Journal of cancer immunology最新文献

{"title":"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Mammary Cancer Risk: Does Obesity Matter too?","authors":"Lydia Lichtiger,&nbsp;Janelle Rivera,&nbsp;Debashish Sahay,&nbsp;Rachel L Miller","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer risk remains incompletely explained, and higher incidence rates of breast cancer over recent times and in urban and industrialized areas suggest environmental causes. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous in the environment and epidemiological and rodent studies have shown associations between exposure to PAH and breast cancer incidence as well as mammary tumorigenesis. In addition, <i>in vitro</i> and rodent studies have implicated alterations in estrogen receptor alpha (<i>Erα</i>) signaling pathways following PAH exposure in limited experimental studies. However, our understanding of these mechanisms is incomplete. Sahay et al. addressed this gap by examining the effect of PAH exposure on epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of genes in the <i>Erα</i> pathway in a mouse cohort exposed to aerosolized PAH at proportions measured in urban air. In addition to alterations in the <i>Erα</i> signaling pathway in the pregnant mice and in their offspring and grandoffspring, the investigators observed higher body weights in mice exposed to PAH compared to the control. Given that associations between mammary tissue adiposity, systemic adiposity, and breast cancer risk have been observed previously, the finding of higher body weight in the PAH exposure group raises the possibility that body weight might influence the association between PAH exposure and breast cancer risk. Along with new analyses, we discuss the possibility that body weight may modify the association between PAH exposure, mammary cellular proliferation, and mammary gland ductal hyperplasia in offspring and grandoffspring mice and future research that may be needed to delineate these associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":"154-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8561337/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39842277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenic Cell Death: A Step Ahead of Autophagy in Cancer Therapy.","authors":"Gourab Gupta, Kristina Borglum, Hexin Chen","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.3.041","DOIUrl":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.3.041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immunogenic cell death (ICD) plays a major role in providing long lasting protective antitumor immunity by the chronic exposure of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). DAMPs are essential for attracting immunogenic cells to the TME, maturation of DCs, and proper presentation of tumor antigens to the T cells so they can kill more cancer cells. Thus for the proper release of DAMPs, a controlled mechanism of cell death is necessary. Drug induced tumor cell killing occurs by apoptosis, wherein autophagy may act as a shield protecting the tumor cells and sometimes providing multi-drug resistance to chemotherapeutics. However, autophagy is required for the release of ATP as it remains one of the key DAMPs for the induction of ICD. In this review, we discuss the intricate balance between autophagy and apoptosis and the various strategies that we can apply to make these immunologically silent processes immunogenic. There are several steps of autophagy and apoptosis that can be regulated to generate an immune response. The genes involved in the processes can be regulated by drugs or inhibitors to amplify the effects of ICD and therefore serve as potential therapeutic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":"3 1","pages":"47-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8276988/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39185136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Expression of TIM 3 and Galectin 9 on Immunohistochemistry Staining of Tumor Specimen at Diagnosis in Pediatric Patients with Ewing Sarcoma.","authors":"Stephanie J Si,&nbsp;Gerald B Wertheim,&nbsp;David M Barrett","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.3.053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.3.053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Significant progress has been made in the advancement of immune system modulation for cancer treatment in recent years. In particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy have demonstrated remarkable clinical benefit in relapsed/refractory cancers. However, our understanding of the immuno-oncologic landscape in pediatric solid tumors remains limited and is a barrier to continued progress. We examined the immunohistochemical expression of checkpoint receptors PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3 and their respective ligands in various pediatric cancers at diagnosis and found high expression of TIM-3/Galectin-9 in the infiltrating cells of Ewing sarcoma. Location of checkpoint receptor/ligand expressions is important, as some staining patterns were only seen along tumor borders. Finally, peripheral T cell function varied significantly among different tumors supporting a complex relationship between the tumor microenvironment and the global immune system.</p>","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":"3 3","pages":"163-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9351179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9334294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Management of Urothelial Carcinoma.","authors":"Aakash Patel,&nbsp;Daniel I Bisno,&nbsp;Hiren V Patel,&nbsp;Saum Ghodoussipour,&nbsp;Biren Saraiya,&nbsp;Tina Mayer,&nbsp;Eric A Singer","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.3.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.3.047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urothelial carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the United States, yet outcomes are historically suboptimal. Since 2016, the approval of five programmed cell death 1 and programmed death-ligand 1 immune checkpoint inhibitors for locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma has led to improved oncologic outcomes for many patients in the second-line setting. Two checkpoint inhibitors, pembrolizumab and atezolizumab subsequently earned approval for first-fine therapy with restricted indications. More recently, pembrolizumab was approved for bacillus Calmette-Guérin-unresponsive high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, opening the door for other immune checkpoint inhibitors to be integrated into treatment in earlier disease stages. Recent bacillus Calmette-Guérin shortages have highlighted the need for alternative treatment options for patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Currently, there are no FDA-approved checkpoint inhibitors for non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Furthermore, many patients are ineligible for standard cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens. Numerous ongoing clinical trials are employing immune checkpoint inhibitors for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, perioperative, and bladder-sparing setting. Although up to 10% of urothelial carcinoma tumors arise in the upper urinary tract, few studies are designed for this population. We highlight the need for more trials designed for patients with upper tract disease. Overall, there are numerous clinical trials investigating the safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in all stages of disease as single-agents and combined with dual-immune checkpoint inhibition, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other pharmacologic agents. As the field continues to evolve rapidly, we aim to provide an overview of recent and ongoing immunotherapy clinical trials in urothelial carcinoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":"3 2","pages":"115-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8276975/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39185137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humanized Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells.","authors":"Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani,&nbsp;Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani,&nbsp;Roddy S O'Connor","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":"3 4","pages":"183-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8813057/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39599054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Animal Models Available to Characterize Tumor Immunology and Optimize Treatment Development","authors":"Gaël S. Roth, Z. Jílková, T. Decaens","doi":"10.33696/CANCERIMMUNOL.2.