed in ecotoxicological matrices in the presence of environmentally relevant components of natural water (humic substances and extracellular polymeric substances) were investigated. Interactions between AgNP and natural organic matter were evaluated by ultracentrifugation and electrophoretic mobility measurements to assess AgNP dissolution. Humic substances and extracellular polymeric substances both decreased the dissolution rate. The natural organic matter (humic substances and extracellular polymeric substances) provided conditions in which the medium stabilized the NP. The dissolution rate depended on the coating type (citrate or polyethylene glycol), dissolved organic carbon concentration, and particle concentration. The presence of algae and Daphnia affected AgNP conversion, demonstrating the value of research that takes environmentally relevant matrices into consideration. The results improve our understanding of the factors that affect the bioavailabilities of AgNP and therefore improve our ability to evaluate AgNP toxicity. Studies of other NP using the same strategy will improve our understanding of the fates of nanomaterials in the environment and biota.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67658346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ethylbenzene exposure in North America - an update 乙苯暴露在北美-更新

Journal of environmental exposure assessment Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/jeea.2022.22

J. Kester, D. Morgott

{"title":"Ethylbenzene exposure in North America - an update","authors":"J. Kester, D. Morgott","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2022.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2022.22","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic ethylbenzene exposures and attendant potential health risks for United States children and prospective parents were first evaluated under the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Voluntary Children’s Chemical Evaluation Program. Using updated data and methods, a 2015 reevaluation observed declines in ethylbenzene releases and concentrations in ambient and indoor air. Both assessments identified inhalation as the dominant exposure route and smoking as the greatest contributor, with dietary intake much lower. Children’s exposure concentrations were similar to that of adults, but their intakes were higher. Neither breastfeeding nor toy mouthing was a significant source. This report updates the previous assessments, summarizing current ethylbenzene concentrations in air and foods, exposures during the use of household and consumer products, nationally representative biomonitoring data, including expanded demographic groups, and a new survey of worker exposures in styrene production facilities. General population ethylbenzene exposures appear to have declined for all age groups. The ethylbenzene/styrene chain of commerce contributes an estimated 0.1% to total air emissions and 7%-12% to dietary concentrations. Total estimated ethylbenzene intakes are consistent with biomonitoring data. Lactational transfer is not a significant exposure pathway for breastfed infants. Production workers’ exposure is well below occupational guidelines. Updated exposure estimates for each pathway suitable for potential health risk assessment are proposed.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67657799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Quantitative detection of organic mercury in whole blood using derivatization and gas chromatographynegative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry 衍生化和气相色谱-负化学电离-质谱法定量检测全血中有机汞

Journal of environmental exposure assessment Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/jeea.2022.26

Zhaoqing Lyu, S. Soleman, Meng Li, Kouji H. Harada

{"title":"Quantitative detection of organic mercury in whole blood using derivatization and gas chromatographynegative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry","authors":"Zhaoqing Lyu, S. Soleman, Meng Li, Kouji H. Harada","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2022.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2022.26","url":null,"abstract":"The Minamata disease, first identified in Japan in the 1950s, is caused by severe methylmercury (MeHg) poisoning. To prevent the development of this disease, routine evaluation of MeHg levels in blood samples is crucial. The purpose of this research was to explore the use of derivatization and capillary gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) for the quantitative detection of both organic and inorganic mercury in blood samples. Alkyl mercury in standard solutions was extracted as halide salts in toluene with hydrohalic acid. Fat contents in whole blood samples were removed by methyl isobutyl ketone and hexane using a cysteine/alkaline solution and then organic mercury was extracted as a bromide complex using toluene and cupper chloride solution. The linearity of the response ratio vs. concentration curves (R2) was 0.987 for methylmercury bromide and 0.990 for ethylmercury bromide. over the calibration range of 0.02 ng/mL to 20 ng/mL. The recovery of MeHg and ethylmercury (EtHg) was 67.1% and 49.3%, respectively. The concentrations of MeHg in whole blood samples determined using GC with an electron capture detector agreed with those determined using GC-NCI-MS, with a correlation coefficient of 0.923. The mean concentration of MeHg in a certified reference material (NMIJ CRM 7402-a) determined using GC-NCI-MS was 0.64 μg/g, comparable with the certified value of 0.58 μg/g. Our study demonstrates a simple and low-cost approach for analyzing mercury in biological samples, although further optimization is required given the relatively low recovery and the concern about the toxicity of methyl isobutyl ketone.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67658420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ecological and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediment core of Phayao Lake, Thailand 泰国帕瑶湖沉积物中多环芳烃的生态与健康风险

