{"title":"The Interplay between Transcription Factor SALL4 and Histone Modifiers in Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells.","authors":"Hiro Tatetsu, Daniel G Tenen, Li Chai","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.3.073","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, there is a growing need for culturing hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) ex vivo for various clinical applications such as HSPC transplantation and gene therapy. For many patients with hematologic, genetic, and immune diseases, HSPC transplants can be a life-saving treatment. There are over 20,000 patients in the US receiving HSPC transplantation yearly [1]. About two-thirds of these cases are autologous and the rest are allogeneic transplants. The sources of the HSPCs are from peripheral blood mobilized stem/progenitor cells (PBSC), cord blood (CB) and bone marrow (BM). Umbilical cord blood can be an excellent HSPC donor source; however, its use is severely constrained by the limited HSPC numbers in one single cord blood unit. Developing technologies that allow ex vivo expansion of cord blood will be highly beneficial for the clinical application of HSPC transplants. In addition, there is a growing need for culturing PBSC in vitro for transplant-related applications such as gene therapy or genome-editing via TALENs or CRISPR/Cas9 [2,3]. Furthermore, the same PBSC in vitro culture technique can be used for HSCP expansion for poor autologous mobilizations to avoid additional collections. Establishing culture conditions that can maintain and expand HSPCs from PBSC ex vivo will be beneficial to these clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 1","pages":"26-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8057709/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38897045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Immune Cells and Transcriptional Signatures Revealed Novel Regulators and Predict Clinical Response to Biologic Therapy in Ulcerative Colitis.","authors":"Suzana D Savkovic","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.3.116","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), has a heterogeneous pathogenesis underlined by genetic predisposition, intestinal barrier dysfunction, impaired immune response, and microbiota imbalance [1-3]. This proceeds to aberrant immune cells presence and function in the affected tissue, activation of signaling pathways, and expression of regulators that subsequently drive inflammation [2,4-7]. Using publicly available transcriptomes obtained from large number of UC patients from European and the US cohorts [8-16], we identified systemic immune cell landscape, pathways, and transcriptional signatures specific for UC as well as those determining outcome of biologic therapy [17]. immune cell colonic cells, active","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":" ","pages":"343-347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9431358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40344042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katherine E Masih, Jun S Wei, David Milewski, Javed Khan
{"title":"Exploring and Targeting the Tumor Immune Microenvironment of Neuroblastoma.","authors":"Katherine E Masih, Jun S Wei, David Milewski, Javed Khan","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.111","DOIUrl":"10.33696/immunology.3.111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pediatric neuroblastoma is a heterogenous disease that accounts for significant morbidity and mortality in children. Deep genomic and transcriptomic profiling of patient tumors has revealed a low mutational burden and a paucity of therapeutic targets. Furthermore, different molecular subtypes, such as <i>MYCN</i> amplification, have been associated with adverse outcomes. Using whole transcriptome sequencing, we previously explored the immune microenvironment of neuroblastoma subtypes and discovered its association with clinical outcome. Specifically, we found that patients with tumors infiltrated by higher levels of cytotoxic lymphocytes had a better overall survival. Additionally, we found that a high <i>MYCN</i> gene expression signature in <i>MYCN</i>-non-amplified tumors is an independent predictor of adverse outcome. However, signatures of tumor infiltrating cytotoxic immune cells in this subtype of tumors predict an improved outcome. While this is clinically informative, it does not provide a full picture of the dynamics underlying the biology of tumor immune microenvironment and how to use this information to improve patient outcomes. Here, we highlight our previous work and current approaches using immunotherapy in neuroblastoma and explore our current understanding of the immune biology of these tumors. We further describe how this correlates with patient outcome, and how this information can be used to develop novel immunotherapeutic strategies for pediatric patients with neuroblastoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 1","pages":"305-316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9022637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49253441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kae Myriam Pusic, Lisa Won, Richard Paul Kraig, Aya Darinka Pusic
{"title":"Environmental Enrichment and Its Benefits for Migraine: Dendritic Cell Extracellular Vesicles as an Effective Mimetic.","authors":"Kae Myriam Pusic, Lisa Won, Richard Paul Kraig, Aya Darinka Pusic","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental enrichment produces beneficial effects in the brain at genetic, molecular, cellular and behavior levels, and has long been studied as a therapeutic intervention for a wide variety of neurological disorders. However, the complexity of applying a robust environmental enrichment paradigm makes clinical use difficult. Accordingly, there has been increased interest in developing environmental enrichment mimetics, also known as enviromimetics. Here we review the benefits of environmental enrichment for migraine treatment, and discuss the potential of using extracellular vesicles derived from interferon gamma-stimulated dendritic cells as an effective mimetic.</p>","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 4","pages":"215-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8321388/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39274864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Myeloid Populations during Perinatal Liver Injury and Repair.","authors":"Anas Alkhani, Sarah Mohamedaly, Amar Nijagal","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.3.076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perinatal liver inflammation can have life-threatening consequences, particularly in infants and young children. An example of a hepatic inflammatory disease during infancy is biliary atresia (BA), an obliterative cholangiopathy that rapidly progresses to hepatic fibrosis and liver failure. The aggressive nature of BA in neonates compared to the pathogenesis of inflammatory liver diseases in adults, suggests that the mechanisms responsible for restoring tissue homeostasis following inflammation are impaired in affected infants. This article reviews our recent findings demonstrating that the relative abundance of Ly6c<sup>Lo</sup> non-classical monocytes promotes resolution of perinatal liver injury in a murine model of perinatal hepatic inflammation. Our research also identifies a potential co-regulatory role between neutrophils and non-classical monocytes. Further work is needed to understand how neutrophils regulate other myeloid populations during perinatal liver inflammation. Elucidating the mechanisms that govern perinatal liver injury and repair may lead to the development of immune-directed therapies that can be used to mitigate the devastating effects of diseases like BA.