Journal of environmental exposure assessment最新文献

{"title":"Airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in hair salons primarily serving women of color","authors":"L. Kavi, Yuan Shao, Gurumurthy Ramachandran, L. Louis, W. Pool, Katrina Randolph, Stephen B Thomas, Ana M. Rule, L. Quirós-Alcalá","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2024.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2024.13","url":null,"abstract":"Hairdressers are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can pose health risks. Women of color (Black/Latina) represent nearly one-third of all U.S. hairdressers who may be disproportionally exposed to VOCs through occupational and personal use of hair products and treatments specifically formulated for this demographic. Still, data on workplace VOC exposures in this workforce remains sparse. We conducted area air monitoring of 14 VOCs in three salons serving Black women (“Black salons”), three Dominican salons predominantly serving Latino and Black women and 10 office spaces using active integrated sampling across 8-hour work shifts. Most VOCs measured were detected in hair salons (n = 13) and offices (n = 11). Salons had median VOC concentrations 2-175 times higher than offices. Among salons, 95th percentile VOC concentrations were up to 187 times higher in Black salons than in Dominican salons, suggesting that elevated exposures may occur partly from differences based on product use, services rendered, and salon characteristics (e.g., cleaning practices, ventilation). This is the first study to report indoor air concentrations of multiple individual targeted VOCs in U.S. hair salons serving women of color, highlighting the need for comprehensive exposure studies and assessment of potential health risks in this understudied and overexposed workforce.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141675629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legacy halogenated flame retardants in Canadian human milk from the maternal-infant research on environmental chemicals study","authors":"D. F. Rawn, A. Sadler, Valerie A. Casey, François Breton, Wing-Fung Sun, Sherry Yu Feng, T. Arbuckle","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2024.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2024.04","url":null,"abstract":"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were measured in 298 human milk samples collected from across Canada between 2008 and 2011 as part of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals study. PBDEs were detected in 100% of the samples analyzed and concentrations ranged from 0.071 to 267 ng·g-1 lipid (median 15.6 ng·g-1 lipid). The dominant contributors to ΣPBDEs (Σ15, 17, 28, 37, 47, 66, 71, 75, 77, 85, 99, 100, 119, 138, 153, 154, 160, 183, 190, 209) were PBDE 47 > PBDE 153 > PBDE 99 > PBDE 100 > PBDE 28 > PBDE 209. Previously, PBDE 209 was considered to be a minor contributor to ΣPBDE concentrations in Canadian human milk and, therefore, not reported by our lab. This study showed that when present, PBDE 209 can be an important contributor to ΣPBDEs (range: below detection - 85.3 ng·g-1 lipid; median - 0.083 ng·g-1 lipid). ΣPBDE concentrations declined slightly in Canadian human milk between the early and late 2000s. HBCD (Σ of α-, β-, and γ-) was observed in 94.0% of the samples measured and concentrations were dominated by α-HBCD (93.3%), with β- (9.7%) and γ- (28.5%) less frequently detected. The maximum ΣHBCD concentration observed was 7.66 ng·g-1 lipid (median value 0.303 ng·g-1 lipid). These data suggest that HBCD concentrations similarly decreased in Canadian human milk between the early 2000s and sampling for the present study. Maternal age did not impact the concentrations of these flame retardants in milk. Additionally, other maternal characteristics [e.g., the number of children a woman has had, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and education level] did not impact concentrations of these brominated flame retardant concentrations.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141709362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioaccumulation, transfer, and impacts of microplastics in aquatic food chains","authors":"Marykate E. McHale, Kate L. Sheehan","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2023.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2023.49","url":null,"abstract":"Plastics have become a pervasive global contaminant since the mid-20th century, causing harm to organisms at all levels. Preventative measures to reduce plastic pollution and awareness-raising campaigns about the damaging effects of plastic debris on the environment and its inhabitants are crucial; however, most plastic assessments focus on singular trophic levels. Microplastics, tiny plastic particles ranging from 25 μm to 5 mm, have emerged as a widespread form of pollution found in ecosystems worldwide. They can enter the environment directly or through the breakdown of larger plastic debris and are thought to be mistaken for food by foraging animals. This leads to microplastics circulating through ecosystems via direct and indirect consumption, ultimately impacting even higher-order predators. Here, we assess the impacts of microplastics