Journal of environmental exposure assessment Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/jeea.2022.29

W. Deelaman, C. Choochuay, Siwatt Pongpiachan, Yongming Han

{"title":"Ecological and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediment core of Phayao Lake, Thailand","authors":"W. Deelaman, C. Choochuay, Siwatt Pongpiachan, Yongming Han","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2022.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2022.29","url":null,"abstract":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment cores from Phayao Lake were investigated in terms of their concentration, distribution, and potential effects on the environment and human health. The concentration of Σ16PAHs ranged from 77.6 to 1251.1 ng g-1. Additionally, low molecular weight PAHs (two or three fused aromatic rings) were dominant, indicating that the main source of PAHs is the incomplete combustion of organic sources. The toxic equivalent quantities (TEQs) of 16 PAHs varied from 2.67 to 155.09 ng g-1, with an average of 38.29 ± 46.69 ng g-1. Furthermore, the TEQs of 9 known carcinogenic PAHs averaged 20.77 ± 30.63 ng g-1. B[a]P had the highest TEQ, followed by D[a,h]A and B[k]F, with values of 16.93 ± 25.49, 13.89 ± 15.37 and 2.12 ± 3.64, respectively. The RQ(NCs) of ∑PAHs (RQ∑PAHs(NCs)) ranged from 1.65 × 10-4 to 6.27 × 10-1 with an average value of 1.18 × 100 ± 1.52 × 100. Moreover, RQ(NCs) was less than 1 for individual PAHs, indicating a minor risk. However, RQ(MPCs) was less than 1 for individual PAHs, indicating a moderate risk. The results showed a significant incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) from sediment-bound PAHs with dermal absorption, followed by ingestion and inhalation, as the prevalent route of exposure. The measured ILCR values of all PAHs were less than 10-6 for both adults and children, which were lower than the baseline value, indicating that each PAH poses a low risk of cancer to humans. This study provides information for control and preventive actions to limit future PAH pollution in Phayao Lake.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67658460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water and sediments from the Udu River, Niger Delta, Nigeria: concentration, distribution and risk assessment 尼日利亚尼日尔三角洲乌都河水和沉积物中的多氯联苯:浓度、分布和风险评估

Journal of environmental exposure assessment Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/jeea.2022.19

P. Iniaghe, E. D. Kpomah

{"title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water and sediments from the Udu River, Niger Delta, Nigeria: concentration, distribution and risk assessment","authors":"P. Iniaghe, E. D. Kpomah","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2022.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2022.19","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, five surface water and sediment samples were collected from five different points along the course of the Udu River, Niger Delta, Nigeria, which were near the human population. Water samples were liquid-liquid extracted with dichloromethane in a separatory funnel, while sediment samples were Soxhlet extracted using a mixture of acetone, dichloromethane, and n-hexane. Quantification of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the extracts was done using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The ecological risk of PCBs was assessed by comparing the determined PCB concentrations with established guideline values, while health risk was evaluated using non-cancer and total cancer risk models. From the results obtained, only one congener (PCB-167) was present in water samples, with concentrations ranging from 20-1860 ng L-1. For sediment samples, 28 congeners were detected. The concentration of Ʃ28PCBs and the 12 dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) ranged from 5.34-16.1 and 1.07-5.36 ng g-1, respectively. The toxicity equivalence values for dl-PCBs varied from 0.0065-0.018. Compared to guideline values for both water and sediment, the PCB concentration obtained in this study does not pose any ecological risk at all except for one sampled point. Similarly, the hazard index values for non-cancer risk evaluation were < 1 at all but one point, while total cancer risk values were between 1 × 10-6 and 1 × 10-4 at all but one sampling point, indicating no potential risk of developing cancer associated with PCBs in water and sediments of the Udu River.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67657788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Method validation and comparison of quantification strategies for analysis of chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust by liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry 液相色谱法和高分辨率质谱法分析室内粉尘中氯化石蜡的方法验证及定量策略比较