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/CANCERIMMUNOL.2.026","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second cause of cancer-related death worldwide with almost 1 million new cases per year. At the diagnosis, 70% of patients have only access to a palliative treatment [1,2] with few therapeutic options mostly represented by tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sorafenib [3] and lenvatinib [4] in first line; regorafenib [5] and cabozantinib [6] in second line. HCC occurs on a cirrhotic liver in more than 90% of cases and liver is a singular organ from an immunological point of view. Cirrhosis modulates liver immune landscape through chronic alterations such as inflammation and fibrosis and these immune changes may induce aberrant immunotolerance through the activation of multiple pathways involving major immune functions such as antigen presentation or lymphocytes’ exhaustion. These modifications lead to failure to immunosurveillance systems and allow tumor initiation and progression [7]. For that reason, HCC seems to be a good candidate to immunostimulatory therapies aiming to restore anticancer immunity. These therapies are currently strongly studied in this pathology with the advent of monoclonal antibodies directed against immune checkpoints, especially against PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Two new combination therapies particularly stand out: atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) bevacizumab (anti-angiogenic) which is becoming the new standard in first line [8] and durvalumab (anti-PD-L1) tremelimumab (anti-CTLA4) [9]. Nonetheless, a large proportion of patients do not respond to these treatments and complex physiopathological mechanisms involved in HCC oncogenesis, as well as resistance pathways activated during these immunotherapies are still poorly understood.","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43689761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunotherapy in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","authors":"Julie M. Asare, C. Rabik, S. Cooper, P. Brown","doi":"10.33696/CANCERIMMUNOL.2.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/CANCERIMMUNOL.2.028","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 85% of ALL cases are B-ALL [2]. Cure rates for B-ALL significantly rose over the past five decades from 10% to 90% [1-3] due to multi-agent chemotherapy regiments, CNS prophylaxis and better risk stratification [3]. Despite these successes, about 2% of patients are refractory to chemotherapy and another 10% to 15% of patients will relapse [4]. Treatment for these patients remains a therapeutic challenge. Event free survival for Abstract","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49268912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Susceptibility of Malignant Brain Tumors to 5-aminolaevulinic Acid Mediated Photodynamic Therapy: Direct Phototoxicity and Immunological Effects","authors":"A. Datsi, R. Sorg","doi":"10.33696/CANCERIMMUNOL.2.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/CANCERIMMUNOL.2.033","url":null,"abstract":"Recently we published the article ‘Accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in medulloblastoma cell lines and sensitivity to subsequent photodynamic treatment’ [1]. In this commentary, we review protoporphyrin IX accumulation after application of 5-aminolaevulinic acid and the resulting sensitivity of medulloblastoma cells to photodynamic therapy. We compare the results to glioblastoma cells, including glioblastoma stem-like cells, and address the contribution of the transporter adenosine triphosphate binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) as well as the enzyme ferrochelatase to the process. We discuss possible strategies to improve efficiency of photodynamic therapy, particularly in the clinical setting and highlight the contribution of the antitumoral immune response to the efficacy of this novel treatment modality for brain tumors.","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44804703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Appendiceal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Beyond Tumor Size","authors":"J. Landry, Y. B. Mattison, R. Ramirez, J. Boudreaux, E. Woltering, M. Maluccio, R. Thiagarajan","doi":"10.33696/CANCERIMMUNOL.2.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/CANCERIMMUNOL.2.030","url":null,"abstract":"Jace P. Landry1*, Yvette B. Mattison1,2,3, Robert A. Ramirez2,3, J. Philip Boudreaux1,2,3, Eugene A. Woltering1,2,3, Mary A. Maluccio1,2,3, Ramcharan Thiagarajan1,2,3 1Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Department of Surgery, New Orleans, LA, USA 2The New Orleans Louisiana Neuroendocrine Tumor Specialists, New Orleans, LA, USA 3Ochsner Medical Center, Neuroendocrine Tumor Clinic, Kenner, LA , USA *Correspondence should be addressed to Jace Philip Landry; jlan10@lsuhsc.edu","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43715609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Lymph Node Positive to Sampled Ratio as a Potential Indication for Postoperative Radiation Therapy in Patients with pN2 Non-small-cell Lung Cancer","authors":"N. Mankuzhy, M. Almahariq, C. Stevens, T. Quinn","doi":"10.33696/CANCERIMMUNOL.2.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/CANCERIMMUNOL.2.032","url":null,"abstract":"Despite advances in cancer treatment and screening, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in the United States [1]. The majority of cases are locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), treatment of which usually includes a bior tri-modality therapy utilizing a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. For patients initially treated with surgery, use of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) for completely resected NSCLC has remained controversial since the initial publication of the PORT meta-analysis in 1998 [2]. Stewart et al. reported an overall detriment of PORT on overall survival (OS), which was proposed to be linked to factors outside of inferior cancer control, such as adverse treatment effects. However, no clear impairment to OS existed in patients found to have mediastinal lymph node involvement (pN2), leading to multiple single-institution and database registry analyses investigating this question. These studies are limited by indication bias inherent to retrospective design, but provided justification of continued use of PORT in pN2 disease. Despite absence of high-level evidence, PORT has remained standard of care for this subset of NSCLC due to benefits in locoregional control and OS as indicated by American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) practice guidelines [3]. Abstract","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46749610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}