on Chlorophyll a concentrations, algal community structure, copepod survivorship, and fish behavior in experimental trials, in addition to simulated top-predator foraging success on plastic-exposed fish. Our results indicate that microplastics have detrimental effects on algal growth and copepod survival. We also observed the trophic transmission of small plastic spheres from copepods to fish predators, highlighting a concerning pathway for microplastic pollution within aquatic ecosystems, where fish consumed plastics through direct and indirect means. Primary consumers, like copepods, face dual pressures from top-down forcing, as they are preferred over plastic particles as food sources, and bottom-up resource depletion, as algal food supplies can be limited by microplastic exposure. Our findings demonstrate the system-wide impacts that can occur when microplastics are included in food chains and underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate the entry of plastic debris into aquatic ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141711529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro estimation of oral bioaccessibility of brominated flame retardants in indoor dust by fasted and fed physiologically extraction test","authors":"Sonthinee Waiyarat, N. Boontanon, Stuart Harrad, D. Drage, M. Abdallah, Kanitthika Santhaweesuk, S. Boontanon","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2024.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2024.11","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: There is a dearth of information on in vitro oral bioaccessibility, challenging the evaluation of the health risks arising from indoor dust exposure to the brominated flame retardants, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD). Here, we estimate the human oral bioaccessibility of TBBPA and HBCDD in indoor dust by applying the standardized bioaccessibility test under fasting (UBM-like test) and fed (FOREhST test) conditions.\u0000 Methods: In vitro bioaccessibility of HBCDD and TBBPA of sixteen indoor dust samples was conducted under fasted and fed states. In the fed test, food components, including healthy and unhealthy food. The concentrations of HBCDD and TBBPA were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Bioaccessibility was calculated from the ratio of the amount of HBCDD and TBBPA in a simulated gut solution to that in indoor dust. The average daily dose (EDDbioaccessibility) was calculated from the estimated daily intake and percentage of bioaccessibility.\u0000 Results: The concentration of TBBPA and HBCDD in indoor dust ranged from 137 to 14,671 ng g-1 and < 0.7 to 528 ng g-1, respectively. A higher bioaccessible concentration was observed in the small intestine than in the stomach and mouth. The condition of the fed state with food containing fat showed greater bioaccessibility of TBBPA and HBCDD at 74.0% ± 9.5% and 62.2% ± 10.1%, respectively. In contrast, the fed state with lower fat food containing fiber presented the lowest bioaccessibility with a mean of 54.7% ± 10.7% for TBBPA and 53.7% ± 10.8% for HBCDD. Moreover, children are more exposed than adults, especially those who ingest indoor dust with fatty food.\u0000 Conclusion: The oral bioaccessibility of TBBPA and HBCDD in indoor dust was highest in the fed state with fatty food, followed by fasted and fed states with lower fat, higher fiber food. Similarly, the estimated daily dose (EDDbioaccessibility) for children exceeded that for adults. Therefore, this study indicated that food consumption is a factor influencing the bioaccessibility of TBBPA and HBCDD present in indoor dust.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141355379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in powdered infant formula: potential exposures and health risks","authors":"Alexander R Bogdan, Kristine S Klos, Christopher W Greene, Carin A. Huset, Kitrina M Barry, H. Goeden","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2024.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2024.08","url":null,"abstract":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of human-made persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds. People can be exposed to PFAS through many different pathways, including food, drinking water, and PFAS-containing consumer products. Infants are recognized as particularly susceptible to the harmful effects of PFAS while also being among the most highly exposed populations. Exposure to PFAS begins in utero via placental transfer and can continue after birth from environmental exposures and breastfeeding. PFAS-contaminated water, if used to mix infant formula, is an important potential exposure route for formula-fed infants because they consume more fluid on a per-body-weight basis than older individuals. However, data about potential PFAS exposures from powdered infant formula itself are lacking. To address this data gap, we analyzed 17 powdered infant formulas for 10 different PFAS. Only one type of PFAS, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), was detected in a single dairy-based formula at a reconstituted concentration of 8.9 ng/L. Using our recently updated toxicokinetic model, we estimated serum PFOS concentration curves over the first year of life for various exposure scenarios, including different fluid intake rates, formula reconstituted with uncontaminated and contaminated water, and with and without placental transfer. Our analytical results indicate the single PFOS detection in powdered infant formula is not a major source of PFOS relative to other sources, and our risk assessment comparing various formula-fed infant scenarios to the Minnesota Department of Health’s 2024 PFOS reference serum concentration (2.6 ng/mL) concludes that PFAS from powdered formula likely does not pose a significant risk to infants.