Journal of environmental exposure assessment Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/jeea.2021.10

T. McGrath, A. Covaci, Giulia Poma

{"title":"Method validation and comparison of quantification strategies for analysis of chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust by liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry","authors":"T. McGrath, A. Covaci, Giulia Poma","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2021.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2021.10","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the validation of a method for the simultaneous analysis of short-, medium-, and long-chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively) in indoor dust by ultrasonic extraction and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-HRMS). A series of spike and recovery experiments (n = 54) were conducted using CPs with varying carbon-chain lengths, chlorination degree, and concentrations. Technical standard mixtures of the SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs were used to quantify spiking experiments by two commonly used calibration procedures: pattern deconvolution and chlorine-content calibration. The results quantified by pattern deconvolution meet the acceptability limits of the European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for all tests with trueness ranging from 72% to 141% and good precision represented by coefficients of variation (CVs) less than 15% in all experiments. The chlorine-content calibration also performed well overall, but on average overestimated concentrations for SCCPs and MCCPs by 32% and 25%, respectively, and did not meet the EURL’s trueness limits in all cases. CVs were below 18% for all results derived from the chlorine-content quantification. The final method was successfully applied to indoor dust samples from offices (n = 4), homes (n = 3), and a vehicle (n = 1) from Melbourne, Australia, with SCCPs (C10-13), MCCPs (C14-17), and LCCPs (C18-20) detected in all samples, up to 100, 240 and 190 μg/g, respectively. A preliminary human exposure assessment suggested that CP intake via dust may constitute a major pathway of exposure for populations in Melbourne, Australia.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67657932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Ambient air concentrations and risk assessment of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) across five Middle Eastern countries 中东五个国家选定的有机氯农药的环境空气浓度和风险评估

Journal of environmental exposure assessment Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/jeea.2022.05

B. Gevao, P. Kurt-Karakus, Askin Birgul, Karell Martinez-Guijarro, C. Sukhn, D. Krishnan, Smitha Rajagopalan, Mariam Hajeyah, M. Bahloul, H. Alshemmari, M. Orif

{"title":"Ambient air concentrations and risk assessment of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) across five Middle Eastern countries","authors":"B. Gevao, P. Kurt-Karakus, Askin Birgul, Karell Martinez-Guijarro, C. Sukhn, D. Krishnan, Smitha Rajagopalan, Mariam Hajeyah, M. Bahloul, H. Alshemmari, M. Orif","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2022.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2022.05","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents data obtained from concurrently deployed polyurethane foam disk passive samplers in Kuwait, Turkey, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Oman between January and October 2018. The study’s main goal was to initiate a passive air sampling network across the Middle East to generate comparable data, which will help report obligations of the various countries and be used in protocol discussions. The ∑24OCP concentrations were highest in the samples collected from Kartaba in Lebanon (7780 pg·m-3), and the lowest concentration was recorded at the BUTAL site in the Bursa province of Turkey (7.27 pg·m-3). The mean ambient ∑24OCP concentrations on a country-specific basis over consecutive sampling campaigns were: Lebanon (1680 pg·m-3) > Bursa (Turkey) (78.7 pg·m-3) > Oman (55 pg·m-3) > Kuwait (42 pg·m-3) > Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (19.1 pg·m-3). The results show no cancer risk due to inhalation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in ambient air. This study provides the first reliable measurements of the spatial variability in the atmospheric concentrations of OCPs across several Middle Eastern countries, providing a baseline for assessing time trends in air, one of the core matrices for the effectiveness evaluation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67658004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Waste streams as current sources of persistent organic pollutants and organophosphate esters in Africa - a critical review 废物流作为非洲持久性有机污染物和有机磷酸酯的当前来源——一项重要审查