</p>","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 1","pages":"42-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9531850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33488828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prospects of JAK Inhibition in the Framework of Bone Loss","authors":"S. Adam, G. Schett, S. Frey","doi":"10.33696/IMMUNOLOGY.3.075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/IMMUNOLOGY.3.075","url":null,"abstract":"Cytokine receptors may possess an intrinsic capability for the transduction of signals upon engagement by the respective cytokine ligand [1]. However, if they lack an own intracellular signaling entity, they rely on other signaling machineries. One of the key intracellular signaling molecules mediating cytokine effects on immune cells are Janus kinases (JAKs), which induce gene expression via signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STATs). In mammals, four JAK (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and Tyk2) and seven STAT proteins (STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6) are described, which in varying combinations mediate signal transduction of well over fifty cytokines [2,3]. In the following article the role of JAK and STAT will be summarized.","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69670738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Potential of Combination Therapies and Patient Stratification to Improve CCR2 Inhibition Therapeutics.","authors":"Jason E Duex, Dan Theodorescu","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.3.099","url":null,"abstract":"Chemokines and their receptors are the communication mechanism used by cells of the immune system, allowing them to identify and eliminate pathogens and cancerous cells. However, it is becoming clear that chemokines and their receptors are also playing a role in tumor progression and metastasis [1,2]. An example of such coopting is the CCL2-CCR2 axis. The chemokine CCL2/MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) is known to bind the CCR2 receptor on monocytes [3] and attract them to areas of need. What is now clear is that CCR2 levels are high in tumors of a number of cancer types. For example, in bladder cancer, 12 different patient datasets [4] all show that CCL2 expression is higher in the more advanced, muscle invasive disease than the non-muscle invasive disease [5]. In line with this, high CCL2 expression correlates with a worse overall survival in bladder cancer [5]. CCL2 and CCR2 are also associated with disease progression in many other cancer types including breast, ovarian, lung and colon [6,7].","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 3","pages":"198-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/05/fd/nihms-1724849.PMC8788950.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39739652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinases in Leukemia Development.","authors":"Changhao Cui, Chen Wang, Min Cao, Xunlei Kang","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.3.091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin (CaM) signaling is important for a wide range of cellular functions. It is not surprised the role of this signaling has been recognized in tumor progressions, such as proliferation, invasion, and migration. However, its role in leukemia has not been well appreciated. The multifunctional Ca<sup>2+</sup>/CaM-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) are critical intermediates of this signaling and play key roles in cancer development. The most investigated CaMKs in leukemia, especially myeloid leukemia, are CaMKI, CaMKII, and CaMKIV. The function and mechanism of these kinases in leukemia development are summarized in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 3","pages":"144-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8276974/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39185135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Murine Models of Alcohol Consumption: Imperfect but Still Potential Source of Novel Biomarkers and Therapeutic Drug Discovery for Alcoholic Liver Disease.","authors":"Khaled Alharshawi, Costica Aloman","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.3.096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal models of liver disease are fundamentally important to strengthen our knowledge and understanding of human liver diseases. Murine models of alcohol consumption are utilized to investigate alcoholic liver injury to develop new therapeutic targets. The well accepted and commonly used murine models of chronic alcohol consumption are Meadows-Cook (MC) and Lieber-DeCarli (LD). LD model is based on an isocaloric high-fat liquid diet, but mice under the MC model fed on a regular chow diet with alcohol added to the drinking water. Alcoholic liver disease in real world is frequently diagnosed in patients with obesity and high fat intake, mirroring LD diet. The overlap of the specific effect of ethanol and obesity is difficult to differentiate by clinician and pathologist. In this commentary, we will further discuss our research findings comparing MC and LD as a tool to dissect early alcohol versus increased fat intake detrimental effects on the liver. The critical analysis of these two models could provide evidence to differentiate the specific impact of alcohol on the liver from the combined influence of alcohol and diet. Ultimately, these investigations could uncover potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for personalized type of alcoholic liver injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 3","pages":"177-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8315577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39259031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivan Martinez-Espinoza, Ma Del Rocio Banos-Lara, Antonieta Guerrero-Plata
{"title":"The Importance of miRNA Identification During Respiratory Viral Infections.","authors":"Ivan Martinez-Espinoza, Ma Del Rocio Banos-Lara, Antonieta Guerrero-Plata","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.101","DOIUrl":"10.33696/immunology.3.101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The expression of small non-coding RNA MicroRNAs (miRNAs) during respiratory viral infections is of critical importance as they are implicated in the viral replication, immune responses and severity of disease pathogenesis. Respiratory viral infections have an extensive impact on human health across the globe. For that is essential to understand the factors that regulate the host response against infections. The differential miRNA pattern induced by respiratory viruses has been reported, including include influenza A virus (IAV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus (AdV), and more recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this commentary, we highlight the importance of miRNAs identification and the contribution of these molecules in the modulation of the immune response through the upregulation and downregulation of miRNAs expression in different immune and non-immune cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 4","pages":"207-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8445226/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39431798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}