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141358396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A revised and improved toxicokinetic model to simulate serum concentrations of bioaccumulative PFAS","authors":"Christopher W Greene, Alexander R Bogdan, H. Goeden","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2024.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2024.09","url":null,"abstract":"Minnesota has been grappling with public health issues regarding exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) since 2002. For some PFAS, the traditional paradigm for developing health-based water guidance values (HBGVs) is inadequate due to their tendency to accumulate within the body and to transfer from mother to newborn via placental transfer and breastfeeding. In 2017, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) developed an Excel-based model to simulate daily serum PFAS concentrations over a lifetime of exposure to facilitate the derivation of HBGVs for bioaccumulative PFAS. Model results compare favorably to data on breastfed infants, who represent a susceptible and highly exposed population. Since 2017, new data have emerged that warranted a re-evaluation of key model parameters. Here, we present a revised and updated version of the 2017 model and assess the impact of the updates on the model results for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Updates to the model’s calculations and input parameters resulted in a 57% reduction in peak modeled PFOA serum concentrations in 1-year-old infants compared to the original model. However, the significantly lower epidemiologic-based reference serum concentration of 0.93 ng/mL (compared to the laboratory animal-based value of 130 ng/mL used in 2017) resulted in a decrease in the noncancer guidance value from 35 to 0.24 ng/L. Currently available serum PFOA data indicate that at drinking water concentrations at or below ~1 ng/L, drinking water would not be a major source of PFOA exposure compared to non-water sources.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141108472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nicotine or marijuana vaping exposure during pregnancy and altered immune responses in offspring","authors":"Jonas M. Ndeke, James E. Klaunig, Sarah Commodore","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2024.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2024.03","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) - which include electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes, or simply e-cigs, and marijuana vaping have become increasingly popular. ENDS devices have been established as one of the tobacco quit methods and promoted to be safer compared to traditional tobacco cigarettes. Emerging evidence demonstrates that e-cigarette and marijuana vape use can be harmful, with potential associations with cancer. Herein, we summarize the level of evidence to date for altered immune response, with a focus on cancer risks in the offspring after maternal use of, or aerosol exposures from, ENDS or marijuana vape during pregnancy. From 27 published articles retrieved from PubMed, we sought to find out identified carcinogens in ENDS aerosols and marijuana vapor, which cross the placental barrier and can increase cancer risk in the offspring. Carcinogens in vaping aerosols include aldehydes, metals, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, tobacco alkaloids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds. Additionally, there was only one passive vaping exposure case study on a human fetus, which noted that glycerol, aluminum, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, selenium, and lead crossed from the mother to the offspring’s cord blood. The carcinogens (metals) in that study were at lower concentrations compared to the mother’s biological matrices. Lastly, we observed that in utero exposures to ENDS-associated chemicals can occur in vital organs such as the lungs, kidneys, brain, bladder, and heart. Any resulting DNA damage increases the risk of tumorigenesis. Future epidemiological studies are needed to examine the effects of passive aerosol exposures from existing and emerging electronic nicotine and marijuana products on developing offspring to cancer.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140697955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of wastewater-based epidemiology for antimicrobial resistance surveillance","authors":"Leah M. Clarke, Jake W. O’Brien, Aimee K. Murray, Wll Gaze, Kevin V. Thomas","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2023.