Journal of cellular immunology最新文献

{"title":"The Role of Myeloid Populations during Perinatal Liver Injury and Repair.","authors":"Anas Alkhani,&nbsp;Sarah Mohamedaly,&nbsp;Amar Nijagal","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.3.076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perinatal liver inflammation can have life-threatening consequences, particularly in infants and young children. An example of a hepatic inflammatory disease during infancy is biliary atresia (BA), an obliterative cholangiopathy that rapidly progresses to hepatic fibrosis and liver failure. The aggressive nature of BA in neonates compared to the pathogenesis of inflammatory liver diseases in adults, suggests that the mechanisms responsible for restoring tissue homeostasis following inflammation are impaired in affected infants. This article reviews our recent findings demonstrating that the relative abundance of Ly6c^Lo non-classical monocytes promotes resolution of perinatal liver injury in a murine model of perinatal hepatic inflammation. Our research also identifies a potential co-regulatory role between neutrophils and non-classical monocytes. Further work is needed to understand how neutrophils regulate other myeloid populations during perinatal liver inflammation. Elucidating the mechanisms that govern perinatal liver injury and repair may lead to the development of immune-directed therapies that can be used to mitigate the devastating effects of diseases like BA.</p>","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 1","pages":"42-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9531850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33488828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospects of JAK Inhibition in the Framework of Bone Loss","authors":"S. Adam, G. Schett, S. Frey","doi":"10.33696/IMMUNOLOGY.3.075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/IMMUNOLOGY.3.075","url":null,"abstract":"Cytokine receptors may possess an intrinsic capability for the transduction of signals upon engagement by the respective cytokine ligand [1]. However, if they lack an own intracellular signaling entity, they rely on other signaling machineries. One of the key intracellular signaling molecules mediating cytokine effects on immune cells are Janus kinases (JAKs), which induce gene expression via signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STATs). In mammals, four JAK (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and Tyk2) and seven STAT proteins (STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6) are described, which in varying combinations mediate signal transduction of well over fifty cytokines [2,3]. In the following article the role of JAK and STAT will be summarized.","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69670738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential of Combination Therapies and Patient Stratification to Improve CCR2 Inhibition Therapeutics.","authors":"Jason E Duex,&nbsp;Dan Theodorescu","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.3.099","url":null,"abstract":"Chemokines and their receptors are the communication mechanism used by cells of the immune system, allowing them to identify and eliminate pathogens and cancerous cells. However, it is becoming clear that chemokines and their receptors are also playing a role in tumor progression and metastasis [1,2]. An example of such coopting is the CCL2-CCR2 axis. The chemokine CCL2/MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) is known to bind the CCR2 receptor on monocytes [3] and attract them to areas of need. What is now clear is that CCR2 levels are high in tumors of a number of cancer types. For example, in bladder cancer, 12 different patient datasets [4] all show that CCL2 expression is higher in the more advanced, muscle invasive disease than the non-muscle invasive disease [5]. In line with this, high CCL2 expression correlates with a worse overall survival in bladder cancer [5]. CCL2 and CCR2 are also associated with disease progression in many other cancer types including breast, ovarian, lung and colon [6,7].","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 3","pages":"198-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/05/fd/nihms-1724849.PMC8788950.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39739652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinases in Leukemia Development.","authors":"Changhao Cui,&nbsp;Chen Wang,&nbsp;Min Cao,&nbsp;Xunlei Kang","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.3.091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ca²⁺/calmodulin (CaM) signaling is important for a wide range of cellular functions. It is not surprised the role of this signaling has been recognized in tumor progressions, such as proliferation, invasion, and migration. However, its role in leukemia has not been well appreciated. The multifunctional Ca²⁺/CaM-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) are critical intermediates of this signaling and play key roles in cancer development. The most investigated CaMKs in leukemia, especially myeloid leukemia, are CaMKI, CaMKII, and CaMKIV. The function and mechanism of these kinases in leukemia development are summarized in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 3","pages":"144-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8276974/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39185135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Murine Models of Alcohol Consumption: Imperfect but Still Potential Source of Novel Biomarkers and Therapeutic Drug Discovery for Alcoholic Liver Disease.","authors":"Khaled Alharshawi,&nbsp;Costica Aloman","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.3.096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal models of liver disease are fundamentally important to strengthen our knowledge and understanding of human liver diseases. Murine models of alcohol consumption are utilized to investigate alcoholic liver injury to develop new therapeutic targets. The well accepted and commonly used murine models of chronic alcohol consumption are Meadows-Cook (MC) and Lieber-DeCarli (LD). LD model is based on an isocaloric high-fat liquid diet, but mice under the MC model fed on a regular chow diet with alcohol added to the drinking water. Alcoholic liver disease in real world is frequently diagnosed in patients with obesity and high fat intake, mirroring LD diet. The overlap of the specific effect of ethanol and obesity is difficult to differentiate by clinician and pathologist. In this commentary, we will further discuss our research findings comparing MC and LD as a tool to dissect early alcohol versus increased fat intake detrimental effects on the liver. The critical analysis of these two models could provide evidence to differentiate the specific impact of alcohol on the liver from the combined influence of alcohol and diet. Ultimately, these investigations could uncover potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for personalized type of alcoholic liver injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 3","pages":"177-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8315577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39259031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unconventional Approaches to Direct Detection of Borreliosis and Other Tick Borne Illnesses: A Path Forward.","authors":"Lance Liotta,&nbsp;Alessandra Luchini","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.3.094","url":null,"abstract":"The current COVID-19 pandemic has brought to public attention the conceptual difference between a test for COVID-19 derived RNA or proteins indicating the presence of an active infection, versus COVID-19 serology testing indicating pathogen infection. Only the former test for molecules derived from COVID-19 provides reliable evidence of a current active infection. As such, nucleic acid amplification methods, and COVID-19 antigen immunoassays, are used to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 active infection [1] and possible reinfection [2], to assess infection duration [3] and to guide patient management [4]. COVID-19 serology testing is used only for surveillance purposes [5] (not diagnosis of active infection), to guide public health measures [6], and to monitor vaccine response [7]. Thus, we would not use a positive COVID-19 serum antibody test to indicate the presence of an active COVID-19 infection. In striking contrast, no clinically accredited molecular test exists to detect molecules directly derived from Borreliosis. Nevertheless, treatment decisions concerning the diagnosis of acute and persistent Borreliosis are currently made based on Borreliosis serology testing and clinical evaluation of the patient’s medical history and symptoms [8]. Thus, diagnosis and management of Borreliosis is hampered by subjective tools and indirect markers of the disease. Consequently, there is an urgent need to find, and validate, direct molecular markers derived from the pathogen itself. Integrating a direct test for Borreliosis into clinical practice will dramatically raise the level of evidence-based clinical management for this widespread tick-borne disease. In addition to improved objective diagnosis of active Borreliosis, a direct test can provide important clues about the biologic functional state of the pathogen, leading to insights for pathogenesis and new treatment strategies.","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 3","pages":"164-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8372993/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39328495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Importance of miRNA Identification During Respiratory Viral Infections.","authors":"Ivan Martinez-Espinoza, Ma Del Rocio Banos-Lara, Antonieta Guerrero-Plata","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.101","DOIUrl":"10.33696/immunology.3.101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The expression of small non-coding RNA MicroRNAs (miRNAs) during respiratory viral infections is of critical importance as they are implicated in the viral replication, immune responses and severity of disease pathogenesis. Respiratory viral infections have an extensive impact on human health across the globe. For that is essential to understand the factors that regulate the host response against infections. The differential miRNA pattern induced by respiratory viruses has been reported, including include influenza A virus (IAV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus (AdV), and more recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this commentary, we highlight the importance of miRNAs identification and the contribution of these molecules in the modulation of the immune response through the upregulation and downregulation of miRNAs expression in different immune and non-immune cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 4","pages":"207-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8445226/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39431798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of the COVID-19 Risk in Multiple Sclerosis.","authors":"Farhan Chaudhry, Cristina Jageka, Phillip D Levy, Mirela Cerghet, Robert P Lisak","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.080","DOIUrl":"10.33696/immunology.3.080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ongoing pandemic of the novel coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in over 1 million deaths, primarily affecting older patients with chronic ailments. Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have been deemed particularly vulnerable given their high rates of disability and increased susceptibility to infections. There have also been concerns regarding disease-modifying therapy (DMT) during the pandemic as many DMTs may increase the risk of infection due to some of their immunosuppressive properties. Furthermore, due to MS-related chronic inflammatory damage within the central nervous system, there have been concerns for worsening neurological injury by COVID-19. This has resulted in an alarmingly high level of anxiety and stress among the MS community leading to a lack of compliance with medications and routine check-ups, and even failure to obtain treatment for relapse. However, there is currently substantial evidence that MS and most DMT usage is not associated with increased COVID-19 severity. MS patients who suffer worse outcomes were more likely to be older and suffer from significant disabilities and comorbid conditions, which would also be expected from those in the general population. Likewise, there is little if any evidence demonstrating an increased susceptibility of MS patients to COVID-19-related neurological complications. Therefore, we aim to summarize the most recent findings related to COVID-19 and MS demonstrating that MS and most DMTs do not appear as risk factors for severe COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 2","pages":"68-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8098748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38889820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep Disturbances are a Significant Predictor of Chikungunya Arthritis Flare Severity.","authors":"Sarah R Tritsch,&nbsp;Richard Amdur,&nbsp;Liliana Encinales,&nbsp;Andres Cadena,&nbsp;Paige Fierbaugh,&nbsp;Geraldine Avendaño,&nbsp;Carlos Andres Herrera Gomez,&nbsp;Karol Suchowiecki,&nbsp;Evelyn Mendoza-Torres,&nbsp;Wendy Rosales,&nbsp;Dennys Jimenez,&nbsp;Carlos Alberto Perez Hernandez,&nbsp;Alfonso Sucerquia Hernandez,&nbsp;Paula Bruges Silvera,&nbsp;Yerlenis Galvis Crespo,&nbsp;Alberto David Cabana Jimenez,&nbsp;Jennifer Carolina Martinez Zapata,&nbsp;Christopher N Mores,&nbsp;Gary S Firestein,&nbsp;Gary Simon,&nbsp;Aileen Y Chang","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.3.098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The primary objective of this research was to explore the link between sleep and flare pain associated with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection. The secondary objective was to investigate if cytokines and T regulatory (Treg) cells have an influence on this relationship.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was performed using data collected in Barranquilla, Colombia, which enrolled patients with and without chronic arthritis with a history of chikungunya infection. Flare severity was measured by a version of the Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials (OMERACT) flare questionnaire adapted for CHIKV arthritis, including metrics for pain, difficulty with physical activity, fatigue, stiffness and difficulty maintaining social activities due to arthritis that contribute to flare severity. In addition, four sleep disturbance items, five inflammatory cytokine levels, four anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and six Treg levels were measured. Then, multivariable linear regression models were used to test the direct and indirect effects of flare-pain on sleep disturbance, and to determine whether this relationship was mediated by cytokines or Tregs. Finally, the SAS CALIS procedure was used to test path models showing possible causal effects with mediators and confounds.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis showed that sleep disturbance is positively correlated with CHIKV arthritis flare pain, and that it is a significant predictor of flare severity after adjusting for demographic variables, cytokine, and T cell levels. Further, neither T cells nor cytokines mediate the pain/sleep relationship in CHIKV arthritis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a strong association between sleep disturbance and arthritis flare pain and severity; however, this relationship is not mediated by cytokines or T cells. Since this study is unable to determine causation, further research is needed to determine the mechanism underlying the relationship between sleep disturbances and CHIKV arthritis flares.</p>","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 3","pages":"191-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8315573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39254412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Consequences of Variation in SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7.","authors":"David A Ostrov","doi":"10.33696/immunology.3.085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.3.085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>New globally circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains are causing concern about evolution of virus transmissibility, fitness and immune evasion mechanisms. A variant emerging from the United Kingdom called SARS-CoV-2 VUI 202012/01, or B.1.1.7, is thought to exhibit increased transmissibility that results from replication 4-10 times faster than the original Wuhan virus (Wuhan-Hu-1). Although this property is suspected to result from a specific mutation in the spike glycoprotein, D614G, there are 9 mutations that distinguish the UK variant B.1.1.7 from Wuhan-Hu-1 yet to be evaluated for functional effects. We asked if mutated positions fixed in UK variant B.1.1.7 may be involved in the virus life cycle, or evasion of the immune response, by modeling the UK variant spike protein and conducting structural analysis of mutations on the spike glycoprotein trimer (protomer) complexed to ACE2. Importantly, 4 out of 9 differences between the UK variant B.1.1.7 and Wuhan-Hu-1 spike protein alter direct intermolecular interactions. N501Y increased affinity between the spike protein and ACE2. The mutations at A570D, D614G and S982A reduced contact between individual chains of the trimeric spike protomer, potentially enhancing cleavage into S1 and S2 subunits, dynamic structural rearrangement and host cell fusion mechanisms. These data suggest that combined characteristics of mutations unique to UK variant B.1.1.7 enable high affinity binding to ACE2 and enhanced replication properties. The D614G mutation, associated with enhanced virus transmissibility, opens a potentially druggable structural pocket at the interface between spike glycoprotein subunits S1 and S2.</p>","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"3 2","pages":"103-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8104447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38966273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}