Journal of environmental exposure assessment Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/jeea.2022.17

O. Akinrinade, W. Stubbings

{"title":"Waste streams as current sources of persistent organic pollutants and organophosphate esters in Africa - a critical review","authors":"O. Akinrinade, W. Stubbings","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2022.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2022.17","url":null,"abstract":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, chlorinated paraffins, brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls and mirex are regulated under the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP’s) Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) intended for the eradication of hazardous contaminants in the environment. There is also a major concern for organophosphate esters and specific alternative or novel brominated flame retardants. To date, no evidence exists that major producers of these chemicals occur on the African continent. They are understood to find their way into African environments through the import of commercial products, in particular products with second-hand value and short lifespans, which may enter waste streams in a relatively shorter period. To further understand the current levels of these selected contaminants in African waste streams, existing documents capturing various African waste stream compartments for the above outlined targeted contaminants were gathered from an exhaustive literature review. Key factors influencing the transfer of contaminants from waste or elevated concentrations of contaminants in African waste streams are associated with the nature and/or sources of contaminants, volume of contaminants or waste in relation to the capacity of treatment plants/landfills, condition or age of treatment plants/landfill geomembrane liner, model adopted for contaminants removal and treatment procedures for collected sludges or leachates. Evidence from the selected studies indicates substantial POP contamination in African landfills and dumpsites, wastewater effluents/sludge and human/biological samples around dumpsites and landfills. Unfortunately, the continent has inadequate infrastructural capacity to adequately handle POP in the waste streams. This review provides recommendations and suggestions for future studies.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67657726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Extraction and Pyrolysis-GC-MS analysis of polyethylene in samples with medium to high lipid content 中高脂质样品中聚乙烯的提取与热解-气相色谱-质谱分析

Journal of environmental exposure assessment Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/jeea.2022.04

C. Rauert, Yufei Pan, E. Okoffo, J. O'Brien, K. Thomas

{"title":"Extraction and Pyrolysis-GC-MS analysis of polyethylene in samples with medium to high lipid content","authors":"C. Rauert, Yufei Pan, E. Okoffo, J. O'Brien, K. Thomas","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2022.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2022.04","url":null,"abstract":"While it is recognised that humans are constantly exposed to plastics, there are limitations in understanding the extent of this exposure, particularly dietary exposure. This lack of information is partly due to challenges with the analysis of complicated matrices. This study aimed to assess the impact of medium to high lipid content (> 3%) food samples on the accurate quantification of polyethylene (PE), using pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and develop an alternative sample processing strategy. Analysis of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats was demonstrated to form the same pyrolysis products as PE, producing a significant interference hindering quantification. An extraction protocol was developed that involves enzyme digestion to break the lipids into smaller chain fatty acids, removal of these interferences with pressurised liquid extraction washes, before a final extraction of the PE by pressurised liquid extraction. This new method was validated through the analysis of three medium- to high-fat content foods: cow’s milk, eggs and lamb meat, where PE recoveries were acceptable (104% to 127%). Method detection limits were also significantly reduced from 1.9 to 0.05 µg/injection (380 to 10 µg/g) with the new protocol, through the removal of matrix background. PE traces were observed in the three food matrices of 72-240 µg/g, significantly reduced as compared to samples extracted with the old method where concentrations of 12-32 mg/g were calculated, demonstrating the potential for overestimation of dietary exposure. Finally, a simple protocol is reported for future studies to (i) determine if an interference is present and (ii) sample processing methods to remove identified interferences.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67657993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9