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2023.29","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as one of the most serious threats to public health. Unparalleled population growth and accelerated rates of AMR emergence and dissemination have resulted in both novel resistance in pathogenic organisms and the re-appearance of infections that were formerly under control. Consequently, this has led to an increased quantity of infectious diseases. One of the main drivers of antimicrobial overuse is inappropriate prescribing in human and veterinary medicine. The ability to rapidly survey the spread of antimicrobial resistance within human populations is key for its prevention, intervention, and control. However, many constraints are present for current clinical surveillance systems and their capacity to determine AMR dynamics in the microbiome of healthy individuals as well as in clinical pathogens causing infections. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an emergent technique that has the capacity to act as a supplementary measure for current infectious disease surveillance systems and as an early warning system for infectious disease outbreaks. The development of disease outbreaks to the community level can be monitored in real time through the analysis of population pooled wastewater. This review provides an introduction to using wastewater-based epidemiology to monitor AMR bacteria, as well as an overview of wastewater-based epidemiology and its components.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140209904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the impact of sampler housing on indoor passive air sampler measurements of SVOCs","authors":"S. Vojta, L. Melymuk, R. Prokes, J. Klánová","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2023.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2023.39","url":null,"abstract":"Passive air sampling (PAS) using a polyurethane foam (PUF) sorbent is a widely used technique to characterize air concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in indoor environments; however, there is little consensus on the type of housing used in sampler housings and how sampler masses are converted to air concentration. We systematically evaluate the three types of PUF-PAS sampler housings most commonly used indoors, and characterize uptake rates for > 50 SVOCs, covering legacy persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, combustion by-products, and flame retardants for all three housing types. There is a clear association between the amount of shielding of the PUF disk and equivalent air volumes for PUF-PAS, with median sampling rates for double-bowl housings of 0.72 m3/day (0.62-0.92 m3/day), 1.3 m3/day (1.0-1.7 m3/day) for single bowl, and 1.8 m3/day (1.4-2.2 m3/day) for PUFs without any housing. Combining these outcomes with a meta-analysis of existing data on PUF-PAS indoor uptake, we provide recommendations for the range of applicability and selection of sampling rates for PUF-PAS in indoor environments.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140482263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of plasticisers diisononyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate in black soldier fly larvae reared on (micro)plastic-contaminated food waste","authors":"Siebe Lievens, Shanshan Yin, Lidia Belova, Yukiko Fujii, Jasper Bombeke, Jeroen De Smet, M. V. D. Borght, A. Covaci, Giulia Poma","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2023.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2023.46","url":null,"abstract":"Food waste is currently used for the production of biogas. However, a reusage of waste is preferred to follow the principles of the circular economy and consider the waste management hierarchy, which can be achieved by rearing black soldier fly (BSF) larvae on such organic waste. Nonetheless, the presence of (micro)plastics and related additive plasticisers might induce chemical safety hazards to the larval applications as feed. Therefore, the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of two plasticisers (diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT)) in BSF larvae reared on food waste streams contaminated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (micro)plastics were investigated. Results showed that BSF larvae appeared to have a moderate intake of DINP during its rearing phase of 10 days (82 - 273 ng/g), while being able to biotransform it into the primary biotransformation product monoisononyl phthalate (MINP) within 24 h. For DEHT, an uptake of 67 - 137 ng/g was measured in the BSF larvae; however, no clear biotransformation pattern was observed. In addition, while no secondary oxidative biotransformation products were found in the larvae, these were measured in the frass, leading to the hypothesis that microorganism-mediated biotransformation of plasticisers occurred. In conclusion, based on the results of this study, BSF larvae could potentially be used safely in the frame of circular economy, when reared on organic substrates contaminated with the same PVC microplastic content and sizes used.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139595640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}